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    The Common Foe

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    This document provides historical context about perceptions of Persia in ancient Greece during the time of Demosthenes. It discusses how the Greco-Persian Wars defined Greek attitudes towards Persia, viewing them as barbarians in opposition to Greek freedom. Literary sources like Herodotus emphasized the antithesis between freedom and slavery. Architectural developments in Athens after the wars, like the Parthenon, depicted Greek victories over Persian barbarism. Isocrates in the 4th century advocated pan-Hellenism and portrayed Persia negatively to encourage a united Greek front against them. This provides essential background on how Demosthenes and his Athenian audience generally viewed the Persian empire.

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    The Common Foe

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    This document provides historical context about perceptions of Persia in ancient Greece during the time of Demosthenes. It discusses how the Greco-Persian Wars defined Greek attitudes towards Persia, viewing them as barbarians in opposition to Greek freedom. Literary sources like Herodotus emphasized the antithesis between freedom and slavery. Architectural developments in Athens after the wars, like the Parthenon, depicted Greek victories over Persian barbarism. Isocrates in the 4th century advocated pan-Hellenism and portrayed Persia negatively to encourage a united Greek front against them. This provides essential background on how Demosthenes and his Athenian audience generally viewed the Persian empire.

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    The Common Foe

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    This document provides historical context about perceptions of Persia in ancient Greece during the time of Demosthenes. It discusses how the Greco-Persian Wars defined Greek attitudes towards Persia, viewing them as barbarians in opposition to Greek freedom. Literary sources like Herodotus emphasized the antithesis between freedom and slavery. Architectural developments in Athens after the wars, like the Parthenon, depicted Greek victories over Persian barbarism. Isocrates in the 4th century advocated pan-Hellenism and portrayed Persia negatively to encourage a united Greek front against them. This provides essential background on how Demosthenes and his Athenian audience generally viewed the Persian empire.

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    40 views37 pages

    The Common Foe

    Uploaded by

    amfipolitis
    This document provides historical context about perceptions of Persia in ancient Greece during the time of Demosthenes. It discusses how the Greco-Persian Wars defined Greek attitudes towards Persia, viewing them as barbarians in opposition to Greek freedom. Literary sources like Herodotus emphasized the antithesis between freedom and slavery. Architectural developments in Athens after the wars, like the Parthenon, depicted Greek victories over Persian barbarism. Isocrates in the 4th century advocated pan-Hellenism and portrayed Persia negatively to encourage a united Greek front against them. This provides essential background on how Demosthenes and his Athenian audience generally viewed the Persian empire.

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    of 37

    The Common Foe

    Perceptions of Persia and Macedon in Demosthenes' public speeches.

    Mounir Lahcen 3359859 31-03-2011

    Index

    Introduction Chapter I: Settin the Sta e Chapter II: "er#ian "rominence Chapter III: Mea#urin Macedon Chapter I$: %n %&'&ard %((iance Conc(u#ion *i+(io raph,

    3 ! 8 21 2) 33 35

    Introduction
    %# i# e-ident .rom the tit(e a+o-e/ the concept o. a 0common .oe0 i# the #u+1ect o. thi# e##a,2 Thi# phra#e denote# the #ocio(o ica( imp(ication that peop(e &ho identi., them#e(-e# a# a communit, o.ten indu( e in the portra,a( o. an externa( communit, a# di..erent/ or 0other0/ &hich ha# the potentia( to (ead to a po(ari3ation +et&een 0u#0 and 0them02 It i# #a.e to #a, that thi# concept i# em+edded in human nature/ .or &e ha-e encountered it con#tant(, acro## the a e# #ince the da&n o. ci-i(i3ation2 4ur pre#ent-da, communit, i# #ure(, no exception2 Spea'in .or the 5ether(and#/ &e #ti(( .ind a #uper.icia( animo#it, to&ard# 6erman, on the +a#i# o. act# done in the pa#t2 Ta'in a +roader -ie&/ the ordinar, citi3en# o. the 07e#t0 #ti(( en1o, re ardin the .ormer So-iet #phere a# +ac'&ard#/ and to portra, it# inha+itant# a# -od'a-#(urpin mon re(#2 The (ate#t addition to the 0other#0 i# certain(, the I#(amic midd(e-ea#t/ &hich i# common(, #een a# mo#t(, con#i#tin o. re(i iou# .anatic# &ho#e prime purpo#e in (i.e i# the de#truction o. the 07e#t02 5eed(e## to #a,/ the#e -ie&# are .ar .rom rea(i#tic2 8-ident(, that i# not their purpo#e9 rather the, are in#trumenta( in de.inin one0# communit,2 8-er, communit, i# inherent(, ethnocentric/ and the #uppo#ed exi#tence o. a common .oe i# hi h(, -a(ua+(e in #tren thenin a common identit,2 Thi# i# not hard to under#tand9 it i# ea#, to exto( one0# o&n -irtue# +, ho(din de radin -ie&# o. tho#e &ho do thin # other&i#e2 There.ore it i# hard(, #urpri#in that it i# extreme(, di..icu(t/ i. not impo##i+(e/ to .ind a communit, that doe# not ha-e a common .oe o. #ort# : pro-ided the, ha-e 'no&(ed e o. other communitie#2 Thi# e##a, &i(( concentrate on the a.orementioned thematic in the context o. .ourth-centur, %then#2 Throu h the e,e# o. ;emo#thene# <38! : 322 *C= &e ma, attempt to recon#truct the popu(ar %thenian -ie&# to&ard# the 0other0/ the "er#ian empire in thi# ca#e2 5atura((,/ it i# not a coincidence that the .ocu# i# on the &or'# o. ;emo#thene#2 %part .rom the o+-iou# rea#on# : hi# #ur-i-in corpu# : he a(#o &itne##ed the ri#e to po&er o. Macedon/ and he certain(, did not re ard thi# &ith indi..erence2 >i# career i# chie.(, de.ined +, hi# a itation a ain#t Macedon/ and thi#/ in turn/ ha# con#e?uence# .or hi# perception# o. "er#ia2 In a recent #tud,/ "eter >unt ha# pointed out that ;emo#thene# exp(icit(, re-er#e# hi# opinion o. "er#ia throu hout hi# career2 >e #tate# that 0amora( ca(cu(ation# o. intere#t <@= o a (on &a, to&ard# exp(ainin ;emo#thene#0 re-er#a( on "er#ia201 Thou h it i# hard to di#a ree &ith >unt0# a##e##ment/ a# &e #ha(( #ee/ there i# more to +e #aid a+out thi# re-er#a(2 The aim o. thi# e##a,/ then/ i# to trace thi# re-er#a(9 ho& did ;emo#thene# mana e to #u#tain hi# po(itica( inte rit, &hi(#t comp(ete(, re-er#in hi# opinion on #uch a/ .or hi#torica( rea#on#/ de(icate #u+1ect a# the "er#ian empireA %nd to &hat extent can thi# re-er#a( +e
    1 "eter >unt/ War, Peace, and Alliance in Demosthenes' Athens <Cam+rid e 2010=/ 832

    attri+uted to the threatenin ri#e to prominence o. "hi(ip II o. MacedonA In order to .u((, under#tand ;emo#thene#0 perception#/ a #hort hi#torica( context i# nece##ar, a ain#t &hich ;emo#thene#0 -ie&# ma, +e 1ud ed9 &hat &a# the common 6ree' attitude to&ard# the "er#ian empireA Thi# &i(( +e the #tartin point o. the e##a,/ a.ter &hich ;emo#thene#0 pu+(ic #peeche# &i(( +e treated in chrono(o ica( order &ith a c(ear empha#i# on hi# depiction# o. "er#ia2

    Chapter I: Settin the Sta e


    To recon#truct the common 6ree' attitude to&ard# the "er#ian empire accurate(, i# a hi h(, pro+(ematic ta#'2 Immediate(, one i# con.ronted &ith a -ariet, o. di..icu(tie#9 &a# there #uch a thin a# a 0common 6ree'0 attitudeA To &hat extent do our #ur-i-in (iterar, #ource# repre#ent the conception# o. the pro-er+ia( man in the #treetA >o& deci#i-e are po(itica( .actor# in the creation o. an identit, o. the "er#ian 0other0/ a# oppo#ed to cu(tura( .actor#A To addre## the#e pro+(em#/ and re(ated di..icu(tie#/ ade?uate(, and in detai( i# a #u+#tantia( re#earch on it# o&n/ and I #ha(( ma'e no pretence# o. accomp(i#hin #uch a .eat in the .e& &ord# de-oted to thi# #u+1ect2 >o&e-er/ it i# po##i+(e to #'etch a conci#e o-er-ie& o. the dominant 6ree' attitude# to&ard# "er#ia2 In .act/ thi# i# e-en mandator,/ .or &e cannot 1ud e ;emo#thene#0 perception# to&ard# "er#ia &ithout a proper context2 5ot on(, &ou(d ;emo#thene# him#e(. +e in.(uenced +, the dominant -ie&# o. "er#ia/ +ut the #ame app(ie# .or hi# audience/ and an, #ucce##.u( orator &ou(d ha-e (itt(e choice +ut to pa, heed to the conception# o. hi# audience2 Thu# I #ha(( attempt to touch +rie.(, on thi# #u+1ect/ ma'in a((o&ance# .or the (ac' o. depth2 It i# u#e.u( to emp(o, the di#tinction +et&een action-+a#ed and #tatu#-+a#ed perception#9 in rou h term#/ a #tate0# attitude and conduct to&ard other #tate# can depend on &hat the, do <action= and &hat the, are <#tatu#=22 5atura((,/ the t&o corre#pond/ and thi# i# certain(, the ca#e &ith "er#ia2 The #tatu# o. "er#ia a# antithetica( to the 6ree'# deri-e# .rom their action# in the 6reco-"er#ian 7ar# <!90-!B9=2 The#e &ar# &ere the de.inin moment concernin 6ree' perception# to&ard "er#ia/ &hich i# re.(ected in +oth (iterar, and archaeo(o ica( e-idence2 >erodotu# i# our prime (iterar, #ource on the "er#ian 7ar#9 in hi# >i#torie# he #et out to en#ure that the 0mar-e((ou# deed#0 done in the "er#ian 7ar# &ou(d 0not +e .or otten in time0 <>dt2 12121=2 3 >o&e-er/ he accomp(i#he# much more than that2 Throu hout hi# &or'/ one o. hi# recurrin theme# i# the antithe#i# o. .reedom -er#u# #(a-er,9 the .ir#t em+odied +, the 6ree'#/ the #econd +, the "er#ian +ar+arian#2 >e de#cri+e#
    2 "eter >unt/ War, Peace, and Alliance/ B22 3 >erodotu#/ Histories &ith an 8n (i#h tran#(ation +, %2;2 6od(e, <Cam+rid e 1920=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu

    ho& the "er#ian #o(dier-#(a-e#/ .ar .rom adept at .i htin / &ere dri-en .or&ard +, the &hip# o. their ma#ter# <>dt2 B222323= and enera((, .ou ht in con.u#ion and +ere.t o. #trate , <>dt2 828)=2 For a(( their ar antuan num+er#/ the +ar+arian horde had to +ite the du#t &hen en a in in com+at &ith the +ra-e 6ree'#/ &ho .ou ht -a(iant(, to pre#er-e their .reedom and their &a, o. (i.e/ threatened a# the#e &ere +, the +ar+arian#2 Thi# train o. thou ht &a# certain(, not re#tricted to >erodotu#9 it &a# a(#o e-ident in the architectura( de-e(opment# in %then#2 In !80/ %then# &a# #ac'ed +, the "er#ian# and the pu+(ic +ui(din # on the %cropo(i# &ere utter(, de#tro,ed2 To the %thenian#/ thi# &a# #acri(e e o. the mo#t dire .orm/ and it contri+uted #i ni.icant(, to their contempt o. the#e #a-a e +ar+arian#2 In re#pon#e to the de#truction/ the, #&ore an oath <the #o-ca((ed 4ath o. "(ataea= to (ea-e their temp(e# in ruin# a# a reminder o. "er#ian +ar+ari#m2! The "eace o. Ca((ia# o. !!9/ in &hich the %thenian# .ina((, conc(uded a peace treat, &ith the "er#ian#/ pro-ided the e-entua( 1u#ti.ication .or commencin the re+ui(din o. the temp(e# o. the acropo(i#2 The centrepiece o. thi# pro1ect &a# the "arthenon/ +ui(t +et&een !!B and !322 4. particu(ar #i ni.icance to u# are the "arthenon0# decorati-e metope#/ depictin the -ictorie# o. order and ci-i(i3ation o-er di#order and +ar+ari#m2 5 Thou h thi# thematic &a# i((u#trated &ith m,tho(o ica( examp(e#/ a# &a# traditiona(/ it #hou(d come a# no #urpri#e that it &a# a re.erence to the 6ree' -ictor, o-er the "er#ian +ar+arian#2 In a #en#e/ then/ the "arthenon &a# a concrete reminder o. "er#ian +ar+ari#m and (itera((, #et the antithe#i# o. 6ree'-*ar+arian in #tone2 %pproachin the .ourth centur,/ &e encounter po##i+(, the mo#t .amou# champion o. pan>e((eni#m in hi# da,9 I#ocrate# <!3)-338 *C=2 Thou h hi# reputation i#/ to a (ar e extent/ +a#ed on hi# #'i((# a# an orator and #peech-&riter <he i# part o. the canonica( 0 ten attic orator#0/ to &hich ;emo#thene# a(#o +e(on #=/ &hen it come# to po(itic# he i# chie.(, 'no&n .or hi# appea(# to pan>e((eni#m2 >i# idea( &a# an united 6ree' &or(d/ .ree .rom the pett, #tri.e that ha# p(a ued it #ince the end o. the "er#ian 7ar#2 7ith thi# hi#torica( examp(e in mind/ I#ocrate#0 main ar ument .or ad-ocatin pan->e((eni#m &a# a cru#ade a ain#t the "er#ian empire2 Thi# (ead# to hi# em+racin / and indeed expoundin / o. the #tereot,pica( attitude -er#u# "er#ia2 In hi# Panegyricus/ dated to 380 *C/ &e encounter the .o((o&in pa##a e &hich i# remini#cent o. the mentioned theme o. >erodotu#: <@= .or it i# not po##i+(e .or peop(e &ho are reared and o-erned a# are the "er#ian#/ either to ha-e a part in an, other .orm o. -irtue or to #et up on the .ie(d o. +att(e trophie# o. -ictor, o-er their .oe#2 For ho& cou(d either an a+(e enera( or a ood #o(dier +e produced amid #uch &a,# o. (i.e a# their#A Mo#t
    ! Cohn "ed(e,/ Sanctuaries and the Sacred in the Ancient Gree World <Cam+rid e 2009=/ 1912 5 I+id2 B02

    o. their popu(ation i# a mo+ &ithout di#cip(ine or experience o. dan er#/ &hich ha# (o#t a(( #tamina .or &ar and ha# +een trained more e..ecti-e(, .or #er-itude than are the #(a-e# in our countr,2 <I#oc2 !2150=) >ere I#ocrate# empha#i3e# the #(a-i#h character o. the "er#ian#/ &hich (ead# to their incapa+i(it, in matter# o. &ar/ a# >erodotu# noted ear(ier2 The experience# o. the "er#ian 7ar# #ti(( re#onated in the 6ree' &or(d in the ear(, .ourth centur,/ a# i# a(#o e-ident +, I#ocrate# depiction o. the "er#ian# a# 0natura( enemie#0 and 0hereditar, .oe#0 <!218!=2 7hether I#ocrate# cho#e to exp(oit anti-"er#ian #entiment# .or hi# ad-ocatin o. pan>e((eni#m i#/ in thi# context/ academic2 %nother author &ho pro-ide# u# &ith in#i ht# into the common attitude to&ard# "er#ia &a# Denophon <ca2 !30-355 *C=2 It ha# +een common(, a##umed that Denophon &a#/ (i'e mo#t 6ree'#/ inherent(, ho#ti(e to&ard# "er#ia2 Thi# a##umption i# +a#ed upon #e-era( pa##a e# o. hi# &or'#/ #uch a# the .amou# epi(o ue o. the !yropaedia/ &here Denophon comment# on the continuou# mora( dec(ine #een in "er#ia #ince the death o. C,ru#/ the .ounder o. the "er#ian 8mpire <Den2 !yrop. 82821 ..2=2 >o&e-er/ Ste-en >ir#ch ha# de-oted a #tud, to thi# #u+1ect &hich ar ue# a ain#t #uch #imp(i.ication# o. Denophon0# thou ht2 %ccordin to >ir#ch/ Denophon0# attitude to&ard# "er#ia &a# am+i uou#/ e-en inc(udin 0con#idera+(e re#pect and admiration02 B >o&e-er/ &hen di#cu##in a pa##a e in Denophon0# Agesilaus &here the author contra#t# the (uxur,/ reed/ and de#poti#m o. the "er#ian 'in &ith the moderation/ .airne##/ and 1u#tice o. % e#i(au# <Den2 Ages. 921-5=/ e-en >ir#ch ha# to admit that Denophon apparent(, 0cou(d +rin him#e(. to p(a, upon anti"er#ian #entiment#0/ &hich in turn 0#a,# #omethin a+out him a# &e(( a# a+out the mood in contemporar, 6reece028 The .act that the Agesilaus &a# &ritten a.ter the death o. 'in % e#i(au# II o. Sparta in 3)0 *C pro-e# the (on e-it, o. the "er#ian #tatu# a# the oppo#ite o. e-er,thin the 6ree' ethnos #tood .or9 #uch #entiment# &ere apparent(, #ti(( actua( &e(( into the .ourth centur, *C/ re ard(e## o. Denophon0# endor#ement2 So .ar &e ha-e e#ta+(i#hed that the "er#ian #tereot,pe# <&ea'/ #(a-i#h/ e..eminate/ co&ard(,/ decadent and the (i'e= &ere/ to #ome extent/ #ti(( em+raced +, the 6ree'# at the time that ;emo#thene# #tarted hi# po(itica( career in 35!E32 Cart(ed e note# that it &a# 0in the .ourth centur, FthatG the more articu(ate and con#er-ati-e 6ree'# +e an to .ormu(ate a theor, o. the re(ation#hip

    ) I#ocrate#2 I#ocrate# &ith an an 8n (i#h tran#(ation in three -o(ume#/ +, 6eor e 5or(in <Cam+rid e 1980=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu B Ste-en 72 >ir#ch/ "he #riendship of the $arbarians. %enophon and the Persian &mpire <H2S2%2 1985=/ 1!02 8 I+id2 1!12

    +et&een 6ree'# and their +ar+arian nei h+our# that en#hrined the ne ati-e/ #(a-i#h #tereot,pe02 9 The theor, he i# re.errin to i# that o. pan->e((eni#m a# em+odied +, I#ocrate#/ +ut a(#o +, Denophon2 5e-erthe(e##/ throu h the (iterar, #ource# and architecture pre#ented here/ &e ain acce## to the thin'in / or rather pre1udice/ o. 0ordinar, 6ree'#02 In the &ord# o. Cart(ed e9 0con.irmation that thi# i# indeed the #tandard -ie& i# ea#i(, .ound in a &ide ran e o. %thenian (iterature/ .or examp(e the p(a,# o. %e#ch,(u# and 8uripide#/ <222= and #peeche# de(i-ered +e.ore ma## 1urie# in the %thenian popu(ar 1ur,-court#2010 >o&e-er/ thi# a##e##ment i# a(( the more remar'a+(e i. &e con#ider the #phere o. practica( po(itic#9 the "er#ian monarch had p(a,ed an in.(uentia( ro(e in 6ree' po(itic# #ince the (atter ha(. o. the .i.th centur,/ and thi# ro(e &a# certain(, not re#tricted to +ein on the recei-in end o. dero ator, &ord#2 In .act/ there are #e-era( examp(e# o. the 6ree'# -,in .or the #upport o. the "er#ian 'in in their &ar#/ and more o.ten than not #uch #upport cou(d tip the +a(ance in the .a-our o. the part, in ?ue#tion2 The mo#t i((u#trati-e examp(e i# .ound at the end o. the Corinthian 7ar <395-38) *C=/ in &hich Sparta mana ed to c(in on to it# he emon,2 The -ictoriou# Spartan enera( %nta(cida# reached an a reement &ith Tiri+a3u#/ the "er#ian #atrap o. Sardi#/ that (aid the .oundation .or a peace treat, under "er#ian #pon#or#hip211 %# #uch/ the peace treat, i# 'no&n a# the "eace o. %nta(cida#/ or/ a(ternati-e(,/ the Iin 0# "eace2 Denophon pro-ide# u# &ith an epitome o. the treat,: JIin %rtaxerxe# thin'# it 1u#t that the citie# in %#ia #hou(d +e(on to him/ a# &e(( a# C(a3omenae and C,pru# amon the i#(and#/ and that the other 6ree' citie#/ +oth #ma(( and reat/ #hou(d +e (e.t independent/ except Lemno#/ Im+ro#/ and Sc,ro#9 and the#e #hou(d +e(on / a# o. o(d/ to the %thenian#2 *ut &hiche-er o. the t&o partie# doe# not accept thi# peace/ upon them I &i(( ma'e &ar/ in compan, &ith tho#e &ho de#ire thi# arran ement/ +oth +, (and and +, #ea/ &ith #hip# and &ith mone,2K <Den2 Hell. 521231=12 There can hard(, +e a more conci#e pa##a e that i((u#trate# 1u#t ho& in.(uentia( the "er#ian monarch &a# in 6ree' a..air#2 %(#o/ the Iin 0# "eace &a# rene&ed #e-era( time# o-er the .o((o&in decade#9 a te#timon, to the &ide#pread #upport .or it# enera( princip(e# <mo#t nota+(, the 0independent0/ or 0autonomia' c(au#e=/ not&ith#tandin the .act that 'in % e#i(au# II o. Sparta u#ed the "eace a# a
    9 "au( Cart(ed e/ "he Gree s. A Portrait of Self and 'thers. <5e& Lor' 2002=/ 582 10 I+id2 5)2 11 Cohn *uc'(er and >an# *ec'/ !entral Greece and the Politics of Po(er in the #ourth !entury $!. <5e& Lor' 2008=/ 92 12 Denophon2 Denophon &ith an 8n (i#h tran#(ation in Se-en $o(ume#/ +, Car(eton L2 *ro&n#on <Cam+rid e 1921=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu

    0too( to .or e Spartan a#cendanc, in 6reece02 13 It i# e-ident/ then/ that the ideo(o ica( +arrier +et&een the 6ree'# and the "er#ian# &a# -er, rea( and actua(/ ,et on no account impre na+(e2 To return to the princip(e# o. 0#tatu#-+a#ed0 and 0action-+a#ed0 orientation/ &e can #i ni., that +oth &ere at &or' #imu(taneou#(,2 4n the one hand/ the "er#ian# had the #tatu# o. ?uinte##entia( other9 +ar+arian# &ith a(( the ne ati-e connotation# imp(ied2 4n the other hand/ the 6ree' poleis had no trou+(e (oo'in +e,ond thi# #tatu#/ #ince "er#ia a(#o had the capa+i(it, to pro-ide +a(ance-tippin #upport2 ;emo#thene# him#e(. a(#o #i ni.ie# thi# trend/ and he #a,# the .o((o&in on the #u+1ect: %(( durin the pa#t 6reece &a# di-ided into t&o camp#/ the Lacedaemonian#0 and our#/ and o. the other 6ree'# #ome too' their order# .rom u#/ other# .rom them2 The 'in o. "er#ia/ in him#e(./ &a# e?ua((, di#tru#ted +, a((/ +ut +, ta'in up the cau#e o. the (o#in #ide in the #tru (e/ he retained their con.idence unti( he cou(d put them on an e?ua(it, &ith the other#9 +ut therea.ter he &a# no (e## hated +, tho#e he had #a-ed than +, tho#e &ho had +een hi# enemie# .rom the +e innin 2 <;em2 10251=1! ;emo#thene# a##e##e# that the #earch .or "er#ian #upport &a# pure(, pra matic/ and a# #uch did not pre-ent the 6ree'# .rom 'eepin the ideo(o ica( hi h- round/ (oo'in do&n at "er#ian +ar+ari#m2 I thin' thi# i# exact(, ri ht9 the 6ree' ethnocentric conception# con#i#tent(, put the "er#ian# in the corner o. +ar+ari#m/ de#pite the in.(uentia( ro(e the "er#ian monarch p(a,ed in contemporar, 6ree' po(itic#2 For the 0ordinar,0 6ree'#/ "er#ia remained the 0hereditar, .oe0/ to u#e I#ocrate#0 phra#e/ and it i# #a.e to #a, that the %thenian 8''(e#ia &a# no exception2 It i# in thi# context that ;emo#thene# made hi# po(itica( de+ut in 35!E3/ and &e #ha(( #ee that thi# i# not &ithout con#e?uence#2

    Chapter II: "er#ian "rominence


    5o& &e come to the proper #u+1ect o. thi# e##a,9 the #peeche# o. ;emo#thene#2 *e.ore (oo'in at the#e in detai(/ it i# nece##ar, to #a, a .e& &ord# a+out the nature o. our #ource#2 Fir#t o../ it mu#t +e #aid that on(, hi# pu+(ic #peeche#/ that i#/ the #peeche# to the 8''(e#ia/ &i(( +e treated here2 ;emo#thene#0 #ur-i-in corpu# o. #ixt,-one #peeche# ha# traditiona((, +een #u+-di-ided +, cate or,/ in &hich the .ir#t #e-enteen oration# +e(on to the cate or, o. hi# pu+(ic #peeche#2 The
    13 *uc'(er/ !entral Greece/ B1-B32 1! ;emo#thene#/ ;emo#thene# &ith an 8n (i#h tran#(ation +, C2%2 $ince and C2>2 $ince <London 192)=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu

    exception i# 4ration 12/ &hich i# in .act a (etter o. "hi(ip II o. Macedon2 %(#o/ mo#t #cho(ar# +e(ie-e that 4ration# B and 1B are pro+a+(, not &ritten +, ;emo#thene#/ #o tho#e &i(( +e omitted here a# &e((2 There are a .e& other #peeche# o. &hich the authenticit, i# di#puted/ mo#t nota+(, 4ration 10/
    15

    +ut I #ha(( a-oid an e(a+orate di#cu##ion on thi# #u+1ect/ #a-e .or a .e& +rie. note# &hen arri-in

    at the #peeche# in ?ue#tion2 Thu# on(, 4ration B and 1B &i(( +e re1ected outri ht on round# o. authenticit,2 Furthermore/ the &ritten #peeche# a# &e ha-e them ma, not corre#pond .u((, to the #peeche# that &ere actua((, de(i-ered21) ;emo#thene# pro+a+(, prepared hi# #peeche# on paper +e.ore de(i-er,/ and #ince the com.ort o. one0# pri-ate re#idence di..er# #i ni.icant(, .rom the atmo#phere o. the "n,x/ &here #ome #ix thou#and citi3en# ma, cheer or reproach the #pea'er at &i((/ chance# are ;emo#thene# ma, ha-e had to di re## .rom hi# prepared &or'2 It i# e?ua((, po##i+(e that ;emo#thene# re-i#ed hi# #peeche# .or pu+(ication a.ter he de(i-ered them2 Thi# exp(ain# a .e& 'no&n in#tance# o. re.erence# +, other orator# to pa##a e# o. ;emo#thene#0 #peeche# &hich are a(( +ut a+#ent in the #peeche# a# &e ha-e them2 5atura((,/ mar ina( di..erence# +et&een the actua( &ord# #po'en and the &ritten &ord# &e &or' &ith are +ut a minor incon-enience/ +ut a .undamenta( di..erence &ou(d #eriou#(, compromi#e our u#e o. the #peeche# a# #ource# re.(ectin popu(ar %thenian thin'in 2 Thou h certaint, on thi# di(emma i# impo##i+(e/ it i# m, con-iction that the di..erence# are pro+a+(, more #uper.icia( than .undamenta(2 It i# hard to +e(ie-e that an, orator &ou(d et a&a, &ith #a,in one thin in the 8''(e#ia/ and pu+(i#hin #omethin comp(ete(, oppo#ed to it #hort(, a.ter&ard#9 e-en in our pre#ent-da, democracie# thi# i# .ro&ned upon2 La#t(,/ #ome &ord# mu#t +e #aid a+out the tran#mi##ion o. the ;emo#thenic corpu#2 There are t&o name# particu(ar(, important in thi# re#pect9 ;ion,#iu# o. >a(icarna##u# <ca2 )0 *C : B *C= and ;id,mu# Cha(centeru# <ca2 )3 *C : 10 %;=2 *oth o. them ha-e &ritten exten#i-e(, on ;emo#thene#0 #peeche# and pro-ide a -a(ua+(e in#i ht into the #tate o. the ;emo#thenic corpu# in the %u u#tan a e21B ;ion,#iu# i# main(, important .or hi# &or' on the datin o. mo#t o. the pu+(ic #peeche# o. ;emo#thene#2 Hn.ortunate(,/ he pro-ide# (itt(e to no 1u#ti.ication .or the date# he i-e#/ +ut hi# &or' i# -a(ua+(e nonethe(e##2 Su+#e?uent hi#torica( re#earch in the nineteenth and/ to a (e##er extent/ t&entieth centur, ha# pro-en hi# o-era(( correctne##2 18 %# &ith the ?ue#tion o. authenticit,/ I #ha(( omit mo#t o. the di#cu##ion on the datin 2 4n(, &ith #peeche# in &hich the
    15 See .or examp(e: ;ou (a# M2 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator <4x.ord 2009=/ 35!-355/ "eter >unt/ War, Peace, and Alliance/ 2B!-2B5 and Maphae( Sea(e,/ Demosthenes and His "ime. A Study in Defeat. <5e& Lor' 1993=/ 230-2!12 1) Ian 7orthin ton/ 06ree' 4rator,/ Me-i#ion o. Speeche# and the "ro+(em o. >i#torica( Me(ia+i(it,0 in: !lassica et Mediae)alia !2 <1991=/ 55-B!2 1B Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 225-2282 18 M2;2 Mi(n#/ 0The "u+(ic Speeche# o. ;emo#thene#0 in: Ian 7orthin ton <ed2= Demosthenes. Statesman and 'rator. <Corn&a(( 2000=/ 20)2

    datin i# hi h(, pro+(ematic #ha(( I touch on the i##ue and expound m, -ie&#2 ;id,mu# Cha(centeru# ha# pro-ided exten#i-e commentar, on ;emo#thene#0 #peeche#/ in particu(ar to ?ue#tion# o. authenticit,2 Thou h ;ion,#iu# a(#o touched on thi# #u+1ect/ ;id,mu# i# the more -a(ua+(e #ource in thi# re#pect #ince he name# the #ource# on &hich he +a#e# hi# conc(u#ion#2 >i# in#i ht# pro-ed tremendou#(, -a(ua+(e in (ater time#2 7hi(e 4ration 10 &a# enera((, re arded a# non- enuine in the nineteenth centur,/ it &a# ;id,mu#0 &or' that pro-ed other&i#e and a# #uch &a# the +a#i# o. .urther re#earch out o. &hich a ne& con#en#u# emer ed9 that 4ration 10 i# mo#t (i'e(, authentic a.ter a((219 Thi# conc(ude# the a##e##ment o. the #ource materia(2 I #ha(( no& proceed &ith the pu+(ic #peeche# o. ;emo#thene# in chrono(o ica( order/ hi h(i htin the pa##a e# &hich #hed (i ht on hi# perception# o. "er#ia or other&i#e contri+ute to our under#tandin o. hi# -ie&# on .orei n po(ic,/ inter#tate re(ation#/ ethnic di-i#ion# and a(( other matter# that can in.(uence hi# treatment o. the "er#ian 8mpire2 'n the Symmories*+ <4ration 1!= The #peech 'n the Symmories i# the .ir#t extant pu+(ic #peech to the 8''(e#ia +, ;emo#thene#2 It i# pro+a+(, the .ir#t #peech he e-er made to the 8''(e#ia/ .or it i# hard to +e(ie-e he he(d an ear(ier oration &ithout &ritten preparation #ince/ at thi# #ta e/ he &a# #ti(( an inexperienced orator <thou h/ it mu#t +e added/ an experienced #peech-&riter due to hi# experience in &ritin pri-ate #peeche# .or other# to u#e in their (a&#uit#=2 The occa#ion on &hich thi# #peech &a# de(i-ered i# impo##i+(e to recon#truct in detai( #ince &e ha-e no other re.erence# to it except .or thi# #peech/ and ;emo#thene# him#e(. doe# not o into the#e detai(#/21 a# he &a# an orator and not a hi#torian2 The #peech &a# he(d in 35!E3 and dea(# &ith a po##i+(e "er#ian in-a#ion2 %then# &a# apparent(, a(armed +ecau#e o. a rumour that the "er#ian 'in / %rtaxerxe# III/ &a# preparin a mi(itar, expedition2 Thi# expedition &a# in .act not aimed at the 6ree'#/ +ut pro+a+(, directed at 8 ,pt &hich had +een in turmoi( .or #e-era( ,ear# at thi# point222 Since the #u+1ect o. the oration i#/ at (ea#t in part/ the "er#ian 8mpire <the midd(e #ection o. the #peech/ 1!215-29/ con#i#t# o. concrete propo#a(# to re.orm the #,mmorie#/ that i#/ roupin # o.
    19 See n215 20 The tran#(ation I ha-e u#ed .or the ;emo#thenic corpu# choo#e# to entit(e thi# #peech 04n the 5a-,-+oard#02 I ha-e cho#en .or the more accurate/ and indeed more common/ tran#(ation o. 04n the S,mmorie#0/ #ince the modern term o. 0na-,-+oard#0 doe# not encompa## the .u(( meanin o. 0#,mmorie#09 the 0#,mmorie#0 a(#o inc(ude a contri+ution to the &ar-tax/ a# &e(( a# #uper-i#in the na-,2 21 Lione( "ear#on/ "he Art of Demosthenes <Mei#enheim am 6(an 19B!=/ 1132 22 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 1!22

    10

    citi3en# re#pon#i+(e .or #uper-i#in the na-, and contri+utin to the eisphora/ the extraordinar, &ar-tax=/ it pro-ide# u# &ith a p(ethora o. in.ormation on ;emo#thene#0 attitude to&ard# "er#ia2 It i# e-ident that tho#e &ho #po'e +e.ore ;emo#thene# ar ued .or mi(itar, action/ not omittin the heroic examp(e# o. hi#tor,2 ;emo#thene# him#e(. ar ue# .or a more cautiou# po(ic, and &arn# the %thenian# not to pro-o'e the "er#ian 'in / +ut rather to impro-e their mi(itar, preparation# .or an, po##i+(e threat2 %.ter a #hort introduction/ ;emo#thene# continue#: <@= .ir#t i-in ,ou +rie.(, m, -ie&# a+out our re(ation# &ith the 6reat Iin 2 I admit that he i# the common enem, o. a(( the 6ree'#9 ,et I &ou(d not on that account ad-i#e ,ou to underta'e a &ar a ain#t him +, ,our#e(-e# apart .rom the re#t/ .or I o+#er-e that the 6ree'# them#e(-e# are +, no mean# common .riend# o. one another/ +ut that certain o. them repo#e more con.idence in the Iin than in #ome o. their nei h+or#2 <;em2 1!22-3= The .ir#t comment# ;emo#thene# utter# on the "er#ian 'in are c(ear(, ideo(o ica( in nature2 >e 0admit#0 that the 'in i# in .act the common enem, o. the 6ree'#2 The rea#on he ha# to admit thi# rather than #tate it/ i# not/ in m, -ie&/ the po##i+i(it, that he doe# not actua((, +e(ie-e that/ +ut rather to 1u#ti., hi# #u+#e?uent in#i#tence on caution2 I. he omitted an, re.erence to "er#ia a# the common enem,/ &hi(#t the pre-iou# #pea'er# #ure(, &ou(d ha-e empha#i3ed it/ then hi# po(itica( opponent# &ou(d not he#itate to accu#e him o. 0medi#m0 23 and +etra,in hi# .e((o& 6ree'#2 %(#o/ &e mu#t not .or et that thi# i# in a(( (i'e(ine## ;emo#thene#0 .ir#t pu+(ic #peech9 #ure(, he &anted to ma'e a ood impre##ion and con.irm the conception# o. hi# audience2 >e then proceed# to ad-i#e caution +ecau#e not a(( 6ree'# #ee "er#ia a# the common enem,2 There are tho#e that &ou(d (ad(, #e(( out their .e((o& countr,men to "er#ia .or pri-ate ain2 >i# audience &ou(d not ha-e .ound thi# hard to +e(ie-e9 #ure(, the examp(e# named in the pre-iou# chapter &ou(d not ha-e +een a(ien to them2 %(#o it &ou(d con.irm them in the enera((, accepted notion that %then# &a# #uperior to other 6ree' citie#2 2! Thu#/ ri ht .rom the #tart &e #ee ;emo#thene# +a(ancin ideo(o ica( conception &ith practica( po(itic#9 "er#ia i# the common enem, +ut %then# mu#t not #tart a &ar 0apart .rom the re#t02 >o&e-er/ %then# doe# ha-e a re#pon#i+i(it,: For indeed/ a# re ard# ,our po(ic, to&ard# the Iin / I #ee that ,ou are +, no mean# on the #ame .ootin a# the other 6ree'#9 .or man, o. them it i#/ I #uppo#e/ po##i+(e to
    23 The term 0Medi#m0 &a# a (in ui#tic (e ac, o. the "er#ian 7ar#2 The term &a# u#ed in an accu#ator, #en#e a ain#t tho#e &ho co((a+orated &ith the "er#ian#2 See .or examp(e Thuc,dide# 129525 2! C272 Mo+ert#/ !ity of So rates. An ,ntroduction to !lassical Athens <5e& Lor' 1998=/ )82

    11

    pur#ue their pri-ate intere#t# and a+andon the cau#e o. their countr,men/ +ut .or ,ou/ e-en &hen &ron ed +, them/ it &ou(d not +e honora+(e to exact #uch a pena(t, .rom the &ron -doer# a# to (ea-e an, o. them under the hee( o. the +ar+arian2 <;em2 1!2)= >ere ;emo#thene# e(a+orate# on the ideo(o ica( conception9 "er#ia i# the antithe#i# o. e-er,thin &hat i# 6ree'2 Thu# %then# ha# a mora( dut, in 'eepin the 6ree'# .ree .rom +ar+arian occupation2 8-en i. #ome 6ree'# &ou(d +e #o narro&-minded a# to pre.er "er#ia to their .e((o& 6ree'#/ to (ea-e them 0under the hee( o. the +ar+arian0 i# too har#h a puni#hment2 The c(a##ica( conception that "er#ia i# antithetica( to 6reece i# #ti(( -er, much a(i-e in ;emo#thene#0 orator, at thi# point/ thou h he concede#/ rud in (,/ that thi# point o. -ie& i# not uni-er#a((, #hared/ or at (ea#t practi#ed/ amon the other 6ree'#2 >e then continue# to ar ue that %then# #hou(d ma'e mi(itar, preparation# a ain#t +oth their .e((o& 6ree'# and a po##i+(e "er#ian in-a#ion/ +ut on no account ma'e an, pro-ocation#2 For i. the Iin attac'# 6reece/ then the other 6ree'# &i(( come .(oc'in to %then# in #earch o. aid/ &herea# i. %then# i# the a re##or/ man, o. the potentia( a((ie# &i(( re.rain .rom (endin an, a##i#tance <1!211-13=2 >a-in #poo'ed hi# .e((o& %thenian# enou h &ith the po##i+(, di#a#trou# con#e?uence# o. i norin hi# ad-ice/ he continue# to emp(o, #ome re.ined orator, to do&np(a, the actua( threat that "er#ia po#e#2 There are t&o pa##a e# in particu(ar in &hich he ar ue# thi# point that demand .urther attention2 %.ter eu(o i3in the heroic +att(e o. Sa(ami# <1!228= and thu# #tatin that the Iin &i(( ha-e (itt(e chance a ain#t the %thenian .(eet/ he continue#: *ut indeed/ i. he +a#e# hi# con.idence on hi# &ea(th/ he &i(( .ind thi# too a (e## #ure .oundation than ,our#2 >e i# +rin in / the, #a,/ o(d in p(ent,2 *ut i. he di#+ur#e# it/ he &i(( (oo' in -ain .or more9 .or e-en #prin # and &e((# ha-e a &a, o. .ai(in / i. one dra&# .rom them con#tant(, and (a-i#h(,2 *ut he &i(( hear that our re#ource# con#i#t o. the rata+(e -a(ue o. our countr,/ and ho& &e can .i ht in de.ence o. it a ain#t in-ader# .rom hi# (and/ tho#e ance#tor# o. hi# &ho .ou ht at Marathon +e#t 'no&9 +ut a# (on a# &e are -ictoriou#/ there i# #ure(, no pro#pect o. mone, .ai(in u#2 <;em2 1!229-30= ;emo#thene# here a##e##e# the %thenian .inancia( re#ource# a# #uperior to tho#e o. the "er#ian Iin 2 It i# hard to +e(ie-e that ;emo#thene# enuine(, +e(ie-ed thi#9 I thin' hi# #o(e intention i# to rea##ure hi# audience2 >i# #tatement i# e-ident(, untrue/ .or #ure(, the "er#ian .inancia( re#ource# exceeded one +i &ithdra&a( and the Iin cou(d a(&a,# co((ect more mone, .rom hi# exten#i-e 12

    domain#2 >i# next pa##a e carrie# the #ame .ictitiou# #em+(ance: % ain/ &hat .ri hten# #ome o. ,ouNthat hi# &ea(th &i(( attract a (ar e mercenar, arm,Ndoe# not #tri'e me a# true2 For a(thou h I +e(ie-e that man, 6ree'# &ou(d con#ent to #er-e in hi# pa, a ain#t the 8 ,ptian# and 4ronte# and other +ar+arian#/ not #o much to ena+(e him to #u+due an, o. tho#e enemie# a# to &in .or them#e(-e# &ea(th and re(ie. .rom their pre#ent po-ert,/ ,et I do not thin' that an, 6ree' &ou(d attac' 6reece2 For &here &ou(d he retire a.ter&ard#A 7i(( he o to "hr, ia and +e a #(a-eA <;em2 1!231= Thi# pa##a e contra#t# #i ni.icant(, &ith hi# ear(ier (ac' o. tru#t in hi# .e((o& 6ree'#2 I. &e compare them/ the conc(u#ion i# that thou h #ome 6ree'# ma, (oo' to "er#ia .or pri-ate ain in the e-ent o. a &ar/ the, &i(( not o #o .ar a# to ta'e up arm# a ain#t their countr,men2 Thi# pa##a e thu# #tren then# the ideo(o ica( di-i#ion &hich ;emo#thene# expounded ear(ier2 >o&e-er/ it i# a ain e-ident(, untrue2 There are p(ent, o. hi#torica( examp(e# o. 6ree'# #idin &ith "er#ia a ain#t other 6ree'# in time# o. &ar/ #uch a# the Ionian# .i htin a ain#t the Lacedaemonian# in the +att(e o. Sa(ami# <>dt2 B285=2 8?ua((, .ee+(e i# hi# ar ument o. &here the traitor 6ree'# &ou(d retire2 Sure(, the, cou(d count on a com.orta+(e exi#tence in 6reece a.ter the con?ue#t &a# #ucce##.u((, +rou ht to a c(o#e2 I. &e a##ume that the aim o. +oth the#e pa##a e# &a# to rea##ure the %thenian audience then their reaction &ou(d +e o. the utmo#t importance2 7e can on(, ma'e an educated ue##2 4n the one hand/ I .ind it hard to +e(ie-e that the audience/ &hich #ure(, did expre## it# opinion# durin a #peech a# i# e-ident .rom .re?uent appea(# o. ;emo#thene# in .uture #peeche# to 0hear him out0 +e.ore pa##in 1ud ement/ &ou(d +e(ie-e the mentioned pa##a e#2 4n the other hand/ it cou(d -er, &e(( +e that the atmo#phere in %then# at the pro#pect o. a "er#ian in-a#ion &a# decided(, rim/ and that remar'# #uch a# the#e &ere more than &e(come2 "erhap# the other orator# that #po'e +e.ore ;emo#thene# a(#o expounded #uch -ie&#2 %t the -er, (ea#t it i# indicati-e o. a po#iti-e re#pon#e that ;emo#thene# did not exc(ude the#e pa##a e# in hi# po##i+(e re-i#ion o. the &ritten .orm a.ter&ard#2 %(ternati-e(,/ he ma, e-en ha-e added the#e pa##a e# in order to demon#trate hi# (iterar, and compo#itiona( a+i(itie#/25 and thu# the pre#ent ?ue#tion i# a .uti(e one2 ;emo#thene# continue# hi# ideo(o ica( ar ument#: Me ard(e##/

    25 Ian 7orthin ton/ 0>i#tor, and oratorica( exp(oitation0 in: Ian 7orthin ton <ed2= Persuasion- Gree .hetoric in Action <5e& Lor' 199!=/ 115-11)2 Hn.ortunate(,/ I do not ha-e the #pace here to di re## .u((, on &h, the#e #e(ect pa##a e# cou(d contri+ute to the compo#itiona( arran ement# o. the .u(( #peech2 See 7orthin ton .or .urther readin 2

    13

    For the o+1ect# at #ta'e in a &ar a ain#t the +ar+arian are nothin (e## than our countr,/ our (i.e/ our ha+it#/ our .reedom/ and a(( #uch +(e##in #2 <222= Moreo-er/ it i# not e-en to the Iin 0# ad-anta e that mercenarie# #hou(d +eat the 6ree'#/ .or the men &ho #ha(( +eat u# ha-e +een hi# ma#ter# (on a o2 5o9 hi# o+1ect i# not/ a.ter de#tro,in u#/ to .ind him#e(. in the po&er o. other#/ +ut to ru(e a(( the &or(d/ i. he can/ or i. not/ at (ea#t tho#e &ho are no& hi# #(a-e#2 <;em2 1!232= >ere &e .ind the antithe#i# o. 6reece-"er#ia in it# mo#t unmiti ated .orm9 "er#ia i# portra,ed a# the ?uinte##entia( other o. e-er,thin the 6ree' cu(ture #tand# .or2 7hat i# more intere#tin a+out thi# pa##a e ho&e-er/ i# the .act that ;emo#thene# a##i n# an expan#ioni#t ideo(o , to the "er#ian Iin 9 he &i#he# to ru(e the &or(d i. he can2 The -a(ue thi# ha# .or con#tructin an a+#o(ute antithe#i# i# hard to undere#timate9 it add# a .ee(in o. con#tant threat2 %.ter a((/ it &a# one o. the .undamenta( a##umption# 6eor e Iennan ar ued .or in hi# 0Lon Te(e ram0 o. 19!)/ portra,in the So-iet Hnion a# inherent(, expan#ioni#t and in the proce## 'ic'-#tartin the ideo(o ica( +att(e o. the Co(d 7ar2 Thu# #uch ar ument# are hi h(, in#trumenta( in di-idin exc(u#i-e ideo(o ica( #phere#2 %pproachin the end o. hi# #peech/ ;emo#thene# once a ain return# to the #u+1ect o. the .e((o& 6ree'#2 >e emp(o,# #ome hi#torica( ar ument#/ c(aimin that a# (on a# a(( the 6ree'# &ere o. one mind in oppo#in the "er#ian Iin the, 0cou(d count on man, ad-anta e#0/ +ut a# #oon a# the, #tarted to approach him a# a .riend the, 0#u..ered #uch di#a#ter# a# no one &ou(d ha-e de-i#ed .or them0 <1!23)=2 Thu# he contra#t# the unit, o. the "er#ian 7ar# &ith the .ra mentation and chao# o. (ater time#/ #uch a# the "e(oponne#ian 7ar2 The imp(ication i# that one mu#t not indu( e in #ee'in the a##i#tance o. the arch-enem,2 >o&e-er/ ;emo#thene# immediate(, add# that the %thenian# #hou(d do the Iin no &ron either/ 0+oth in our o&n intere#t# and in -ie& o. the unre#t and di#(o,a(t, o. the other 6ree'#0 <1!23)=2 4nce more/ ;emo#thene# i# &a('in the oratorica( ti htrope/ +a(ancin ideo(o , and practica( po(itic# precariou#(,2 In hi# .ina( &ord# he cannot he(p +ut to de(i-er one more in#u(t to&ard# the "er#ian Iin 9 .a(#ehood and per1ur, are a# re#pecta+(e to him a# the, are di# race.u( to the 6ree'# <1!239=2 In conc(u#ion/ 'n the Symmories i# .ir#t and .oremo#t an ideo(o ica( #peech &hen it come# to "er#ia2 ;emo#thene#0 portra,a( o. the "er#ian# i# entire(, #tatu#-+a#ed <#imp(, +ecau#e there &ere no concrete "er#ian action# to mention ,et/ nor &ou(d the, come to +e in an, e-ent= and it thu# .it# &ith the common ideo(o ica( perception# that the 6ree'# had to&ard# "er#ia2 The #peech a(#o carrie# touche# o. pan->e((eni#m9 ad-ocatin that "er#ia i# the common enem, and that the 1! the &or(d into mutua((,

    6ree'# #hou(d approach "er#ia a# the ?uinte##entia( other2 8-en thou h thi# i# a(( contra#ted +, hi# ad-ice o. caution/ he i# in#i#tent on ar uin that thi# caution i# +a#ed on(, on practica( po(itic#2 Thi# imp(ie# that he &ou(d not he#itate to ad-ocate an a((-out &ar a ain#t "er#ia i. a(( the 6ree'# &ere o. the #ame mind2 *et&een hi# preachin o. pan->e((eni#m and hi# reca(citrant cautiou# ad-ice/ he mu#t ha-e made ?uite an impre##ion2 #or the Megalopolitans <4ration 1)= In 353E2 ;emo#thene# de(i-ered hi# next pu+(ic #peech9 #or the Megalopolitans. The context &a# Sparta0# di#re ard o. the common peace o. 3)2E1/ #i ned a.ter the +att(e o. Mantinea2 >o#ti(itie# +et&een Sparta and the %r'adian .ederation/ &hich had Me a(opo(i# .or it# head?uarter#/ continued2 In 353E2/ en-o,# o. the %r'adian .ederation arri-ed in %then# to #ee' an a((iance/ #hort(, .o((o&ed +, Spartan en-o,# &ho natura((, ar ued a ain#t #uch an a((iance2 ;emo#thene# c(aim# impartia(it,9 he &i#he# to p(ea#e neither part, +ut on(, ad-ance %then# intere#t# <1)21=2 Thi# ree'# o. rhetorica( deception/ .or in the end he doe# ar ue .or an a((iance &ith the %r'adian .ederation/ &hich i# in %then#0 +e#t intere#t accordin to him2 %# can +e expected/ there are no re.erence# to "er#ia to +e .ound in thi# #peech2 I ha-e cho#en to inc(ude it .or another rea#on/ .or Sea(e, con-incin (, ar ue# that the #peech re-ea(# t&o (a#tin .eature# o. ;emo#thene#0 thou ht on pu+(ic a..air# a# he mature# in hi# #peeche#22) The .ir#t point i# ;emo#thene#0 adherence to &hat ma, +e ca((ed/ anachroni#tica((,/ realpoliti : 0*ut the proper cour#e i# in a(( thin # to .ind out &hat i# ri ht and then do it/ thou h at the #ame time &e mu#t ta'e care that &hat &e do i# expedient a# &e((20 <1)210=2 >e concede# that it i# important to do 0&hat i# ri ht0/ thu# a((o&in mora(it, to penetrate into po(itic#/ +ut it mu#t +e ad-anta eou# a# &e((2 Thi# i# a(#o e-ident in 'n the Symmories/ &here he ar ued that %then# ha# a mora( dut, to 'eep the 6ree'# .ree .rom +ar+arian occupation/ thou h it &ou(d +e un&i#e to un(ea#h a .u((-#ca(e &ar a ain#t "er#ia .or that rea#on2 In the eterna( .i ht +et&een mora(it, and pra mati#m/ &e .ind ;emo#thene# rootin in the corner o. pra mati#m2 Thi# #tance cou(d ha-e #eriou# imp(ication# .or hi# perception o. "er#ia a# he .ound him#e(. a ne& arch-enem, in "hi(ip o. Macedon2 The #econd recurrin .eature i# ;emo#thene#0 tendenc, to pic' the #ide o. the &ea'er part, in di#pute#/ the %r'adian# in thi# particu(ar ca#e2 In thi# ;emo#thene# certain(, &a# not a(one9 #ome .ort, ,ear# ear(ier %ndocide# expre##ed hi# di#content o-er 0our o(d/ o(d .au(t o. in-aria+(, a+andonin po&er.u( .riend# in pre.erence .or &ea'/ and o. oin to &ar .or the #a'e o. other#
    2) Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 1292

    15

    &hen/ a# .ar a# &e our#e(-e# are concerned/ &e cou(d per.ect(, &e(( remain at peace20 <%ndoc2 3228=22B Thi#/ too/ i# #omethin to +e 'ept in mind a# &e pro re## throu h the ;emo#thenic corpu#2 7i(( thi# inc(ination to&ard# the &ea'er part, +e a+(e to o-ercome ideo(o ica( +arrier# in the "er#ian ca#e/ or per#ona( animo#it, in the ca#e o. "hi(ip o. MacedonA #irst Philippic <4ration != The #irst Philippic i# the .ir#t o. a #erie# o. #peeche# in &hich ;emo#thene# trie# to incite the %thenian# to ta'e action a ain#t "hi(ip o. Macedon2 In 359/ "hi(ip a#cended to the Macedonian throne and ?uic'(, made a name .or him#e(. &ith impre##i-e mi(itar, expedition#2 >e .ir#t came into con.(ict &ith %then# &hen he +e#ie ed and too' the cit, o. %mphipo(i# in 35B/ &hich had ori ina((, +een .ounded +, the %thenian#2 Thou h the cit, had (on #ince a##erted it# independence/ the %thenian# #ti(( (aid c(aim to it2 >o&e-er/ %then# did not come to the aid o. %mphipo(i#/ po##i+(, +ecau#e "hi(ip #aid that he &ou(d hand it +ac' to the %thenian#/ &hich &a# an empt, promi#e i. true2 Thi# i# certain(, a po##i+i(it,/ .or "hi(ip0# reputation in c(e-er dip(omac, +ecame a# (e endar, a# hi# reputation .or mi(itar, pro&e##2 %then# did #end am+a##ador# to "hi(ip a.ter&ard#/ and it i# #u e#ted that in #ecret ne otiation# the, made a dea( to exchan e ",dna .or %mphipo(i#2 28 In an, e-ent/ no #uch exchan e too' p(ace2 In the .o((o&in ,ear#/ "hi(ip continued hi# con?ue#t# in Thrace and the Thermaic u(./ radua((, dimini#hin %then#0 in.(uence in the re ion &ith (itt(e to no re#i#tance <%then# did #end #ome ha(.-hearted expedition#/ a(( o. them arri-in too (ate=2 In the #irst Philippic/ ;emo#thene# had had enou h o. the Macedonian up#tart2 Thu# he em+ar'ed on a po(itica( co((i#ion cour#e &ith "hi(ip/ a cour#e &hich came to +e the de.inin ;emo#thene#0 career229 The date o. the #irst Philippic ha# pro-en to +e di..icu(t to e#ta+(i#h2 ;ion,#iu# date# it to the archon#hip o. %ri#todemo#/ 352E1/ a date &hich i# accepta+(e &ith re ard to the e-ent# named in the #peech2 Mac;o&e(( a ree# &ith thi# date/ and .urther #peci.ie# it to the (a#t coup(e o. month# o. 352E351230 ;emo#thene# #tart# hi# #peech +, c(aimin that "hi(ip0# prominence i# nothin more than the re#u(t o. %then#0 id(ene##2 The %thenian# ha-e the po&er to e..ecti-e(, cur+ "hi(ip0# ri#in #tar/ i. on(, the, &anted it #o2 I. %then# made a #tand/ "hi(ip &ou(d #oon +e -an?ui#hed2 Thu#/ once a ain ;emo#thene# i# eu(o i3in the po&er o. %then#/ contra#tin it #harp(, &ith her current
    2B %ndocide#2 %ndocide# &ith an 8n (i#h tran#(ation +, I2C2 Maidment <Cam+rid e 19)8=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu 28 "ierre Car(ier/ D/mosth0ne <"ari# 1990=/ 95-9)2 29 C.2 T2T2*2 M,der/ 0;emo#thene# and "hi(ip II0 in: Ian 7orthin ton <ed2= Demosthenes. Statesman and 'rator. <Corn&a(( 2000=/ !52 30 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 212-2132

    .eature o.

    1)

    inacti-it,2 Thou h he doe# not name the "er#ian 7ar#/ chance# are that hi# audience &ou(d ha-e (anced north-ea#t&ard# at hi# &ord# to a3e at that rand monument o. the -ictor, o-er the +ar+arian#9 the "arthenon29 a hu e concrete reminder o. &hat %then# &a# capa+(e o. i. #he #et her mind to it2 %nd no&/ another +ar+arian threat ha# ri#en9 #ure(, a #imi(ar re#pon#e &ou(d +e in orderA It can +e ar ued that ;emo#thene# imp(ie# that the threat o. Macedon i# #imi(ar to that o. "er#ia in da,# (on one/ thou h he i# care.u( not to name it2 Sti((/ I +e(ie-e thi# imp(ication cannot +e too .ar-.etched/ .or thi# i# not the (a#t time he ma'e# #uch a((u#ion#2 The rea#on &h, he doe# not name the "er#ian 7ar# i# +ecau#e he i# +eratin the %thenian# .or their #(oppine##/ and doe# #o &ith pardona+(e exa eration: *ut ,ou/ %thenian#/ po##e##in un#urpa##ed re#ource#N.(eet/ in.antr,/

    ca-a(r,/ re-enue#Nha-e ne-er to thi# -er, da, emp(o,ed them ari ht/ and ,et ,ou carr, on &ar &ith "hi(ip exact(, a# a +ar+arian +oxe#2 The +ar+arian/ &hen #truc'/ a(&a,# c(utche# the p(ace9 hit him on the other #ide and there o hi# hand#2 >e neither 'no&# nor care# ho& to parr, a +(o& or ho& to &atch hi# ad-er#ar,2 <;em2 !2!0= Thi# pa##a e i# mo#t(, 'no&n .or it# .amou# +ar+arian +oxer compari#on/ +ut it i# e?ua((, intere#tin that ;emo#thene# exc(aim# that the %thenian# 0ha-e ne-er to thi# -er, da, emp(o,ed0 her armed .orce# 0ari ht02 Such utterance# are in-aria+(, hard to reconci(e &ith the +att(e o. Marathon or Sa(ami#/ and #ince the #u+1ect i# "hi(ip and not "er#ia/ ;emo#thene# choo#e# not to re.er to tho#e da,# direct(,2 %nother point to note in thi# #peech i# hi# in#i#tence on more citi3en acti-it, in the mi(itar,/ rather than re(,in on mercenarie#/ .or mercenarie# cannot +e tru#ted: 0 The, ca#t a ca#ua( (ance at the &ar .or &hich %then# ha# hired them/ and o.. the, #ai( to 1oin %rta+a3u# or an,one e(#e0 <;em2 !22!=2 In other &ord#/ the, are prone to de.ection/ &hi(#t the %thenian citi3en# are incorrupti+(e in their (o,a(t, to their cit,2 5e-er &i(( an, %thenian de.ect to the "er#ian# <#a-e the occa#iona( o#traci#ed po(itician or expe((ed t,rant/ a .act +e#t a-oided in thi# context=2 In conc(u#ion/ it i# &ith thi# #peech that ;emo#thene# #tart# hi# a itation a ain#t "hi(ip o. Macedon2 >o&e-er/ he chie.(, .ocu#e# hi# attention on hi# .e((o& %thenian# and the acti-itie# the, #hou(d underta'e2 There i#/ a# o. ,et/ (itt(e ideo(o ica( ar ument a ain#t "hi(ip9 a Macedonian up#tart i# not &orth, o. #uch ?ue#tiona+(e honour#2

    1B

    'n the #reedom of the .hodians <4ration 15= ;emo#thene# pro+a+(, de(i-ered hi# next pu+(ic #peech/ 'n the #reedom of the .hodians/ in 351E02 % ain/ thi# i# the date i-en +, ;ion,#iu#/ and thou h it ha# #par'ed #ome de+ate/ mo#t #cho(ar# a ree231 Mhode# &a# in interna( #tri.e +et&een t&o .action#/ &hom ;emo#thene# ca((# 0o(i arch#0 and 0democrat#02 Thou h &e ha-e no additiona( in.ormation on the -ie&# o. the#e .action#/ the name# a##i ned to them are #e(.-exp(anator,2 4ri ina((,/ Mhode# &a# a mem+er o. the Second %thenian Lea ue/ +ut a##erted her independence durin the Socia( 7ar <35B-355 *C=2 >erea.ter the o(i arch# too' contro(/ #upported +, Mau#o(u#/ the ru(er o. Iaria &ho &a# a #u+ordinate o. the "er#ian 'in 2 In 353 Mau#o(u# died and &a# #ucceeded +, hi# dau hter/ %rtemi#ia/ &ho continued the po(ic, o. her .ather2 The democrat# turned to %then# .or #upport/ and it &a# on thi# occa#ion that ;emo#thene# made hi# #peech2 %.ter the cu#tomar, introduction/ ;emo#thene# ha# the .o((o&in to #a,: I am #urpri#ed to #ee the #ame men ur in the cit,/ in the intere#t# o. the 8 ,ptian#/ to oppo#e the Iin o. "er#ia/ +ut dreadin him &here the Mhodian democrac, i# concerned2 Let e-er,one 'no&# that the Mhodian# are 6ree'#/ &hi(e 8 ,pt i# a di-i#ion o. the "er#ian 8mpire2 <;em2 1525= 7ith "er#ia once a ain connected to hi# #u+1ect/ ;emo#thene# &a#te# (itt(e time returnin to the ideo(o ica( ar ument2 >e expre##e# hi# #urpri#e that there are tho#e &ho &ou(d #ooner a##i#t the 8 ,ptian# than the Mhodian 6ree'#/ e#pecia((, #ince it i# the #ame enem, in the +ac' round in +oth ca#e#2 %(#o returnin i# hi# appea( to pan->e((eni#m9 #ure(, 6ree'# mu#t he(p .e((o& 6ree'#O Thi# pa##a e natura((, remind# o. hi# 'n the Symmories #peech a .e& ,ear# ear(ier2 ;emo#thene# i# the (a#t to den, that9 0M, pre#ent #peech/ then/ i# the #e?ue( o. m, .ormer one0 <152B=2 Indeed/ he a(#o return# to the mora( ar ument: 5o& i. ,ou ma'e it a enera( princip(e/ men o. %then#/ to a+andon to the Iin a(( p(ace# that he ha# ot into hi# po&er/ &hether +, #urpri#e or +, decei-in #ome o. the inha+itant#/ then ,our princip(e
    31 See: Chri#to# Iar-ouni#/ Demosthenes- Studien 1u den Demegorien orr. %,2, %2,, %2, ,2, ,, ,,, ,,, <TP+in en 2002=/ 1B5-192/ Can Madic'e/ Die .ede des Demosthenes f3r #reiheit der .hodier <Stutt art 1995=/ 33-!3/ Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 2192

    18

    i#/ I thin'/ a &ron one9 +ut i. ,ou .ee( that in the cau#e o. 1u#tice ,ou are +ound to o to &ar and .ace the con#e?uence#/ then/ in the .ir#t p(ace/ the more ,ou are determined on #uch action/ the (e## .re?uent(, &i(( it +e nece##ar,/ and #econd(,/ ,ou &i(( +e #ho&in the proper #pirit2 <;em2 1528= It i# re-ea(in that ;emo#thene# i# rather con#i#tent in hi# mora( approach &hen it come# to dea(in &ith "er#ia/ a(( the more #o #ince &e ha-e a(read, e#ta+(i#hed that hi# tendencie# to&ard realpoliti are recurrent .eature# in hi# po(itica( thin'in 2 C(ear(, "er#ia &a# a ca#e apart/ not (ea#t +ecau#e o. the ideo(o ica( (e ac, e#ta+(i#hed in chapter 12 %(#o note ho& ;emo#thene# c(aim# that the Iin ain# territor, either +, #urpri#e or +, deception9 not +, mi(itar, pro&e##2 Thi# i# another #tereot,pe9 the "er#ian# (i-e under a monarchica( ru(e/ &hich ma'e# them #(a-e#/ &hich ma'e# them (e## than a+(e in com+at #ituation#2 ;emo#thene# him#e(. re-empha#i3e# the point o. #(a-er, (ater in hi# #peech2 The Mhodian#/ he #a,#/ ha-e 0#purned an a((iance &ith ,ou &ho are 6ree'# and their +etter#/ and no& the, are #(a-e# o. +ar+arian#/ #(a-e# o. #(a-e#/ &hom the, admitted into their citade(#0 <15215=2 The .act that their .i htin #'i((# are utter(, contempti+(e i# pro-en +, the .act that 0 i. e-er the Iin ha# ained #ome #(i ht ad-anta e o-er our cit,/ he ha# done it +, +ri+in the mo#t &orth(e## o. the 6ree'#/ the traitor# to their cau#e/ and ne-er in an, other &a, <15223=2 Indeed/ &hene-er the "er#ian# tried their (uc' in 0an, other &a,0/ the, met &ith di#a#ter# #uch a# Marathon or "(ataia2 So he ha# ne-er +eaten u# in the .ie(d/ nor ha-e hi# intri ue# ained him an, ad-anta e2 I o+#er-e that #ome o. ,ou are &ont to di#mi## "hi(ip a# a per#on o. no account/ +ut to #pea' &ith a&e o. the Iin a# .ormida+(e to tho#e &hom he mar'# a# hi# enemie#2 I. &e are not to #tand up to the one +ecau#e he i# contempti+(e/ and i. &e ,ie(d to the other +ecau#e he i# .ormida+(e/ a ain#t &hom/ %thenian#/ #ha(( &e e-er mar#ha( our .orce#A <;em2 1522!= >ere ;emo#thene# #um# up hi# -ie&# on +oth "hi(ip and the "er#ian Iin in a mo#t e(o?uent manner2 %# &e ha-e #een/ in 'n the Symmories ;emo#thene# a(read, made the point that the "er#ian Iin i# not a# po&er.u( a# the %thenian# mi ht thin'2 In the #irst Philippic/ he ar ued that "hi(ip i# a -er, rea( threat &hich cannot +e i nored2 %nd #o/ in thi# pa##a e he connect# the t&o point#/ tr,in to incite the %thenian# into action2 >o&e-er/ there i# no -a(id rea#on .or mentionin 19

    "hi(ip in thi# #peech a# he ha# nothin to do &ith the #u+1ect at hand2 The .act that ;emo#thene# choo#e# to do #o an,&a, imp(ie# that "hi(ip/ in the e,e# o. ;emo#thene#/ +ecame increa#in (, threatenin 9 #o much #o that he i# named in one +reath &ith the "er#ian Iin 2 Indeed/ a# .ar a# ;emo#thene# &a# concerned/ there &a# (e## o. a di..erence +et&een the#e t&o threat# than the a-era e %thenian mi ht +e(ie-e2 There i# one (a#t pa##a e in thi# #peech that de#er-e# attention/ +ecau#e ;emo#thene# a((o&# him#e(. to approach the "er#ian# in a (e## ideo(o ica(/ more pra matic &a,2 Indeed/ he undermine# hi# ear(ier remar'# to #ome extent:

    The 6ree'# ha-e t&o treatie# &ith the Iin / one made +, our cit, and commended +, a((9 and the (ater one made +, the Lacedaemonian#/ &hich i# o. cour#e condemned +, a((9 and in the#e t&o treatie# ri ht# are di-er#e(, de.ined2 4. pri-ate ri ht# &ithin a #tate/ the (a&# o. that #tate rant an e?ua( and impartia( #hare to a((/ &ea' and #tron a(i'e9 +ut the internationa( ri ht# o. 6ree' #tate# are de.ined +, the #tron .or the &ea'2 <;em2 15229= Fir#t o.. there i# the mention o. treatie# &ith the Iin 9 he i# (i'e(, re.errin to the "eace o. Ca((ia# o. !!8 a# the treat, made +, %then#/ and certain(, to the "eace o. %nta(cida#/ or the Iin 0# "eace/ o. 38B a# the treat, made +, the Lacedaemonian#2 32 There i# no mention here o. the Iin a# the ?uinte##entia( other/ hi# imperia(i#tic am+ition# or an,thin o. the #ort2 I. ;emo#thene# &ou(d choo#e to +e .u((, con#i#tent he &ou(d ha-e to condemn +oth treatie#9 #ure(, the Iin cou(d not +e tru#ted to 'eep hi# &ord2 *ut no: he on(, condemn# the treat, made +, the Lacedaemonian#/ and a# #uch a(#o undermine# hi# ear(ier "anhe((enic appea(#2 Thi# i# the .ir#t in#tance in &hich ;emo#thene# approache# the "er#ian# &ithout ho#ti(it,9 thi# i# re#er-ed .or the Spartan# in thi# ca#e2 Hpon comparin thi# &ith the ear(ier pa##a e on the pre-iou# pa e <1522!=/ it can +e ar ued that ;emo#thene# i# #(o&(, chan in cour#e/ adaptin hi# rhetoric to the internationa( de-e(opment#2 The "er#ian# are (o#in their #tatu# a# the arch-enem,/ -acatin a po#ition &hich "hi(ip i# more than a+(e to .i((2 In thi# re#pect the (atter ha(. o. 'n the #reedom of the .hodians .orm# a &ater#hed in ;emo#thene#0 perception o. "er#ia9 .uture re.erence# to that enem, o. o(d &i(( +e (e## ho#ti(e than &e ha-e #een thu# .ar2

    32 ;emo#thene#/ Demosthenes (ith an &nglish translation by !.A. 2ince and 4.H. 2ince <London 192)=2 Found in .u(( text at &&&2per#eu#2tu.t#2edu

    20

    Chapter III: Mea#urin Macedon


    The pre-iou# chapter dea(t mo#t(, &ith pa##a e# concernin "er#ia direct(, or indirect(,2 >o&e-er/ in hi# #u+#e?uent #peeche#/ ;emo#thene# #carce(, re.er# to that empire on the other #ide o. the %e ean Sea/ choo#in in#tead to emp(o, hi# rhetorica( repertoire a ain#t "hi(ip o. Macedon2 In the (on run/ thi# ha# c(ear con#e?uence# .or hi# dea(in # &ith "er#ia/ to &hich &e &i(( return in chapter .our &hen dea(in &ith hi# .ina( #peeche#2 Thu#/ the current chapter &i(( +e more conci#e than either the precedin or the .o((o&in chapter/ +ut &i(( rant u# a more thorou h under#tandin o. the de-e(opment o. ;emo#thene#0 -ie& on "er#ia throu h hi# dea(in # &ith "hi(ip o. Macedon2

    #irst, Second, and "hird 'lynthiacs <4ration# 1/ 2/ and 3= The Cha('idian (ea ue &a# a .edera( #tate #ituated in Thrace/ ad1acent to "hi(ip0# territor,2 It# principa( cit, &a# 4(,nthu#/ and in 35BE) "hi(ip conc(uded an a((iance &ith them/ po##i+(, #o that he &ou(d ha-e hi# hand# .ree .or con?ue#t# e(#e&here2 The 4(,nthian#/ percei-in "hi(ip0# increa#in po&er &ith a due #en#e o. dread/ cho#e to enter ne otiation# &ith %then#/ much to "hi(ip0# di#ma,2 In 3!9/ "hi(ip decided to mount a .u((-#ca(e in-a#ion and the 4(,nthian# #ent am+a##ador# to %then# to a#' .or #upport2 In hi# 'lynthiac oration#/33 a(( he(d in ear(, 3!9E8/3! ;emo#then# ur e# the %thenian# to pro-ide the re?ue#ted #upport2 There i# no direct re.erence to "er#ia in a(( the 'lynthiacs .or o+-iou# rea#on#/ +ut the, are -a(ua+(e nonethe(e## #ince the, #hed more (i ht on ;emo#thene#0 -ie&# o. "hi(ip2 Thu# &e #ha(( concentrate on the pa##a e# &hich dea( &ith the theme o. the character o. "hi(ip2 The #irst 'lynthiac open# &ith a +rie. o-er-ie& o. cri#i# in the north/ and then continue# &ith the .o((o&in a##e##ment o. the #ituation o. 4(,nthu#: The e,e# o. the 4(,nthian# are opened to the .act that the, are no& .i htin not .or (or,/ not .or a #trip o. territor,/ +ut to a-ert the o-erthro& and en#(a-ement o. their .ather(and2 The, 'no& ho& he treated tho#e %mphipo(itan# &ho +etra,ed their cit, and tho#e
    33 It mu#t +e #aid that the order in &hich ;emo#thene# de(i-ered the#e oration# i# di#puted2 The uncertaint, deri-e# .rom the .act that ;emo#thene# i# re(ati-e(, -a ue in the#e #peeche#2 For #tructura( rea#on#/ I #ha(( a+ide +, the order a# denominated +, the num+erin 2 3! Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 1392

    21

    ",dnaean# &ho opened their ate# to him2 %nd a de#poti#m/ I ta'e it/ i# a# a ru(e mi#tru#ted +, .ree con#titution#/ e#pecia((, &hen the, are near nei h+or#2 <;em2 125= There are three point# o. note here2 Fir#t o../ &hat i# at #ta'e .or 4(,nthu# i# not #omethin tri-ia(9 their .ather(and &i(( +e o-erthro&n and en#(a-ed i. the, are una+(e to ri#e to the occa#ion2 Thi# i# t,pica( o. a +ar+arian threat9 the &ho(e &a, o. (i.e i# in dan er2 7herea# .e((o& 6ree'# norma((, come to #ome #ort o. a reement &hen a &ar i# decided in .a-our o. one o. the partie# <ma'in a((o&ance# .or the occa#iona( exception#=/ the +ar+arian# do not da++(e in #uch nicetie#9 the .ate o. %then# in !80 i# te#timon, to thi# .act2 Second(,/ "hi(ip c(ear(, cannot +e tru#ted2 There are tho#e &ho ha-e opened hi# ate# to him in the pa#t and their .ate &a# to +e o-erthro&n and en#(a-ed2 Thu# "hi(ip i# a ma#ter o. deception/ not un(i'e the "er#ian Iin a# &e ha-e #een in a pre-iou# pa##a e <1528=235 Third(,/ there i# a principa( di#tru#t +et&een de#poti#m and .ree con#titution#/ 0e#pecia((, &hen the, are near nei h+or#02 Thu# it &ou(d app(, to more .ar-o.. re ion# a# &e((/ +e it &ith (e## inten#it,2 5atura((,/ "er#ia +e(on # to the cate or, o. a de#pot a# &e((2 >ere &e #ee ;emo#thene# +e#to&in onto "hi(ip the ?ue#tiona+(e honour o. +ecomin an ideo(o ica( oppo#ite9 he i# a +ar+arian/ he i# a de#pot/ and he i# untru#t&orth,2 It i# re-ea(in ar ument# .or endo&in "hi(ip &ith thi# #tatu# are e?ua((, app(ica+(e to "er#ia2 In the Second 'lynthiac/ ;emo#thene# continue# to +(ac'en "hi(ip0# character: It i# impo##i+(e/ men o. %then#/ impo##i+(e to ain permanent po&er +, in1u#tice/ per1ur,/ and .a(#ehood2 4nce in a &a, and .or a +rie. #ea#on #uch thin # endure/ and .ed &ith hope# ma'e/ it ma, +e/ a +ra-e #ho& o. +(o##om/ +ut at the (a#t the, are detected and .a(( to piece#2 For a hou#e/ I ta'e it/ or a #hip or an,thin o. that #ort mu#t ha-e it# chie. #tren th in it# #u+#tructure9 and #o too in a..air# o. #tate the princip(e# and the .oundation# mu#t +e truth and 1u#tice2 There i# no -e#ti e o. the#e toda, in the po&er that "hi(ip ha# +ui(t up2 <;em2 2210= >ere &e encounter the #ame princip(e a# in the pre-iou# pa##a e2 "hi(ip i# portra,ed a# the em+odiment o. e-er,thin oppo#ed to the 6ree' &or(d2 The #imi(aritie# &ith "er#ia a(#o return9 particu(ar(, hi# u#e o. the &ord# 0per1ur,0 and 0.a(#ehood02 In 'n the Symmories/ &e ha-e #een ho& ;emo#thene# ar ued that the#e t&o .eat# are a# re#pecta+(e to the "er#ian
    35 See p2 18-19

    that ;emo#thene#0

    22

    Iin a# the, are di# race.u( to the 6ree'# <1!239=9 it appear# the #ame oe# .or "hi(ip2 The c(imax o. the 'lynthiac oration# i# undou+ted(, .ound in the "hird 'lynthiac/ &here ;emo#thene#/ di#p(a,in ?ue#tion#: 7h,/ &hat +etter time or occa#ion cou(d ,ou .ind than the pre#ent/ men o. %then#A 7hen &i(( ,ou do ,our dut,/ i. not no&A >a# not ,our enem, a(read, captured a(( our #tron ho(d#/ and i. he +ecome# ma#ter o. Cha(cidice/ #ha(( &e not +e o-er&he(med &ith di#honorA %re not tho#e #tate# actua((, at &ar &hich &e #o readi(, en a ed in that e-ent to protectA I# not "hi(ip our enem,A %nd in po##e##ion o. our propert,A %nd a +ar+arianA I# an, de#cription too +ad .or himA <;em 321)= Thi# pa##a e #um# up the 'lynthiac oration# per.ect(,2 In it/ &e .ind "hi(ip de#cri+ed a# an enem,/ a +ar+arian2 %then# ha# a 0dut,0 to en a e him in &ar.are and de.eat him utter(,2 Thi# remind# one o. the pre-iou# occa#ion# &e ha-e #een in &hich ;emo#thene# re.erred to the dut, the %thenian# ha-e .or meetin an, +ar+arian threat# head-on <1!2)/ 1)210=2 In conc(u#ion/ &e can #a.e(, #a, that ;emo#thene# ha# tran#p(anted hi# mora((,-char ed ideo(o ica( ar ument/ pre-iou#(, re#tricted to "er#ia/ to Macedon2 Second Philippic <4ration )= *e.ore (oo'in at thi# #peech/ #ome &ord# mu#t +e #aid a+out the de-e(opment# +et&een %then# and "hi(ip in the ,ear# .o((o&in the 'lynthiac oration#2 %.ter the #ucce##.u( con?ue#t o. 4(,nthu# +, "hi(ip/ he proceeded .urther #outh to&ard# Thermop,(ae in 3!)2 ;ue to circum#tance# &hich are not entire(, c(ear3)/ the "hocian# i nored +oth Spartan and %thenian o..er# o. a##i#tance and pre#uma+(, cho#e to a(i n them#e(-e# &ith "hi(ip2 Since Thermop,(ae cou(d no (on er +e de.ended/ meanin the #ecurit, o. %then# &a# 1eopardi3ed/ the %thenian# decided to #end a peace em+a##, to "hi(ip2 The (eader o. the em+a##, &a# "hi(ocrate#/ +ut ;emo#thene# &a# a(#o part o. the em+a##,/ pre#uma+(e to repre#ent tho#e oppo#ed to peace2 In an, e-ent/ the re#u(t o. the em+a##, &a# a peace treat, +et&een "hi(ip and %then# in 3!)/ common(, re.erred to a# the "eace o. "hi(ocrate#2 In 3!!E3/ ;emo#thene# de(i-ered the Second Philippic2 The occa#ion &a# an em+a##, .rom
    3) C.2 6eor e Ca&'&e((/ Philip ,, of Macedon <*o#ton 19B8=/ 912

    hi# ma#ter.u( rhetorica( a+i(itie#/ a#'# the .o((o&in

    23

    "hi(ip/ throu h &hich he comp(ained that the %thenian# &ere +ein untrue to him &ith re ard# to the peace9 #co(din "hi(ip .or not 'eepin promi#e# &hich he c(aim# he ne-er made2 >o&e-er/ ;id,mu#0 commentar, mention# that there &a# a(#o an em+a##, .rom "er#ia in %then# that ,ear2 4n the#e round#/ Sea(e, mention# the #cho(ar(, de+ate on the o+1ection that #ince there are no re.erence# to the other em+a##, in the #peech/ it #hou(d +e dated (ater2 3B Mac;o&e(( con-incin (, ar ue# that #uch o+1ection# carr, (itt(e &ei ht9 #ince the meetin o. the 8''(e#ia &a# concerned &ith the Macedonian em+a##,/ there i# no rea#on &h, ;emo#thene# #hou(d ma'e an, re.erence# to the "er#ian em+a##,238 I .ee( I can #upp(ement thi# ar ument .urther9 it &ou(d not +e in ;emo#thene#0 intere#t to mention "er#ia at thi# point in time2 Since hi# aim in thi# #ta e &a#/ a# &e ha-e #een/ to e(e-ate "hi(ip to the po#ition o. the ne& ?uinte##entia( other/ it &ou(d not +e &i#e to di#tract the audience .rom thi# aim +, mentionin the "er#ian 'in 9 "hi(ip0# predece##or in thi# re#pect2 >o&e-er/ thi# doe# not pre-ent ;emo#thene# .rom #'i(.u((, u#in the 'no&n hi#tor, o. the "er#ian 7ar# to .urther #tren then hi# ar ument a ain#t "hi(ip: For I #uppo#e he (earn# .rom hi#tor, and .rom report that ,our ance#tor#/ &hen the, mi ht/ at the price o. #u+mi##ion to the 6reat Iin / ha-e +ecome the paramount po&er in 6reece/ not on(, re.u#ed to entertain that propo#a(/ con-e,ed to them +, %(exander/ an ance#tor o. "hi(ip0# (ine/ +ut cho#e to ?uit their home# and endure e-er, hard#hip/ and therea.ter &rou ht tho#e deed# &hich a(( men are a(&a,# ea er to re(ate/ thou h no one ha# e-er +een a+(e to te(( them &orthi(,9 and there.ore I #ha(( not +e &ron in pa##in them o-er/ .or the, are indeed reat +e,ond an, man0# po&er o. #peech2 <;em2 )211= >ere &e .ind a mora( ar ument/ deri-ed .rom hi#tor,/ &hich a(#o in#inuate# that the threat to %then# .rom "hi(ip no& i# compara+(e to the threat .rom the Iin o. "er#ia (on a o2 39 >e te((# the %thenian# that their ance#tor# &ere o. #uch character that the, &ou(d rather endure e-er, hard#hip than #u+mit to the +ar+arian9 #ure(, a .eat that e-er, %thenian no& #hou(d tr, to emu(ate/ e#pecia((, #ince it &a# #uch a no+(e .eat that it &a# +e,ond an, man0# po&er o. #peech2 %(#o note ho& ;emo#thene# point# out that it &a# "hi(ip0# ance#tor &ho made thi# propo#a(/ contra#tin the proud re#o(-e o. the %thenian# &ith the 0medi#m0 o. Macedon2 Continuin hi# #peech/ ;emo#thene# a##ert# that %then# i# "hi(ip0# chie. ri-a( <)21)=/

    3B Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 30B n2 33 38 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 3292 39 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 3302

    2!

    c(aimin that a(( o. "hi(ip0# intri ue# are in .act aimed a ain#t %then#2 >e a(#o reiterate# the untru#t&orthine## o. "hi(ip/ +a#ed on pa#t experience# <)223=2 >o&e-er/ %then# doe# not need to .ear/ pro-ided the, em+race the .o((o&in #tatement: *ut there i# one common +u(&ar' &hich the in#tinct o. #en#i+(e men po##e##e# &ithin it#e(./ a ood and #a.e one .or a((/ +ut in-a(ua+(e .or democracie# a ain#t t,rant#2 %nd &hat i# that +u(&ar'A It i# mi#tru#t2 6uard that9 ho(d .a#t to that2 I. ,ou pre#er-e it/ no harm can touch ,ou2 7hat i# ,our o+1ectAK I #aid2 JFreedom2 Then do ,ou not #ee that "hi(ip0# -er, tit(e# are utter(, irreconci(a+(e &ith thatA For e-er, 'in / e-er, de#pot i# the #&orn .oe o. .reedom and o. (a&2 *e&are/K #aid I/ J(e#t/ #ee'in to +e rid o. &ar/ ,ou .ind a ma#ter2 <;em2 )22!-25= % ain &e .ind the ar ument o. the irreconci(a+i(it, +et&een de#poti#m and democrac,/ thou h it i# in a more extreme .orm2 8-er, 'in i# the #&orn .oe o. .reedom/ and it i# note&orth, that "hi(ip ha# +ecome the #,m+o( o. e-er,thin a democrac, i# oppo#ed to/ rather than the "er#ian Iin / &ho had he(d that du+iou# (ime(i ht .or a (on portra,in "hi(ip a# the ne& ?uinte##entia( other2 4+-iou#(,/ thi# cour#e i# potentia((, dan erou# in the po(itica( atmo#phere o. democratic %then#2 The #tatu# o. "er#ia a# the antithe#i# o. the 6ree' &or(d &a# .irm(, e#ta+(i#hed9 it had rooted it#e(. in the 6ree' ethnocentric conception# .or c(o#e to 150 ,ear#2 To undermine thi# &e((rounded +e(ie./ and indeed rep(ace it &ith a #uita+(e a(ternati-e/ &ou(d re?uire the utmo#t care and preci#ion o. the mo#t meticu(ou# 'ind2 ;emo#thene# &a# c(ear(, up to thi# cha((en e9 thou h the %thenian# ma, not ha-e .o((o&ed hi# ad-ice/ he &a# certain(, not permanent(, +ooed o.. the po(itica( #ta e2 In 352E1/ in hi# #irst Philippic #peech/ ;emo#thene# #tarted hi# a itation a ain#t "hi(ip &ith a nota+(e (ac' o. ideo(o ica( ar ument#2 % ,ear (ater/ in the (atter ha(. o. 'n the #reedom of the .hodians/ he proceeded to miti ate the ideo(o ica((,-char ed -ie&point he pre-iou#(, too' a ain#t "er#ia +, exto((in the "eace o. Ca((ia#2 In the 'lynthiac oration#/ he(d in 3!9E8/ "hi(ip i# increa#in (, portra,ed a# a ho#ti(e +ar+arian and thu# endo&ed &ith the #tatu# o. an oppo#ite to the 6ree' &or(d2 Fina((,/ in the Second Philippic/ "hi(ip i# direct(, compared &ith the threat o. the "er#ian Iin # durin the "er#ian 7ar# and thu# ta'e# their p(ace in the u#-andthem #pectrum o. 6ree' #ocio(o ica( conception#2 Thi# o-er-ie& (ea-e# u# &ith an impre##ion o. a cra.t, ;emo#thene# &ho had thi# entire 25 time2 Thu# &e can conc(ude that ;emo#thene# pur#ue# the cour#e he initiated in the 'lynthiac oration#/ +, #,#tematica((,

    proce## p(anned out .rom the #tart2 7e mu#t +e &ar, o. dra&in #uch conc(u#ion#9 o.ten their #trai ht.or&ardne## .ai(# to corre#pond to the comp(exitie# o. hi#torica( rea(it,2 I. &e mo-e to the other extreme in the #pectrum o. po##i+i(itie#/ the a(ternati-e i# that ;emo#thene# proceeded &ith thi# ideo(o ica( tran#p(ant in an ad-hoc .a#hion/ ma'in it up a# he &ent a(on 2 I thin' thi# -ie& i# much too #imp(i#tic9 the truth i# to +e .ound/ a# #o o.ten/ in the midd(e/ thou h it i# m, con-iction that it i# c(o#er to the .ormer than the (atter2 ;emo#thene#0 aim/ .rom the #irst Philippic on&ard#/ i# to con-ince the %thenian# o. the #i ni.icant threat that "hi(ip po#e#2 Seein a# hi# practica( ar ument# .ound (itt(e re#onance in the 8''(e#ia/ at (ea#t too (itt(e to con-ert them into action/ it i# (i'e(, that he &ou(d conc(ude that another (ine o. ar ument mi ht +e more .ea#i+(e2 >e &ou(d ha-e remem+ered the de+ate on the 8''(e#ia &hich &a# the occa#ion o. hi# 'n the Symmories #peech9 tho#e &ho #po'e +e.ore him certain(, made much u#e o. ideo(o ica((,-char ed ar ument# to incite the %thenian# into action a ain#t "er#ia2 Thu# &e .ind more ideo(o ica( appea(# in ;emo#thene#0 #u+#e?uent #peeche# on "hi(ip2 Since the Macedonian 'in continued hi# rampa e in the north/ much to the di#ma, o. %then#/ there &a# a .erti(e round .or con#tructin #uch an ideo(o ica( +u(&ar'2 Thu#/ in m, opinion/ thi# &a# pro+a+(, a thou ht-out #trate , +, ;emo#thene#/ &hich .(ouri#hed in the &a'e o. "hi(ip0# po(itica( action#9 a nece##ar, precondition2 >o&e-er/ it mu#t +e admitted that .urther re#earch into thi# po##i+i(it, i# re?uired in order to achie-e a (ar er mea#ure o. certaint,9 re#earch that un.ortunate(, .a((# out#ide o. the #cope o. thi# e##a,2

    Chapter I$: %n %&'&ard %((iance


    7e no& approach ;emo#thene#0 (a#t pu+(ic #peeche#/ he(d +et&een 3!2 and 3389 the ,ear o. the .amou# +att(e o. Chaeronea2 In man, re#pect# thi# +att(e .orm# the 3enith o. ;emo#thene#0 po(itica( career2 7e ha-e #een ho& he ar ued .or ,ear# that Macedon &a# an imminent threat &hich needed to +e oppo#ed/ and in the#e ,ear# the ma1orit, o. the %thenian# .ina((, came to #hare hi# opinion2 The "er#ian 8mpire a(#o return# in the#e (a#t #peeche# o. ;emo#thene#/ a.ter +ein a+#ent in the #peeche# treated in chapter three2 >o&e-er/ ;emo#thene#0 approach to the 6reat Iin in the#e #peeche# i# mar'ed(, di..erent - indeed a .ar-cr, - .rom the ideo(o ica( attitude &e ha-e #een in the #peeche# treated in chapter t&o2

    2)

    'n the !hersonese <4ration 8= ;emo#thene# de(i-ered hi# 'n the !hersonese oration in the #prin o. 3!12 !0 "hi(ip had #ent a (etter o. comp(aint to %then# concernin her acti-itie# in the Thracian Cher#one#e <the pre#entda, 6a((ipo(i penin#u(i=2 Thi# &a# an area o. utmo#t importance .or %then#9 it &a# a -ita( #ite a(on the rain-route to the *(ac' Sea2 4ne o. the mo#t important citie# in the area &a# Iardia2 Me(ation# +et&een %then# and Iardia #oured durin the 3500#/ !1 and in 3!) the Iardian# a((ied them#e(-e# &ith "hi(ip2 In 3!2/ the %thenian# #ent a roup o. c(eruch#/ accompanied +, the enera( ;iopithe#/ to the area in order to #tren then %thenian in.(uence2 ;iopithe# certain(, made hi# mar' +, hirin mercenarie# and raidin the re ion/ e-en penetratin into area# "hi(ip c(aimed to contro(2 4+-iou#(,/ the#e de-e(opment# &ere much to "hi(ip0# di#ma,/ and thu# he proceeded to #end a (etter o. comp(aint to %then#2 It i# e-ident that there &ere #pea'er# in %then# - thou h the, remain name(e## - &ho ar ued that ;iopithe#0 acti-itie# compromi#ed the "eace o. "hi(ocrate# and/ in con#e?uence/ he #hou(d +e reca((ed to %then# and put on tria(2 !2 5atura((,/ ;emo#thene# had a di..erent -ie& o. the matter2 From the out#et/ ;emo#thene# ar ue# that "hi(ip/ to &hom he #i ni.icant(, re.er# a# 0our nationa( enem,0/ i# tr,in to .ore#ta(( the %thenian# in the nei h+ourhood o. the >e((e#pont <the pre#ent-da, ;ardane((e#=9 thi# i# the heart o. the matter/ and the %thenian# mu#t not et di#tracted +, 0c(amorou# accu#ation# a+out extraneou# matter#0 <823=2 >e continue#: and i. it i# pro-ed that .rom the .ir#t/ e-en +e.ore ;iopithe# #et #ai( &ith co(oni#t#/ &hom the, no& accu#e o. ha-in #tarted ho#ti(itie#/ "hi(ip ha# un.air(, ta'en much that i# our#/ a+out &hich ,our decree# denouncin him #ti(( #tand ood/ and that he i# a(( the time repeated(, #ei3in the propert, o. the other 6ree'# and o. the +ar+arian#/ and #o e?uippin him#e(. .or an attac' upon u#/ &hat do the, mean +, #a,in that &e mu#t either ma'e &ar or 'eep peaceA <;em2 82)= %# .ar a# ;emo#thene# i# concerned/ the ?ue#tion o. &hether ;iopithe# in.rin ed the peace or not i# a .uti(e one9 &ar &ith "hi(ip i# comin / one &a, or the other/ and it i# +etter to .i ht him in the Cher#one#e than to &ait .or him to reach %ttica <8218=2 Thi# (ine o. thin'in i# hard(, #urpri#in con#iderin ;emo#thene#0 attitude to&ard# "hi(ip/ +ut he doe# introduce one ne& e(ement in thi#
    !0 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 3!B2 !1 In 352 ;emo#thene# ca((ed the Iardian# 0,our enemie#0 <;em2 2321)9= !2 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 3!B2

    2B

    #peech2 "hi(ip i# not on(, a threat to the other 6ree'#/ +ut a(#o to the +ar+arian#/ the mo#t prominent o. the#e o+-iou#(, +ein the "er#ian#2 There are t&o in#tance# in thi# #peech in &hich he #peci.ica((, #tate# thi#9 the .ir#t i# the a.orementioned pa##a e/ the #econd i# the .o((o&in : +ecau#e ,ou are indi..erent to the#e ad-anta e# and a((o& them to +e ta'en .rom ,ou/ "hi(ip i# pro#perou# and po&er.u( and .ormida+(e to 6ree'# and +ar+arian# a(i'e/ &hi(e ,ou are de#erted and humi(iated/ .amou# .or ,our &e((-#toc'ed mar'et#/ +ut in pro-i#ion .or ,our proper need#/ contempti+(e2 <82)B= Thi# inno-ation ;emo#thene# introduce# in hi# a itation a ain#t "hi(ip ha# t&o con#e?uence#2 Fir#t/ it e(e-ate# "hi(ip to the po#ition o. an uni-er#a( threat2 The antithe#i# o. 6ree'-*ar+arian i# a((encompa##in / and #tatin that "hi(ip i# a threat to +oth i# the e?ui-a(ent o. #a,in he i# a threat to a((2 %(#o/ it di#(od e# "hi(ip .rom the cate ori3ation o. a +ar+arian and put# him in a cate or, o. hi# o&n9 he i# e-en more contempti+(e and dan erou# than an, other +ar+arian2 Second(,/ it i# imp(ied that +oth the 6ree'# and the +ar+arian# .ace the #ame threat and the, thu# ha-e a common round2 ;emo#thene# i# pa-in the &a, .or a po##i+(e reconci(iation &ith the +ar+arian#/ #peci.ica((, "er#ia/ .o((o&in the maxim 0the enem, o. m, enem, i# m, .riend0 &hich #uit# ;emo#thene#0 realpoliti tendencie#2 The #peech 'n the !hersonese ma, +e de#cri+ed a# a &ater#hed in ;emo#thene#0 perception# o. "er#ia2 The cu#tomar, ho#ti(it, &ith &hich the +ar+arian# &ere u#ua((, approached ha# +een rep(aced +, a #u+t(e #,mpath,9 the, too are +ein threatened +, the Macedonian a re##or2 >o&e-er/ there i# no concrete propo#a( to initiate an a((iance &ith the "er#ian# a# o. ,et2 Thi# can +e attri+uted to the po(itica( #u+t(et, o. ;emo#thene# a# &e ha-e e#ta+(i#hed at the end o. chapter t&o9 &hen treadin on potentia((, -o(ati(e round/ one had +etter tread care.u((,2 "hird Philippic <4ration 9= The "hird Philippic &a# de(i-ered in the #ummer o. 3!1/ not (on a.ter 'n the !hersonese2 The occa#ion &a#/ ,et a ain/ a (etter o. "hi(ip in &hich he a##erted that he &a# not at &ar &ith %then# <921)-1B/ 2B=2!3 >o&e-er/ the oration doe# not appear to +e c(o#e(, (in'ed to an immediate #ituation/ +ut i# rather a+out the %thenian#0 po(ic, to&ard# "hi(ip in the (on er term/ conc(udin

    !3 Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 1812

    28

    that the, #hou(d prepare .or &ar2!! There are a(#o -ariou# pa##a e# to +e .ound concernin the +ar+arian# in enera( and "er#ia #peci.ica((,/ in &hich ;emo#thene# continue# hi# reconci(iator, attitude and indeed expound# on it2 The .ir#t re.erence to "er#ia i# .ound re(ati-e(, ear(, in the #peech: Te(( me no&: &hen he #end# mercenarie# to the Cher#one#e/ ,our c(aim to &hich ha# +een reco ni3ed +, the 'in o. "er#ia and +, a(( the 6ree'#/ &hen he admit# that he i# he(pin the Cardian# and &rite# to te(( ,ou #o/ &hat doe# he meanA <;em2 921)= ;emo#thene# here a##ert# that the %thenian# c(aim on the Cher#one#e i# 1u#ti.ied/ and indeed (e itimated/ not on(, +, the 6ree'# +ut a(#o +, the 'in o. "er#ia2 4+-iou#(,/ namin the 'in o. "er#ia in thi# context i# a de(i+erate action and empha#i3e# the in.(uentia( po#ition the "er#ian monarch ha# in internationa( a..air#2 For the -er, .ir#t time/ ;emo#thene# direct(, portra,# the Iin a# an a((,/ +e it pure(, in a (e itimi3in #en#e2 It a(#o imp(ie# that "hi(ip0# action# are -io(atin the intere#t# o. the "er#ian 'in / an ar ument a(read, .ound in 'n the !hersonese2 Thi# ar ument a(#o return# in a more direct manner9 0neither the 6ree' nor the +ar+arian &or(d i# +i enou h .or the .e((o&0# am+ition0 <922B=2 8?ua((, intere#tin i# the .o((o&in pa##a e: Let the, ha-e no #uch ?ua(m# a+out "hi(ip and hi# pre#ent conduct/ thou h he i# not on(, no 6ree'/ nor re(ated to the 6ree'#/ +ut not e-en a +ar+arian .rom an, p(ace that can +e named &ith honor/ +ut a pe#ti(ent 'na-e .rom Macedonia/ &hence it &a# ne-er ,et po##i+(e to +u, a decent #(a-e2 <;em2 9231= >ere "hi(ip i# a##erted to +e a +ar+arian o. the &or#t 'ind/ &ho#e pretence# to a 6ree' herita e cannot #tand the (i ht o. da,2 Indeed/ he i# not e-en a +ar+arian .rom an, honoura+(e p(ace2 The o+-iou# imp(ication i# that there are a(#o honoura+(e +ar+arian#/ or at (ea#t +ar+arian# .rom honoura+(e p(ace#2 It #hou(d come a# no #urpri#e that thi# i# a re.erence to the "er#ian empire/ &hich ha# the honour o. recei-in an imp(icit po#iti-e ad1ecti-e in ;emo#thene#0 rhetoric .or the .ir#t time2 >o&e-er/ ;emo#thene# remain# e-er -i i(ant9 he doe# not direct(, #a, that the "er#ian# are honoura+(e/ .or that i# #ti(( a +rid e too .ar2 Mather/ he #tre##e# the (oath#ome character o. the (and
    !! Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 3!92

    29

    o. Macedon9 thou h it ma, not +e the end o. the &or(d/ one cou(d certain(, #ee it .rom there2 8(#e&here in the #peech/ ;emo#thene# de#cri+e# "hi(ip +, u#in the phra#e 0our common .oe0 <9235=2 Thi# remar' epitomi3e# the notion that "hi(ip ha# de.inite(, ta'en the ideo(o ica( p(ace o. the a+#o(ute oppo#ite/ hitherto re#er-ed .or the "er#ian 'in 2 The po##i+(e con#e?uence i# that the "er#ian 'in #hou(d no (on er +e approached &ith hea-, ideo(o ica( +a a e/ +ut rather &ith an open mind a# a potentia( a((,2 Thi# po##i+i(it, &a# indirect(, opened up in 'n the !hersonese/ and here ;emo#thene# .o((o&# up on it: Then ha-in comp(eted a(( the#e preparation# and made our purpo#e c(ear/ &e mu#t (o#e no time in ca((in upon the other 6ree'#/ and &e mu#t in.orm them +, #endin am+a##ador# Fin e-er, direction/ to the "e(oponne#e/ to Mhode#/ to Chio#/ to the 6reat Iin N.or e-en hi# intere#t# are not una..ected i. &e pre-ent "hi(ip .rom #u+duin the &ho(e countr,NG #o that i. ,ou &in them o-er/ ,ou ma, ha-e #omeone to #hare ,our dan er# and ,our expen#e# &hen the time come#/ or i. not/ that ,ou ma, at (ea#t de(a, the cour#e o. e-ent#2 <;em2 92B1= %t .ir#t #i ht/ thi# pa##a e #eem# to imp(, that the "er#ian 'in cou(d +e a -a(ua+(e a((, in the comin #tru (e/ +ut +, no& &e #hou(d +e thorou h(, a&are o. ;emo#thene#0 characteri#tic #u+t(et, in thi# matter2 Indeed/ thi# pa##a e i# not a# #trai ht.or&ard a# it ma, #eem2 ;emo#thene# ar ue# .or ca((in in the he(p o. the 0other 6ree'#0/ and the .o((o&in remar' a+out ha-in 0#omeone to #hare ,our dan er# and ,our expen#e# &hen the time come#0 i# #o(e(, directed at the other 6ree'#/ not the "er#ian#2 >o&e-er/ ;emo#thene# doe# #a, that %then# #hou(d #end am+a##ador# 0in e-er, direction0/ &hich he #peci.ie# to inc(ude the 6reat Iin / +ut he immediate(, add# a #peci.ic rea#on to (e itimi#e thi# inc(u#ion9 the other area# he name# <the "e(oponne#e/ Mhode#/ and Chio#= do not re?uire #uch an additiona( remar' #ince the, are a(( 6ree'#2 The rea#on .or inc(udin the "er#ian 'in i# i-en a#: 0.or e-en hi# intere#t# are not una..ected i. &e pre-ent "hi(ip .rom #u+duin the &ho(e countr,02 Thi# i# a rather -a ue rea#on9 not on(, it i# a ne ati-e rea#onin +orne .rom the #pecu(ati-e a##umption that "hi(ip &i(( +e pre-ented .rom con?uerin 6reece/ it a(#o doe# not #peci., &hat exact(, the intere#t# o. the "er#ian 'in are2 It a((o&# no other conc(u#ion than the un#ati#.actor, a##ertion that the comin +att(e +et&een "hi(ip and the 6ree'# &i(( ha-e #ome #ort o. impact on the intere#t# o. the "er#ian monarch/ and that he #hou(d +e in-o(-ed in the precedin dip(omac,2 7ith characteri#tic care/ ;emo#thene# introduce# the notion o. dip(omatic re(ation# &ith "er#ia concernin the Macedonian threat/ +ut hi# omi##ion o. an, .urther #peci.ic#/ #uch a# an 30

    a((iance/ i# re-ea(in 2 %pparent(, the time &a# not ,et ri ht .or #uch a darin propo#a(/ thou h in the "hird Philippic another #tep in thi# direction ha# +een ta'en/ continuin !hersonese (e.t o..2 #ourth Philippic The #ourth Philippic +e(on # to the ,ear 3!1/ and &a# pro+a+(, de(i-ered not (on a.ter the "hird Philippic.!5 The exact occa#ion o. the #peech i# not 'no&n/ +ut it i# &ithout a dou+t connected &ith the ro&in ten#ion +et&een "hi(ip and %then#2 The authenticit, o. thi# #peech ha# (on +een di#puted2 Thi# i# due to the .act that #i ni.icant part# o. the #peech #ho& a #tri'in #imi(arit, to part# o. 'n the !hersonese9 8238-)B reappear# in t&o part# a# 10211-2B and 10255-B02!) Thou h the di(emma o. the authenticit, &a# re#o(-ed ear(, in the t&entieth centur, +, the di#co-er, o. a pap,ru# .ra ment +, ;id,mu#/ .rom &hich it i# e-ident that he had no dou+t# a+out the authenticit, o. the #peech/ it ha# rai#ed #ome ne& ?ue#tion#2 The i##ue re-o(-e# around the po##i+i(it, that ;emo#thene# added the pro+(ematic pa##a e# in hi# re-i#ion o. 'n the !hersonese/ ta'in them .rom the #ourth Philippic/ &hich he ne-er intended to pu+(i#h2!B2 >o&e-er/ I am more inc(ined to #ide &ith Car(ier/ &ho c(aim# that 0commentator# &ho a##ert that the %thenian peop(e &ou(d not ha-e accepted #uch repetition# at a .e& &ee'#0 inter-a( ha-e o+-iou#(, ne-er .o((o&ed a po(itica( campai n02!8 Me ard(e##/ the i##ue remain# and pro+a+(, &i(( not +e re#o(-ed #oon a# &e ha-e no &a, o. 'no&in &hether repetition &a# to(erated/ or e-en cu#tomar,/ in the 8''(e#ia2 The #ourth Philippic i# the c(imax o. thi# e##a,2 7e ha-e #een ho& ;emo#thene#/ in hi# pre-iou# #peeche#/ care.u((, pa-ed the &a, .or reconci(iation &ith the "er#ian 8mpire/ and in the #ourth Philippic ;emo#thene# .o((o&# up on thi# cour#e2 >e doe# #o in #e-era( continuou# pa##a e#/ &hich de#er-e to +e ?uoted in .u(( in thi# context: The one thin that remain# and that ou ht to ha-e +een done (on a o/ thou h e-en no& the chance i# not (o#t/ I &i(( te(( ,ou2 There i# nothin that the State need# #o much .or the comin #tru (e a# mone,2 Some #tro'e# o. ood .ortune &e ha-e en1o,ed &ithout our de#i n/ and i. &e ma'e the ri ht u#e o. them/ the de#ired re#u(t# ma, perhap# .o((o&2 For .ir#t/ the men &hom the
    !5 Further preci#ion i# a matter o. continuou# de+ate9 C.2 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 35!9 Sea(e,/ Demosthenes, 1822 !) Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 35!2 !B Stephen 62 ;ait3 0The Me(ation#hip o. the De !hersoneso and the Philippa 5uarta o. ;emo#thene#0 in: !lassical Philology 52 <195B=/ 1!5-)22 !8 Car(ier/ D/mosth0ne, 2002

    &here 'n the

    31

    'in o. "er#ia tru#t# and ha# accepted a# hi# J+ene.actor#/K hate "hi(ip and are at &ar &ith him2 Second(,/ the a ent &ho &a# pri-, to a(( "hi(ip0# #cheme# a ain#t the 'in o. "er#ia ha# +een 'idnapped/ and the 'in &i(( hear o. a(( the#e p(ot#/ not a# the comp(aint o. %thenian#/ &hom he mi ht #u#pect o. #pea'in .or our o&n pri-ate ad-anta e/ +ut .rom the (ip# o. the -er, man &ho p(anned and carried them out/ #o that their credit i# e#ta+(i#hed/ and the on(, #u e#tion .or our am+a##ador# to ma'e i# one &hich the 'in &ou(d +e de(i hted to hear/ that the man &ho i# &ron in +oth partie# #hou(d +e puni#hed +, +oth in common/ and that "hi(ip i# much more dan erou# to the 'in i. he ha# attac'ed u# .ir#t/ .or i. &e are (e.t to our o&n re#ource# and an,thin happen# to u#/ he &i(( #oon +e marchin con.ident(, a ain#t the 'in 2 I thin' ,ou ou ht to #end an em+a##, to put a(( the#e matter# +e.ore the 'in / and ,ou ou ht to drop the .oo(i#h pre1udice that ha# #o o.ten +rou ht a+out ,our di#com.itureNJthe +ar+arian/K Jthe common .oe o. u# a((/K and a(( #uch phra#e#2 <;em2 10231-33= Fina((,/ the "er#ian Iin i# direct(, named a# a potentia( a((,/ e#pecia((, in the .inancia( #phere2 Some c(ari.ication concernin thi# pa##a e i# nece##ar, ho&e-er2 The 0+ene.actor#0 ;emo#thene# name# inc(uded e#pecia((, Mentor o. Mhode#/ &ho at thi# time &a# actin a# a "er#ian #atrap in %#ia Minor/ and the 0'idnapped0 man &a# certain(, >ermia#/ the ru(er o. %tarneu#2 !9 It i# #i ni.icant that the, are +oth not named9 cou(d ;emo#thene# rea((, expect hi# audience to 'no& &hom he meantA Que#tion# #uch a# the#e ha-e a(#o contri+uted to the de+ate on the authenticit, o. the #peech/ +ut .or a(( &e 'no& there ma, ha-e +een much ta(' a+out them in %then#2 In particu(ar the ne&# that >ermia# had +een arre#ted and #ent to Su#a ma, ha-e reached %then# on(, a .e& da,# +e.ore the #ourth Philippic &a# de(i-ered/ #o that it &a# ?uite topica(250 Me ard(e##/ the#e e-ent# #i ni.icant(, impro-e %then#0 chance# at an a((iance &ith "er#ia in the e,e# o. ;emo#thene#9 a(read, "er#ian #atrap# &ere at &ar &ith "hi(ip/ and no& that the Iin hear# o. "hi(ip0# #cheme# a ain#t him .rom an independent #ource/ he #ha(( +e more &i((in to pre-ent "hi(ip .rom #u+duin 6reece2 Thu# ;emo#thene# pro-ide# c(ari.ication here on the -a ue 0intere#t#0 o. the Iin he mentioned in the "hird Philippic2
    !9 Mac;o&e((/ Demosthenes the 'rator, 35)2 50 I+id2 35)2

    32

    Mo#t intere#tin a+out thi# pa##a e i# ;emo#thene#0 radica( departure .rom the anti-"er#ian ideo(o ,2 Thi# &a# a(read, anticipated +, hi# (ac' o. dero ator, remar'# in the "er#ian0# direction #ince the 'lynthiac oration# ear(, in 3!9E8/ and thi# trend .ind it# cu(mination in thi# pa##a e2 ;emo#thene# ar ue# that the %thenian# #hou(d drop the 0.oo(i#h pre1udice0 to&ard# the "er#ian 'in / #uch a# o+#er-in him to +e the 0common .oe o. u# a((02 The ideo(o ica( ta+(e# ha-e turned in the mo#t radica( o. manner#9 the#e remar'# are a .ar-cr, .rom ;emo#thene#0 admittance that the "er#ian Iin i# the 0common enem, o. a(( the 6ree'#0/ to ?uote hi# 'n the Symmories #peech o. 35!E3 <1!23=2 4. cour#e thi# i# due to "hi(ip0# threatenin ri#e to po&er/ and it i# hi h(, #i ni.icant that thi# threat &a# o. #uch a #e-ere 'ind that it cou(d +rea' throu h ideo(o ica( +arrier# : not&ith#tandin ;emo#thene#0 tendenc, to&ard# realpoliti .

    Conc(u#ion
    It i# #a.e to conc(ude that there i# an e-ident tra1ector, a(on &hich ;emo#thene#0

    perception# o. "er#ia tra-e(ed2 In hi# po(itica( de+ut #peech 'n the Symmories o. 35!E3/ ;emo#thene# .irm(, a(i ned him#e(. &ith the pre-ai(in 6ree' conception# o. "er#ia in &hich the "er#ian 8mpire &a# percei-ed a# the a+#o(ute antithe#i# o. the 6ree' &or(d2 Thou h hi# ad-ice &a# one o. caution/ ;emo#thene# ne-erthe(e## approached "er#ia in the cu#tomar, ideo(o ica( #en#e o. the ?uinte##entia( other2 >o&e-er/ the threatenin ri#e to po&er o. "hi(ip o. Macedon ?uic'(, ot ;emothene#0 re(ent(e## attention/ and in hi# #irst Philippic o. 352E1 he #tarted hi# a itation a ain#t "hi(ip &ith a noticea+(e (ac' o. ideo(o ica( ar ument#2 In the (atter ha(. o. hi# next #peech/ 'n the #reedom of the .hodians o. 351E0/ ;emo#thene# miti ate# hi# ideo(o ica( #tance a ain#t "er#ia #ome&hat/ and #u+t(, introduce# the notion o. "hi(ip a# a ne& ideo(o ica( oppo#ite +, namin him in the #ame +reath &ith the "er#ian Iin 2 Thi# cour#e i# continued in the 'lynthiac oration#/ &hich he he(d in 3!9E82 ;emo#thene# pur#ue# hi# a itation a ain#t "hi(ip +, e(e-atin him to the po#ition o. the ?uinte##entia( other9 he i# a +ar+arian/ a de#pot/ and he i# untru#t&orth,2 In #hort/ "hi(ip ha# +ecome e-er,thin that "er#ia once #tood .or2 Indeed/ 0i# an, de#cription too +ad .or himA0 <321)=2 In hi# Second Philippic o. 3!!E3/ ;emo#thene# repeat# hi# point in an e-en more extreme .orm/ in#inuatin that the threat .rom "hi(ip i# compara+(e to the threat .rom the Iin o. "er#ia durin the "er#ian 7ar#2 ;emo#thene#0 ho#ti(it, to&ard# "hi(ip ro&# e-er more inten#e9 no dou+t that the deep di##ati#.action ;emo#thene# .e(t at the

    33

    conc(u#ion o. the "eace o. "hi(ocrate# in 3!) p(a,# a re#pecta+(e part in exp(ainin thi#2 In hi# 'n the !hersonese o. 3!1/ ;emo#thene# in#inuate# that the "er#ian# are +ein threatened +, "hi(ip a# &e((/ and it i# note&orth, that thi# in#inuation i# u#ed #parin (, and doe# not (ead to a propo#a( o. initiatin an a((iance &ith "er#ia2 >o&e-er/ there i# no trace (e.t o. the ho#ti(it, a ain#t "er#ia &ith &hich ;emo#thene#0 #tarted hi# pu+(ic career2 5ot (on a.ter&ard#/ in the #ummer o. 3!1/ ;emo#thene# de(i-ered hi# "hird Philippic in &hich he introduce# the notion o. dip(omatic re(ation# &ith the "er#ian# &ith re ard# to the Macedonian threat/ thou h he i# de(i+erate(, -a ue on &hat the#e re(ation# #hou(d entai(2 Thi# i# +ut a +ui(d-up to hi# #ourth Philippic/ de(i-ered not (on a.ter the "hird Philippic/ in &hich ;emo#thene# direct(, name# the "er#ian Iin a# a potentia( a((,/ e-en oin #o .ar a# to condemn the dero ator, phra#e# &hich the 6ree'# u#ua((, emp(o, to de#cri+e the "er#ian Iin 9 phra#e# &hich ;emo#thene# had not he#itated to u#e in hi# po(itica( de+ut2 Thu#/ throu hout hi# pu+(ic career/ ;emo#thene#0 perception# o. "er#ia e-o(-ed .rom cu#tomar, ho#ti(it, to outri ht .riend(ine##2 There can +e (itt(e dou+t that "hi(ip o. Macedon &a# the principa( cau#e o. thi# e-o(ution2 ;emo#thene# p(ace# "hi(ip on the throne o. the ideo(o ica( oppo#ite9 a throne &hich &a# hitherto re#er-ed .or the "er#ian Iin 2 Thi# demon#trate# the #eriou#ne## &ith &hich ;emo#thene# percei-ed the threat .rom "hi(ip9 hi# +ound(e## am+ition &ou(d ne-er induce him to +e #ati#.ied &ith hi# po##e##ion#/ and thu# hi# con?ue#t - i. (e.t unchec'ed &ou(d ne-er cea#e2 In thi# ;emo#thene# certain(, &a# ri ht9 thi# tendenc, o. "hi(ip e-en pro-ed to +e hereditar, .or at (ea#t one eneration2 %+o-e a((/ the tra1ector, o. #ome .i.teen ,ear# out(ined in thi# e##a, demon#trate# the #u+t(et, &ith &hich ;emo#thene# hoped to con-ince hi# audience to .o((o& hi# chan in perception#2 Thi#/ in turn/ #i ni.ie# 1u#t ho& &e((- rounded the cu#tomar, ho#ti(it, to&ard# "er#ia &a#2 ;emo#thene# (itera((, proceeded #tep-+,-#tep/ and &ith meticu(ou# care and preci#ion di#mant(ed the ideo(o ica( +u(&ar' that &a# directed at "er#ia/ on(, to re+ui(d it in the direction o. Macedon2 There can +e on(, one common .oe/ and a# .ar a# ;emo#thene# &a# concerned thi# tit(e #hou(d o to the imminent threat o. "hi(ip rather than the hereditar, threat o. "er#ia2 Thou h the %thenian# ma, not a(&a,# ha-e +e(ie-ed ;emo#thene#/ he cou(d ta'e con#o(ation in the .act that hi#tor, pro-ed him ri ht2

    3!

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    3B

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