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S./01 2/I0(# 2R3))3R# "3R.S 4, S"((56, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS There are eight parts of speech: 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. erbs ". Adjectives 5. Adverbs 6. Conjunctions !. Prepositions #. $nterjections

This stud% guide &i'' dea' &ith on'% t&o of these parts of speech: nouns and pronouns. N4/NS 3 noun i a word that na7e a per on, pla8e, thin!, or idea. (o)e nouns na)e ideas or things that can*t actua''% be seen. (o)e e+a)p'es of these nouns are 'ove, hea'th, te)ptation, honest%, anger, happiness, strength. Nouns can be c'assified in severa' different &a%s. -e'o& is a 'ist of different t%pes of nouns, co)p'ete &ith descriptions and e+a)p'es. 1. 5olle8tive Noun : A co''ective noun is a noun that na)es a group of peop'e or things. .+a)p'es of co''ective nouns are the fo''o&ing: c'ub, tea), pane', audience, cast, co)pan%, c'ass. 2. 5o7pound Noun : A co)pound noun is a noun co)posed of t&o or )ore &ords. Co)pound nouns are &ritten in three different &a%s. A/ The% )a% be &ritten as t&o &ords joined together to for) one 'arger &ord. .+a)p'es: co&bo%, c'assroo), b'ac0board. -/ The% )a% be co)posed of t&o &ords that are not joined together, but are just &ritten separate'%. These are often ca''ed 1open co)pound nouns.2 .+a)p'es: 3ount 4ush)ore, Centra' (choo', post office, high schoo', peanut butter. C/ The% )a% be &ritten as t&o or )ore &ords joined b% h%phens. .+a)p'es: sister5in5'a&, jac05o5 'antern, gro&n5up, se'f5addressed.

"a!e 9, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS 3. 5o77on Noun : A co))on noun na)es one of a group, or c'ass, of peop'e, p'aces, or things. A co))on noun does not begin &ith a capita' 'etter and does not na)e a specific person, p'ace, or thing. .+a)p'es: gir', p'anet, vehic'e, )ountain, state, coffee, co)puter. ". "roper Noun : A proper noun does na)e a specific person, p'ace, or thing, and doe begin &ith a capita' 'etter. .+a)p'es: 3ar% .d&ards, 3ars, 3t. esuvius, 3rs. 6ones, $''inois, 7anver 6r. 8igh (choo', (t. 9ouis, Ne& :or0 Cit%. ;hen capita'i<ing proper nouns, a'' i)portant parts of the noun are capita'i<ed. .ver% part of a person*s na)e shou'd be capita'i<ed, inc'uding the )idd'e na)e or the )idd'e initia'. .+a)p'e: 3argaret .. 4iser, 7r. 7avid 8. 6a)esto&n. The sa)e capita'i<ation )ethod is used for street addresses, and the na)es of rivers, is'ands, deserts, )ountains, or other geographica' 'ocations. .+a)p'es: T&e'fth Avenue, 3artin 9uther =ing 7rive, 8avana Par0&a%, 3ar0'e% -'ac0top, 4oc0 4iver, 3ount (t. 8e'ens, 3ojave 7esert, 9a0e .rie, >rand Can%on. Na)es of specific things shou'd a'so be capita'i<ed, such as ho'ida%s, nationa'ities, 'anguages, re'igious faiths, historica' periods or eras, po'itica' parties, or specia' bui'dings. .+a)p'es: a'entine?s 7a%, -att'e of -un0er 8i'', A)erican 9egion Au+i'iar%, 4epub'ican Part%, 4enaissance, (tatue of 9ibert%, -uddhis), Christianit%. 5. Sin!ular Noun : A singu'ar noun na)es, or refers to, on'% one person, p'ace, or thing. .+a)p'e: teacher, dog, cup, stap'er, countr%, prob'e), boo0case. 6. "lural Noun : A p'ura' noun is a noun that refers to )ore than one person, p'ace, or thing. .+a)p'es: cities, )en, da%s, countries, a''igators, decisions, sa')on, o+en. There are so)e basic spe''ing ru'es that are often used to he'p students correct'% spe'' the p'ura' for) of a noun. A'though there are e+ceptions to these ru'es, these ru'es are given as basic guide'ines, and are 'isted be'o& &ith e+a)p'es. A/ 3ost nouns for) their p'ura' for) b% adding an 5s to their singu'ar for). .+a)p'es: gir'5gir's, captain5captains. -/ $f the singu'ar for) of a noun ends &ith an 1e2, si)p'% add an s to the singu'ar to for) the p'ura'. .+a)p'e: 0ite50ites, astro'abe5astro'abes, bi0e5bi0es, race5races. C/ 3ost nouns that end in ch, sh, s, +, or <, for) their p'ura's b% adding an 5es to the singu'ar. .+a)p'es: brush5brushes, a+5a+es, church5churches, dish5dishes, fo+5fo+es. 7/ $f a noun ends in a 1%2, 'oo0 at the 'etter direct'% before the ending 1%2. $f that 'etter is a consonant, for) the p'ura' b% changing the 1%2 to an 1i2 and then add 5es. .+a)p'es: bab%5 babies, hobb%5hobbies, bugg%5buggies, pon%5ponies. ./ $f a noun ends in a 1%2 and the 'etter direct'% before that 1%2 is a vo&e', just add an 5s to the singu'ar to for) the p'ura'. .+a)p'e: to%5to%s, convo%5convo%s, da%5 da%s. @/ 3ost nouns that end in an 1o2 for) their p'ura' b% just adding an 5s. .+a)p'es: radio5radios, studio5studios.

"a!e 3, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS >/ Nouns ending in an 1o2 and having a consonant before the 1o2 )ost often for) their p'ura' b% adding an 5es to the singu'ar for). .+a)p'e: potato5potatoes AAn e+ception to this ru'e is the noun piano, &hich for)s its p'ura' b% just adding an 5s. piano5pianos./ 8/ $f a noun ends in the 'etters 1f2 or 1fe2, it )a% for) its p'ura' b% si)p'% adding an 5s. (o)eti)es the 1f2 or the 1fe2 is changed to a 1v2, and then an 5es is added. There is no estab'ished ru'e to distinguish &hich )ethod to use. Bften %ou can deter)ine the 'etters used to for) the p'ura' b% sa%ing the p'ura' for) s'o&'% and b% atte)pting to differentiate bet&een the sounds. .+a)p'es: ca'f5ca'ves, &ife5&ives, roof5roofs, b'uff5b'uffs, 0nife50nives. $/ A fe& nouns change their for) co)p'ete'% to create their p'ura' for). .+a)p'es: o+5o+en, foot5 feet, tooth5teeth, goose5geese, &o)an5&o)en, )ouse5)ice. 6/ (o)e nouns are the sa)e for both the singu'ar and the p'ura'. .+a)p'es: trout5trout, sheep5 sheep, sa')on5sa')on. !. "o e ive Noun : A possessive noun sho&s o&nership or possession. $t )a% be either singu'ar or p'ura' possessive. To for) the singu'ar possessive for) of a noun, add an apostrophe and an 5s to the singu'ar for) of that noun. .+a)p'es: gir'5gir'*s, )on0e%5)on0e%*s, 0angaroo50angaroo*s. To for) the p'ura' possessive for) of a noun, 'oo0 at ho& the regu'ar p'ura' of that noun ends. $f the regu'ar p'ura' ends in an 5s or an 5es, si)p'% add an apostrophe and an 5s to the p'ura' for) to )a0e the p'ura' possessive. .+a)p'es: duc0s5duc0s*, bo%s5bo%s*, co)panies5co)panies*. To for) the p'ura' possessive for) of a noun &hose regu'ar p'ura' for) does not end in an 5s or an 5es, add an apostrophe and an 5s to the origina' p'ura' for). .+a)p'es: )en5)en*s, chi'dren5 chi'dren*s, o+en5o+en*s. The 'ast &ord in a co)pound noun is the &ord to &hich the apostrophe or other 'etters are added to for) the possessive. $f the p'ura' for) ends in an 5s, just add an apostrophe to that 'ast &ord. $f the p'ura' of the 'ast &ord of the co)pound noun ends in an% other 'etter than an 5s, add an apostrophe and an 5s to the 'ast &ord of the co)pound. .+a)p'es: the -o% (couts* tents, the =ing of (cot'and*s house, the President of the Cnited (tates* p'ane, and )% sister5in 'a&s* car. Consider this phrase: the gir'*s ho)e&or0. This phrase refers to one gir' &ho has ho)e&or0. The phrase, the gir's* ho)e&or0, refers to severa' gir's &ho each have ho)e&or0.

"a!e :, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS "R4N4/NS A pronoun is a &ord that ta0es the p'ace of a noun. The noun &hich the pronoun rep'aces is ca''ed an antecedent. Consider this sentence: 3% )other said that she &as e+hausted. $n this sentence, she is the pronoun. The pronoun 1she2 refers to )other, so )other is the antecedent. Pronouns can be c'assified according to their t%pe. -e'o& is a 'isting of the )ajor t%pes of pronouns. A/ "er onal "ronoun : These pronouns refer to peop'e and to &ho) the% ta'0 or &rite. The% can refer to the person &ho is spea0ing or &riting. The% can a'so refer to the person &ho is 'istening or reading or to the topic that is being &ritten about or discussed. Persona' pronouns can be c'assified into three persons: @irst Person, (econd Person, Third Person. @irst person pronouns refer to the person &ho is spea0ing or &riting. The% are used b% the person &ho is spea0ing &hen he or she refers to hi)se'f. The% can be either singu'ar or p'ura'. ,ir t per on in!ular pronoun : $, )e, )%, )ine @irst person p'ura' pronouns: &e, us, our, ours Se8ond per on pronoun refer to the 'istener or the reader. This is the person &ho is spo0en to. (econd person singu'ar persona' pronouns: %ou, %our, %ours (econd person p'ura' persona' pronouns: %ou, %our, %ours .hird per on pronoun refer to the person, p'ace, or thing that is being discussed. Third person singu'ar persona' pronouns: he, hi), his, she, her, hers, it, its. Third person p'ura' persona' pronouns: the%, the), their, theirs. Consider this sentence: The boo0 is not as interesting as its cover )a0es %ou thin0 it &i'' be. The pronouns in the above sentence are its, %ou, and it. It is a third person singu'ar pronoun. You is second person singu'ar, and it is third person singu'ar. (ince 7avid Duit the scout troop, he has returned to visit us t&ice. $n the above sentence, the persona' pronouns are he and us. He is third person singu'ar, and us is first person p'ura'. There are three cases of persona' pronouns: 1. No)inative 2. Bbjective 3. Possessive

"a!e &, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS Cases sho& the re'ationship bet&een a pronoun*s for) and ho& it is used in the sentence. No7inative 5a e: These persona' pronouns are used as the subject or as a predicate pronoun. $n the fo''o&ing sentences, the pronouns in the no)inative case are under'ined. (he raises &or)s. $t &as he and $ &ho finished the project. 4;<e8tive 5a e: These persona' pronouns are used either as a direct object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition. 7oug bro0e it. A7irect Bbject/ 7oug 'ent )e a penci'. A$ndirect Bbject/ 3ar% rode &ith )e. ABbject of the Preposition/ "o e ive 5a e: These persona' pronouns sho& o&nership or possession. The% are often p'aced before other nouns to sho& that o&nership. Nouns in the possessive case are never &ritten &ith an apostrophe. 3% dog 'ic0ed his sore pa&. $s that boo0 )ineE 7id %ou see her ne& bic%c'eE The pronoun 1&ho2 is a'&a%s used as a subject, so it is a'&a%s in the no)inative case. The pronoun 1&ho)2 is used either as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition, so it is a'&a%s in the objective case. .+a)p'es: ;ho is &a'0ing to the storeE 6ohn, &ho) the boss is pro)oting, is a hard &or0er. -/ 0e7on trative "ronoun : These pronouns point out peop'e, p'aces, or things. There are four de)onstrative pronouns. $f %ou )e)ori<e these four pronouns, %ou &i'' a'&a%s be ab'e to 'ocate and recogni<e a de)onstrative pronoun &ithin a sentence. 7e)onstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those. The pronouns 1this2 and 1that2 are singu'ar, and the% are used to point out one person, p'ace, or thing. The pronouns 1these2 and 1those2 are p'ura', and the% refer to )ore than one person, p'ace, or thing. .+a)p'es: That dog is b'oc0ing the side&a'0. $ &ant to add these sta)ps to )% co''ection. C/ Interro!ative pronoun are used as the first &ord in a Duestion. There are five interrogative pronouns. $nterrogative Pronouns: &ho, &hat, &hich, &hose, &ho.

"a!e 6, N4/NS 3N0 "R4N4/NS .+a)p'es: ;hose boo0 is thisE ;ho) did %ou &ish to visitE ;hat da% &i'' %ou arriveE

7/ Relative "ronoun : These pronouns begin a subordinate c'ause, and the% connect the c'ause to the rest of the sentence. AA subordinate c'ause is a group of &ords that can not stand a'one as a sentence./ .+a)p'es: The insect c'i)bed up the sta'0 of grass that &as bent over b% the &ind. (he is the person &ho &on the pri<e. ./ Inde*inite "ronoun : These pronouns refer to peop'e, p'aces, and things, &ithout specifica''% identif%ing &hich person, p'ace, or thing it is. The% can be either singu'ar or p'ura'. .+a)p'es of singu'ar indefinite pronouns: each, nobod%, so)eone, an%bod%, so)ething, an%thing, neither, so)ebod%. .+a)p'es of p'ura' indefinite pronouns: both, fe&, )an%, others, severa', a''. $ndefinite pronouns are under'ined in the fo''o&ing sentences: Nobod% &anted that 'ast coo0ie. A'' the bo%s participated. :ou can have an%thing that %ou &ant. ;hen referring to pronouns, the &ord 1nu)ber2 designates if the pronoun is singu'ar or if it is p'ura'. The pronouns $, )e, he, and she, are singu'ar in nu)ber. The pronouns the%, the), ours, and theirs are p'ura' in nu)ber.