Exam 2- Practice Questions- Answer Key 1. Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning? a.

A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk. b. A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours. c. A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet. d. You wince when you see a long needle similar to the one that hurt you during a drug injection last week. e. A and B are correct. 2. Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of a. classical conditioning. b. habituation. c. operant conditioning. d. her reflexes. e. spontaneous recovery. 3. Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) a. unconditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned response. d. conditioned stimulus. e. neutral stimulus. 4. Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day, and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are decent, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to a. the mere exposure effect. b. habituation. c. continuous reinforcement. d. shaping. e. her new cognitive map. 5. One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a a. physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk. b. physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys. c. physiologist who was studying digestion. d. dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows. e. neurologist who was studying unconscious motivations behind behaviors. 6. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus. a. presence of Alan near the aquarium b. fish swimming to the top c. aquarium light d. fish food e. the sound of his footsteps as he approaches the tank

7. A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. a. conditioned stimulus b. conditioned response c. unconditioned response d. controlled response e. neutral response 8. Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the a. primary stimulus. b. positive reinforcer. c. conditioned stimulus. d. secondary reinforcer. e. tertiary reinforcer. 9. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and dont follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? a. counterconditioning b. instinctive drift c. spontaneous recovery d. stimulus discrimination e. extinction 10. Robert's dog, Rex, runs to Robert when he says, "Come." If one day, Rex comes running when Robert says, "Dumb," we might say that Rex has demonstrated a. spontaneous recovery. b. social learning. c. insight learning. d. intermittent reinforcement. e. stimulus generalization. 11. Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating a. spontaneous recovery. b. social learning. c. insight learning. d. stimulus discrimination. e. stimulus generalization. 12. In operant conditioning, behavioral change is brought about by the manipulation of a. reflexes. b. goals. c. consequences. d. motives. e. thoughts.

13. ________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors. a. Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes b. Successive approximations c. Rewards and punishments d. Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli e. Discrimination and generalization 14. Reinforcement is to punishment as a. decrease is to increase. b. increase is to decrease. c. positive is to negative. d. giving is to receiving. e. bad is to good 15. Fred is afraid of spiders. He wont even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Freds avoidance of spiders is being a. extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. b. recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. c. positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. d. negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. e. positively reinforced, because he will lose his fear of spiders in the long run. 16. Intermittent reinforcement is particularly effective for maintaining behavior because such reinforcement a. has popularity and generosity. b. produces resistance to extinction. c. has frequency and generalizability. d. has discriminability and consistency. e. has predictability and physicality. 17. Your professor likes to give pop quizzes in your psychology class, thus he is promoting the _______ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval e. continuous 18. The idea that we can learn from seeing the actions of others is known as a. extinction. b. observational learning. c. insight learning. d. cognitive dissonance. e. the Garcia effect.

19. You are walking by a cash machine when you notice that the person at the machine starts jumping upand-down because the machine gave them too much cash. You wait in line and insert your card and ask for the same amount of money as the person before you. Your behavior reflects a. social learning. b. latent learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. e. vicarious trial-and-error. 20. Memory is considered to a. involve storage of information as in a bank vault. b. operate just like a video recorder. c. be a perfect replication of our experiences. d. be an interpretative process. e. be a permanent form of information storage. 21. The key tasks of a memory system are to a. encode, store, and retrieve. b. perceive, chunk, and recall. c. sense, understand, and rehearse. d. process, rearrange, and simplify. e. be exposed to, combine, and consider. 22. Our ability to retain encoded material over time is known as a. storage. b. recognition. c. recall. d. declarative memory. e. chunking. 23. Trying to remember someones name whom you met long ago is an example of what type of process? a. storage b. retrieval c. encoding d. decoding e. processing 24. ________ memories are the most fleeting. a. Motor b. Working c. Long-term d. Eidetic e. Sensory 25. A person's total knowledge of the world and of the self is contained within a. photographic memory. b. eidetic imagery. c. declarative memory. d. long-term memory. e. maintenance rehearsal.

26. Sperling's study involving recall of an array of 12 letters suggested that the actual capacity of sensory memory can be a. 2 or 3 items. b. 7 (plus or minus 2) items. c. limitless. d. 12 or more items. e. about 7 chunks. 27. Typically, information is held in working memory for about a. 5 to 10 seconds. b. 20 to 30 seconds. c. 2 to 3 minutes. d. an hour or two. e. about 1 day. 28. How do retrieval cues help you to remember? a. They provide inferences. b. They help chunk information. c. They direct you to relevant information stored in long term memory. d. They provide numbers for ideas. e. They dont this is a placebo effect that leaves you feeling as if memory was aided when it really was not. 29. ________ memory is an unconscious form of memory that can alter behavior. a. Semantic b. Implicit c. Episodic d. Explicit e. Declarative 30. Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissas memory is suffering from a. cue-dependent forgetting. b. proactive interference. c. decay. d. retroactive interference . e. encoding specificity. 31. Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy? a. Olivia is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dogs behavior. b. Olivia is using negative punishment on her dog and it will change the dogs behavior. c. Olivia is reenacting the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her. d. Olivias parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is spare the rod, spoil the child. e. Olivia is reenacting Thorndikes law of effect

32. Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule. a. variable ratio b. variable interval c. fixed interval d. fixed ratio e. continuous 33. The best strategy to teach an organism a new response quickly is to use a. continuous reinforcement. b. secondary reinforcement. c. negative reinforcement. d. intermittent reinforcement. e. extinction. 34. Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you cant remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the presidents name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) a. elaborative rehearsal cue. b. cross code. c. structural cue. d. retrieval cue. e. mnemonic cue. 35. When you hear a phone number and are able to recall it for a brief period, the phone number is thought to reside within ________ memory. a. sensory b. working c. gustatory d. procedural e. long-term 36. Suppose Tamika looks up a number in the telephone book. After getting a busy signal, a minute or so later she tries to call again - but has already forgotten the number! This example illustrates the limited duration of ________ memory. a. sensory b. working c. echoic d. implicit e. procedural 37. Maintenance rehearsal is defined as a. processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered. b. analyzing new material in order to make it memorable. c. associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory. d. repeating some bit of information over and over in ones head in order to maintain it in working memory. e. creating a photograph of a stimulus and storing it in a visual format.

38. _______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to longterm memory compared to _______ rehearsal. a. Permanent; condensed b. Condensed; permanent c. Elaborative; maintenance d. Maintenance; elaborative e. Semantic; episodic 39. The best strategy by which to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory is to engage in a. eidetic imagery. b. maintenance rehearsal. c. long-term potentiation. d. elaborative rehearsal. e. repression. 40. You start out using Firefox, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to a. proactive interference c. anterograde interference d. consolidation problems e. retrograde interference