Assesing Human Risk of Contaminants in Anzali Wetland Fishes

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Assesing Human Risk of Contaminants in Anzali Wetland Fishes

N. Mansouri .1, N. Khorasani .2, A.R. Karbassi .3 , B. Riazi .4 M. Panahandeh .5*,
1
Graduate School of Environment and Energy, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 3 Graduate Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 4,5 School of Environment and Energy, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Because of serious pollution of wetland water , people living along the Anzali wetland in Iran are exposure with Various pollutants including heavy metals have been detected in the water. To perform hazard assessment, the hazard index ( HI) was determined for several metals present in the wetland. In this study fish samples were collected from Anzali wetland we have used Spectroscopy technique for determination of Cd (Cadmium), Cr (Chromium), Pb (Lead) in different species of fish. The concentrations of Pb are high as compared with other metals as these metals were not in the maximum permissible. Pb concentration in Cyprinus carpio and Esox lucius species was higher than WHO standard level. Also we used EPA guideline for determination Hazard index. Hazard index < 1 suggests in study and consumption limit of fish was acceptable dairy intake of human.
Keywords: Anzali wetland, Heavy Metals, Hazard Index, Spectrophotometery
1. INTRODUCTION
Among environmental pollutants, metals are of particular concern, due to their potential toxic effect and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic ecosystems, although some of pollutants are present at trace levels, they can induce adverse effects on humans and wildlife [1]. Metals can enter into the food web through direct consumption of water or organisms, or through uptake processes, and be potentially accumulated in edible fish, there is a growing concern that metals accumulated in fish muscle tissues may represent a higher health risk than a health benefit, especially for populations with high fish consumption rates [2]. Even at low aqueous concentrations, the metals can damage the nervous system [3] and disrupt the immune system [4]. Metals are non-biodegradable and are considered as major environmental pollutants causing cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in animals [5]. Aquatic organisms have the ability to accumulate heavy metals from various sources including sediments, soil erosion and runoff, air depositions of dust and aerosol, and discharges of waste water [6]. Fish constitute an important source of protein for many people throughout the world, and fish consumption has increased in importance among human because it provides a healthy, low cholesterol source of protein and other nutrients, Fish provide omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids that reduce cholesterol levels and the incidence often art disease, stroke, and preterm delivery [7]. Fish are often at the top of aquatic food chain and may concentrate large amounts of some metals from the water [8]. Factors such as high population growth accompanied by intensive urbanization, increase in industrial activities and higher exploitation of natural resources including cultivable land have caused pollution increase. Heavy metals have the tendency to accumulate in various organs fish, which in turn may enter into the human metabolism through consumption causing serious health hazards. Reports from literature suggest that these toxicants are responsible of hazardous effects on human health [2], [3],[4],[8]. Unfortunately; few studies have been conducted to investigate the health risk induced by the metals in the Anzali wetland. The main objective being pursued in this study is to determine contaminant contractions in fish muscles in order to valuation risk for consumers of fish in Anzali city. The results obtained might be used as a bench mark by the authorities that regulate and control the discharge of metals.
2. MATERIALS and METHODS

2.1.Determination of condition factor A total of 44 specimens, the collected species were Esox lucius (n=10), Cyprinus carpio (n=10) Chaleaiburnus chaleoide (n=10), Abramis brama (n =8) and Carassius carassius (n = 6) were captured using fish traps. The condition factor (k) of the experimental fish was estimated from the relationship: K =100 W/L3 Where K= condition factor W= weight of fish (1)
Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013
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L= length of fish (cm) 2.2.Determination of heavy metal in samples The samples were collected from different parts in wetland randomly and kept in the laboratory deep freezer (-18C). For the determination of Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations, tissue samples were subjected to wet acid digestion and then heavy metals concentrations were determined with a Shimadzu AA/680 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Concentrations of metals tissues were calculated on a dry weight basis and expressed as g/g. 2.3. Hazard index estimation The current studys risk assessment is based on EPAs [9] Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories: Vol. 2. Risk Assessment. The level of exposure resulting from the consumption of a particular chemical in fish tissue, whether muscle tissue can be expressed by an estimation of daily intake levels in the following equation: Average Daily Dose (mg/kg-day) = (C x IR x EF x ED)/ (BW x AT) (2)
Where: C = Mean total metal concentration in muscle tissue of fish IR = Mean ingestion rate of fish EF = Exposure frequency ED = Exposure duration (years) over lifetime BW = Body weight AT = averaging time (days) In this study Mean ingestion rate of fish was 30 g/day , Exposure frequency365 days/year , Exposure duration (years) over lifetime 70 years 90th percentile length of time an individual stays at one residence , Body weight 70 kg and averaging time was multiplied Exposure frequency in Exposure duration over lifetime. Hazard for chemicals were calculated for this study and the equation listed above is the most commonly used intake equation. For the average daily dose, is calculated which expresses the average daily intake of a specific chemical over a certain period of time. Estimating hazard levels, the mean a maximum total chemical concentrations, were determined from the data from the five fish tissue samples. The Exposure frequency (EF) represents the average per capita number of meals by the population based on a long term average contact rate [10]. For all calculations, an average adult body weight (BW) of 70, standard exposure duration (ED) of 70 years, and averaging time (AT) of 365 days were assumed, to keep with the default values provided in EPAs [11] Exposure Factors Handbook. Hazards are quantified by the calculation of a Hazard quotient (HQ). The Hazard quotient is a ratio of the intake dose (I) divided by the reference dose (RfD) of the chemical of concern equation 3 . HQ= ADD/ RfD (3)
The oral route is the route of exposure observed in this study; therefore, oral RfD values from the EPAs [12] IRIS database were used. Reference dose for assessing non-carcinogenic health effects was for Cadmium 1.0E-03, Chromium 3.0E-03 and lead 3.0E-02. Also the hazard index (HI) can be expressed by the sum of the hazard quotients in the following equation . HI= HQcd + HQpb+ HQcr (4)
When the intake exceeds the reference dose and thus the HQ is greater than or equal to one it is probably that noncarcinogenic adverse health effects will be observed.Data obtained in this study were analyzed using Excel 2007 and Spss 16 .
3. RESULTS
the lists studied fish species, the numbers of fishes sampled, mean of the length and weight ranges with standard deviation is showed in Table 1. In studies of population dynamics high condition factor values indicates favorable environmental conditions (such as: habitat and prey availability) and low values indicate less favorable environmental conditions [13]. Condition factor (K) is used by several authors to compare condition of fish species. In the present study Carassius carassius (1.750.06) had best performance while K value in Esox lucius (0.740.10) was lowest across caught species fig 1. Table 1: Average fish length and weight standard deviation of fish species collected in Anzali Wetland
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F ISH WEIGHT(G) M EAN 557.90190.44 214.9118.90 179.8799.98 226.3313.66 32.44.55 RANGE 377-889 45-336 63-302 206-237 26-39 L ENGTH( MM) M EAN 416.1030.86 240.356.95 229.2536.74 234.53.88 154.67.30 RANGE 362-466 145-305 147-270 230-240 143-168 C ONDITION FACTOR M EAN 0.740.10 1.320.16 1.340.23 1.750.06 0.880.15 RANGE 0.93-0.57 0.99-1.54 1.02-1.60 1.69-1.85 0.69-1.12
ESOX LUCIUS CYPRINUS CARPIO ABRAMIS BRAMA CARASSIUS CARASSIUS CHALEAIBURNUS

CHALEOIDE
Fig 1 the compration of Condition factor of fish species collected in Anzali Wetland
The results indicated that the metal concentrations were different among fish muscle tissues, concentrations of elements are presented in Table 2 . the mean concentration varied from 0.52 to 1.24 for Cr, 0.10 to 0.23 for Cd, from 0.89 to 2.56 for Pb g/g in different species. Table 2: The mean of heavy metals in fish samples (g/g and sediment (g/g from Anzali wetland (Guilan)
Samples Cr MeanS D 1.240.11 0.830.11 0.520.20 0.880.09 0.880.13 6.120.27 0.050.02 Range 1.07-1.38 0.65-0.96 0.27-0.87 0.79-1.02 0.72-1.05 3.68-9.11 0.03-0.08 MeanSD 0.230.04 0.160.04 0.100.29 0.190.02 0.170.03 1.460.66 0.040.01 Cd Range 0.2-0.31 0.12-0.23 0.07-0.15 0.16-0.24 0.13-0.22 0.84-2.35 0.04-0.07 MeanSD 2.560.06 1.560.44 1.280.30 1.270.38 0.890.11 12.141.69 0.050.01 Pb Range 1.98-3.64 1.06-2.12 0.98-1.87 0.95-1.87 0.76-1.03 10.06-14.18 0.04 -0.08
and water (mg/l)
Esox lucius Cyprinus carpio Chaleaiburnus chaleoide Abramis brama Carassius carassius Sediment Water
Cadmium tended to be the least concentrated in the all fish as compared to other elements measured. In all studied fishes concentrations of Pb were high. The higher metal concentrations were found in the Esox lucius Fig. 2.The sequence of order of the heavy metals measured in the fish samples observed from the Anzali Wetland was as follows: Cd < Cr < Pb, respectively. The observed variability of metal levels in different species depends on feeding habits [14],[15], ecological needs, metabolism [16],[ 17], age,size and length of the fish [18 ],[ 19] and their habitats [20].
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Fig 2: Mean concentration of heavy metals in fish samples collected from Anzali wetland The relationship between size of fish and metal accumulation is subject to variable opinions from different authorities. In this study concentration of metals as size of fish increased Abramis brama and Carassius carassius Table (3). Table 3: Correlation between heavy metal concentrations in muscle tissue (g/g and length (mm), body weight (g) and condition factor of different fish in Anzali wetland.
FISH ESOX LUCIUS P ARAMETER K L W K L W K L W K L W K L W CR 0.118 0.326 0.215 -0.407 0.663 0.608 -0.158 0.459 0.322 0.578 0.819 0.959 -0.529 0.603 0.348 CD 0.268 0.321 0.236 -0.277 0.406 0.369 0.378 0.1560.157 0.655 0.629 0.819 0.412 0.956 0.928 PB 0.329 0.297 0.236 0.006 -0.018 -0.042 0.188 0.445 0.336 0.611 0.085 0.629 0.406 0.986 0.943
CYPRINUS CARPIO
CHALEAIBURNUS CHALEOIDE
ABRAMIS BRAMA
CARASSIUS CARASSIUS
* Values >0.5 or < - 0.5 are significantly correlated K:condition facor
L:length W: weight
4. DISSCUSSION
In this study, metal concentrations were regressed with fish total lengths statistically significant strong positive correlations were observed for lead and cadmium in Carassius carassius, while were observed for Esox lucius and Chaleaiburnus chaleoide weak correlation total lengths and weight with concentration of metals. Also metal concentrations were regressed with fish weight statistically significant strong positive correlations were observed for lead, chromium and cadmium in Abramis brama and Carassius carassius. A l-Yousuf et al. [19] found that the concentration of Cd in Lethrinus lentjan a positive correlation with fish length and weight. Widianarko et al., 2000 investiga ted the relationship between metal (Pb) concent rations and fish ( Poecilia reticulat a) size, and found that there was a significant decline in lead concent rations with the increase in size. Some research have shown negative relationships between fish size and the metal concentrations found in fish [20],[ 22]. Despite these studies, there are no definite or established relationships between heavy metal concentration and fish size. Metal accumulation in fish has been found to reach a steady state after a certain age [23]. Samples collected from Anzali wetland (Guilan), the concentrations of metals have been expressed on a dry weight basis (g/g . A wet weight-dry weight conversion factor of 0.2 can be assumed [24]. Contamination levels of heavy metal in fish are normally compared to the permissible limits recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization [25] and other standards. According to the WHO
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maximum permissible concentrations are 0.2 g /g for Cd and the European Community proposed threshold values of metal concentrations in fish muscle of only 0.05g/g [26]. In this study, Cd concentration for all studied fish species was lower than WHO standard. Cadmium can be accumulated with metallothioneins and uptake of 3330 mg/day is toxic and 1.59 mg/day is lethal to humans [28]. Cadmium injures kidneys and cause symptoms of chronic toxicity, including impairment of kidney function, poor reproductive capacity, hypertension, tumors and hepatic dysfunction [28]. That toxic metals represent at high concentrations in fish is of particular importance in relation to the FAO/WHO [25]. The maximum permissible doses for an adult are 3 mg Pb per week, but the recommended doses are only one-fifth of those quantities [25]. Chinese food standards [29] are 1g/g. Turkish acceptable limits and EU limits are 0.4 g/g. The range of international standards for Pb in fish is 0.510 g/g [26]. Lead causes renal failure and liver damage in humans [3],[ 4], Gorell et al. [30] reported and suggested that chronic exposures to copper, mercury, zinc, and lead, etc., were associated with Parkinsons disease and that they might act alone or together over time to help produce the disease. Also states WHO maximum permissible concentrations are 0.3 g/ g for Pb [25]. In this study, Pb concentration for Esox lucius and Cyprinus carpio showed higher concentration than those of WHO standard and Turkish acceptable limits but it lower than Chinese food standards and was in the range of international standards . So far, few studies have investigated the non-carcinogenic effects induced by the metals in Anzali wetland, and limited information is available about the toxicity effects caused by these metals. On basis of the experimental results, we performed a non-carcinogenic risk assessment on the metals in the five fish that are consumption of human. Fish have been identified as a significant source of human exposure to various compounds [31]. We also discuss this in the context of overall health risk assessment. Hazard Indices and Hazard range calculated for the elements of consumption fish in human is showed in Table 4. also The highest estimated Average Daily Dose metals by consuming fish were found in the Esox lucius Fig. 2.
Fig 2: The estimated Average Daily Dose metals by consuming fish from different Anzali Wetland Table 4: Hazard Indices and Risk range calculated for the elements Cd, Cr and Pb of consumption fish in human .
FISH HQ (HAZARD QUOTIENTS ) PB CR CD HI (HAZARD INDEX)
ESOX LUCIUS CYPRINUS CARPIO CHALEAIBURNUS CHALEOIDE ABRAMIS BRAMA CARASSIUS CARASSIUS
0.0007 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
0.035 0.023 0.014 0.025 0.025
0.019 0.013 0.008 0.016 0.014
0.054 0.036 0.020 0.041 0.039
The development of food consumption databases such as those that have been developed in countries such as the United States of America and Canada would make risk assessment easier and faster [31].
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This study focused on adult fish consumers. However fish consumption rates could vary in different subpopulations, children may consume larger quantities compared to their body masses than adults, prenatal exposure may occur through pregnant women; these subpopulations are considered as potential high risk groups [32]. Fish consumption guidelines would reduce the risk to fish consumers by providing information that would lead to the voluntary restriction of fish consumption to levels that pose limited, if any risk [33]. Unlikely adverse health effects whereas HI> 1 suggests the probability of adverse health effects. This hazard index calculation yields a number less than 1.0, indicating that adverse health effects are not likely to occur due to ingestion allowable limit fish per day. Calculations of the hazard index obvious that consumption of heavy metal from fish species in the present study was not harmful for human health. Therefore, the daily intake of Cd, Cr and Pb for regular of the five fish species in the present study did not have any hazardous effect on human health. Moreover, daily intake values of heavy metals from fish were determined in many previous studies in several countries as Taiwan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. For instance In a study performed by Huang et al. [34] the maximum daily intake of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb from consumption fishes from eastern Taiwan were 241, 32, 9.6 and 11.9 g/kg per day, respectively, that is higher than daily intake in our study for all species. Hazard index for chromium metal in Esox lucius is higher than other samples (0.054) but Hazard index < 1 suggests for all of the samples that is unlikely adverse health effects figure 3.
Fig 3: Various estimated hazard quotients (HQ) for metals caused by consuming fish collected from different Anzali Wetland The concentrations of metals in fish species were generally comparable to values reported in other studies. Kalay and canil [17] found that muscle tissues in Mugil cephalus and Mullus barbatus collected from Northeast Mediterranean Sea contained cadmium, chromium, lead at 1.170.96, 1.531.30, 6.796.24 g/g species, respectively . In this study, we found lower concentrations of metals than Kalay and canil . It should be noted that the assessment methods used in this study contain some possible uncertainties. The methodology developed by USEPA was used by other researchers to develop fish advisories for specific locations and species of fish .Differences in consumer age and exposure conditions might result in different risks [4]. Systematic and comprehensive investigations on the potential health risks induced by trace metals in source water are necessary to provide sufficient information for local governments to properly regulate and control the discharge of metals into the ecosystems [21]. Although all results of heavy metal concentrations studied showed that regular consumption of the fish species did not cause any harm effect on human health, recommendations should be taken into consideration. Similar studies may be performed to check contamination with other toxic heavy metals such as mercury, cobalt and arsenic in commercial fish, periodical monitoring heavy metals level in commercial fish is needful, especially for endangered species that are important for survival of ecosystem. Also to improve the estimates of risk from fish consumption, it is important to conduct as speciation analyses in edible fish from Anzali Wetland. Furthermore, it is well known that fish may contain a variety of bio-accumulative chemical contaminants that are a health concern [1],[ 34].
5. CONCLUSION
The concentrations of metals determined in this study excep Pb concentration of Esox lucius and Cyprinus carpio did not exceed the standards recommended by the WHO and HI of each element were lower than one, the hazard index, suggesting that these pollutants perhaps pose little hazard to local residents. The result from hazard quotient and hazard index showed the pollutants posed potential health risk through absorbed pathway and does not mean that adverse effects will occur, as the hazard quotient cannot be translated to a probability that adverse health effects will occur. Future efforts should focus on health risks posed by metal contamination in the of heavily polluted areas along the around rivers.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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This research was funded by the National Inland Water Aquaculture Institute in Anzali. We would also like to thank personnel from Hadi Babaii for the metal analyses and laboratory assistance.
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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)