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, Reis, Wheeler, Spiegel, Kemis, Nezlek Perri,
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Action Coding System - FACS) xro\fEkman { Friesen (1978). To

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1979),
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100 ____________________

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, .

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()

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. 10 4

.
Vincent van Gogh, ,
Van Gogh, .

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(displacement activities)

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108

,
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,

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Argyle (1988)
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1970).
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120

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.
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, ,
.
,
.
Knapp,

.
,
.
.
, .
, ,
, ,
,
.


- /U I I 121

.

.

.

 ,
, .

, ,
,
.
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,
.
. ,
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.
,
.

,
, . ,

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.

( ),
122

,
.
,

- ( ) 123

, .

. ,

.
,
, 124

,

.
, ,

( )
.

,

, .


.

,
.

 ,
,
. Sommer
(1966)

, ,
. Baum Singer
(1982)
, ,

.

, ,
II- 125

.

. ,
,
.

,
, , .
, ,
,

.
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.

^&
,.4^ ^ , .
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)
,
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126

,
.
,
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,
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,

 . ,
,


.
.

.
,

,

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,
- 127

, ,
.
, ,
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,
,
.

.
.

,
.
6

,

.
, , .
, ,

^ |
,
, ,
, .


(Adler & Towne, 1975).

.

,
.

,
129

.
Michelangelo, (1508-1512),
, .


.


,
.

marasmus ( ),

,
. 130

.
, , .

, , , , (1981),

.
131

, , ,
.

,

,
, .
, ,


(
).
,
132

,

.
,

-
, .

TOv(Harlow ,
, ,
,

. ,
, , ,

.



,
.
, Harlow

 , .

,
. , ,

,
. 133

,
.

,
,
,
,
.
1 3 4 ___________________

,
,

.
,
,
- -

(Richmond, McCroskey & Payne, 1991).

. ,
,

(Burgoon &
Saine, 1978). ,

.
,
.

,

(Argyle, 1988). Richmond, McCroskey
Payne (1991), ,


135

.
,

.
,

.

-.

 ,
. Goldberg Lewis (1969)
6 ,
,
. ,
, 13

, . Cowen, Weisberg
Lotyczewski (1983), ,
,
, .
, ,
,

.
,
,


. ,
, 136

.
,
(Argyle, 1988* Willis & Hofman,
1975). , ,

. ,

,
, .
(pets), ,
, ,
137

,
(Morris, 1976).

,
,
, .


,
. '
,
.

, (Argyle, 1988).

,

.

.

.
,
, .

138

. Lorenz (1952)
, ,

,
.

(Henley, 1977).
(1986),
,
.


(Richmond, McCroskey &
Payne, 1991).

, .

, , ,
.

, ,
.
,
,
.
(Richmond,
McCroskey & Payne, 1991).
.

139

,
,
.
,

.
, ,
.

,
.

,

 .
,
.
,


(Argyle, 1988).
,

. Masters Johnson,
,

.
Jones Yarboroygh (1985),
1 4 0 __________________

.
Rodin, (1886).

,
.
, ,

141

.
.
, ,
.

. ,
, ,
.
, ,

. , ,

.
, ,
.

,
(, )
.

.
Henley (1973)
, ,
. Hall
(1984) ,
, ,
. Stier Hall (1984)

*

* * .

142

,
. Heslin Alper ( 1983)


,
.
,


.

,
. ,

. Fisher, Rytting
Heslin (1975)

,
.
,
,
.

.
.

143

,
,
.

,
.
Willis Hamm (1980)

,
.
,
. ,
, ,
90% .

,
.
Argyle (1978),
,
.
,
. Whitcher
Fisher (1979)

,
. ,
,

 144

.

.
,
,

. ,
, ,
.
Jourard Friedman
(1970)

.
(encounter groups)

.
,
,
.
,
,
.

.
,

.
7

.
.
,
.

,
. ,

(Wolff, 1969). Bowlby
,

.


(Scherer & Oshinsky, 1977). ,

(
)
146

 (Aslin, Pisoni & Jusczyk, 1983).

, ,
.

, .
, ,

.
Mehrabian (1971)
7%
, 38% 55%
.

, ,
.

.

,
. ,
,
.


.
,
, ..., ..., .,,
147

, , ..,
, .
,

.
,
,
(Argyle, 1978).

, Freud,

.
,

.
(
)
. Freud,
,
,
.

Freud ,

 (!) .
,

148

.

, ,
, , , ,
.
.

,
. ,
.
, ,
(Scherer, 1986). (1986)
,
,
.
,
.

.

, . ,

(Frick, 1985). Scherer (1981)



.

1 49

.
Argyle (1983),
,
.


. ,

(Mehrabian & Williams, 1969' Miller, Maruyama,
Beaber & Valone, 1976).
, ,
,
(Tickle-Dengen & Rosenthal, 1992).
,
,

. ,
,

. , ,


.

.


.
,

(Noller, 1982).
150

,
.


. , :

.
,
,
. ,

.
.
,
. ,

,
. ,
.

,
.
,
,

. ,
,
,
I 151

. ,

.
, , ,
.

,

.
, .., ,...,
....
.
8



,
, .

.
:
,
.
,

,
.
,
,
.

. ,
,
,
,
, .
,
153

, ,
,
(Birdwhistell, 1970).


,

.
,
,
,
, .



.

, ,
.
,
. , - /
-1
,
(Richmond, McCroskey & Payne, 1991).

,
,

(Henley, 1977' Eakins & Eakins, 1978' Mehrabian, 1981). 0 Mehrabian
(1972, 1981) +-
154


,
.


.



, .
,
,
() .
.

.
,
.

,

.

, .



) ().


155

,
, . Richmond, Me
Croskey Payne (1991), \
.--

.

,
,
.
... ,
,

. ,

, ,
,
.

.
(Wagner, MacDonald, & Manstead, 1986)
(Friedman, Riggio & Segall, 1980" Hall,
1984)

 . Richmond, McCroskey
Payne (1991),
,
.

, , 1 5 6

.
,
(Friedman, Riggio
& Segall 1980 Hall, 1984).
, (Reldman, 1992),
(Riggio &
Friedman, 1986)
, (Hall, 1985 Riggio &
Friedman, 1986).
, ,
, ,

. ,
. Chesler (1972)


.

,
.

.

, ,
(Hall, 1985).
, ,
,
,
(Mehrabian, 1972).

157

.
,
.
.

, .

, ,

.


, .

,

(Riggio, 1986" Archer & Costanzo, 1988).

PONS (Profile of Non-verbal Sensitivity Test),

,
, . De
Paulo Rosenthal (1979) Hall (1985)

,
,
.
Pease (1981) ,




158

. ,
1 .


. ,
,
(Riggio, 1986).
9

.
: , ,
, , , , ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,

.
, ')
.
,
,

(Perlman & Fehr, 1987).

, ,
1 60 ____________________

.

,
.
,
161

, ,

, .
,

(, ),
(, 162

, , ),
(, , , )
(Brehm, 1992).
,
,

.'
,
(
)
( , ).
,
,

(Argyle, 198 Phillips, 1978' Feldman, 1992).

.


. Kelly (1982)

,
. Phillips (1978)


,
,
,
. Hargie (1986),
:

163

1.
.
, ,
,
,
,

.
2.
,
.
3.
.

,
.

.
4.
.
,

, .
5. ,
, ,
,
.
164

.
. , ,
,

(Argyle, 1981).
.
, .
,

.
,

.
7%
27% ,
.
,
.

,

(Bryant, Trower, Yardley, Urbieta & Letemendia, 1976).
,
,

. ,
165

.

,
, ,
.

jf

.

,
,
,
.

, ,

,
(Riggio, 1986,
1992' Friedman, DiMatteo & Taranta, 1980).
, ,

 (Edwards, Manstead & MacDonald, 1984 Philippot

& Feldman, 1990).
-

166

.

. ,

(Riggio, 1992).
,
.


,
(Fisher &
Adams, 1994).
167

.

,
, : ,
(
) , ,

.
,

,

. ,
, ,
, .

,
-
- (
)
.



. ,
,
168 ____________________

.
Annibale Carracci, (1560-1609).

. ,
,
.

,
,
.

 .

,
169

,
,
,
.

,
.


.
.

.

.


,
.
.

,
.

. ,

,
. ,
170

,

(

).
,
,
( , ,
, , ),

.


.

.
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
,
,
.

(),
, , ,

171

, .

(Wine & Smye, 1981).



.

, ,
.

,
,
.

,
,

.
,
, .
,

.

(Riggio, 1992). ,

, ,
172

(Riggio & Friedman, 1986* Hall,

1985). ,
(Hall, 1984).


,
(Riggio, 1992).


,
(Hall, 1985). ,



.
,
:

.
,

(Riggio, 1986).


,
,

173

 ,
, . ,
,
,
.


. ,
, ,

.

,
.

,

.
, ,
.



(Mehrabian, 1969). ,
,
,
.
,
174

,
.
,

(Argyle, 1981). ,

,
(Moss, 1969).

.
,
,

. ,
,

.
.

,
.
,

. \ , ,
.

,

.
175

.
,


. , ,

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.
,
.

,

.

.

.
,
, ,
,
.


.
,
,
.

176

. , , ,
.

.
( ,
..)


(Argyle, 1981).

.

.

. , ,
.
, , ,

.

,
.

, ,
,
.

. , Mil

177

,
) .

(Parnell, 1958).

 .
>
. ,

^

.

,

.

.

,

.

.
,

178

.
.

, ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
.


.



,
.

(Levinger, 1980' Riggio, 1992). ,

, ,
(Altman & Taylor, 1973),

.
,
179

,

.
,

. , ,
,

.


,

. ,
,

.

.
.
,

(Riggio, 1992).

,

,
.

, .

180

I I

,

.

,

.
10

zick rubin (1973), Liking and Loving,

:
.
, , ,
,

,
(Hatfield, 1988' Peele, 1988).
, Rubin

. :


. :


.
,
,
.
182

.

.

, , ,

 (Brehm, 1992),

(Milardo,
Johnson & Huston, 1983).

,

.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

,
.
, ,
,
___________________________183

.
,
. , ,
-

184

. , ,
,

.
,

185

,

.

, ,
.
,


(Argyle, 1981).
, ,

,
.
,

,
. ,

,
,
,
.
- ,
,

 , .
,

,
.
186

.

.

. ,

.

,
,
(Clore, 1977).
, ,
.
,

.
,
.

,
,
.
,
,

.
*
,
,
187

.
,
. ,
,

,
,
-
- .


( Dawley, Friendship 1980)

. ,
.
:
+2 = .
+ 1 = .

-1

= .
= .

-2 = .
188

^ j .*
2. .
3. , .* 4. ,
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5.
.
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.
7.^
.
8. ^ ,
.
9.~*^ .
10. ' , .
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14.-! ,
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16. / ,
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17
^ .

189

18^1 ( ,
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19. ,
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23., )
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24. , ^ .*
25.
^ ,
.
26.0 .
27^ .*
28. ^ .*

:
(+ -) 1, 3, 4, 11, 13, 15, 16,
18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27 28 ( *).
* .
190

56.

.

.

85
.
67 85 ,
67
.


,
, .

,

56
191

.
, , ,
,
.

.
, ,
(Hindy, Schwartz & Brodsky, 1989).

.

,
.
___ ( )

,
. ,
Zillmann,
, ,
(excitation transfer
).
Dutton Aron (1974),
, ,
.

.

.
, , 192 ____ - ____________

19-35

.

,
193

 ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
,
, ^ .
,

, ,

.
, .
,
.

, .
tj ,
,
,
. ,
,
, ,

(Argyle, 1981).

194

. Tesser (1978)
,
^^ . Tesser
Paulus (1976),
,
,
^
-.- )
.
,
...
(Beach & Tesser, 1988). Person (1988),
.0 ,
.
^ <^

, (Aron, Dutton, Aron & Iverson,
1989). , -1
, -1
, - |
-
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
195

.
,
,
. ,
.

,
.
,
,
196

.
,
,
,
.


.
,
.
,
.


.



(Gottman, Markman & Notarius,
1977). ,
,


(Kahn, 1970). -'
.

,

(Gaelick, Bodenhausen & Wyer, 1985* Nol
197

ler, 1991). ^

*
,
(Gottman,
1979). ,
,

.

,


. ,
,

.

 ^^
, .


.
.


.
,
,
.
198

. Scheflen (1965) -(

.
,

.
,
,
,
,
.
,

( ,
).

.
,
,
, (
) .
,
,
,

, ,
199

. ,
,
, .
,
.

.

,
,

(Lyle, 1992).

,
,
,
.

 .


, ,
(Birdwhistell,
1970).
1 1

.
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,

.
(),

( )


.

.
, ,

, .
201

,
.

, 27%
7%
,
, 202

,
(Bryant, Trower, Yardley, Urbieta & Letemendia,
1976).
, ,
,
,
,
.
,
,

. (
,
)
, :
1. .

-
- ,
.
2. .
,

. ,

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.

203

.
3. .

,
.

. ,

.
4. .

,
.

,
, ,
.
,
,

.
5. .
,
,
. ,
,
204

.

,

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.


, ,
,
, (
)
(Argyle, 1978). ,

, ,
,

,
,
, . ,
)

*
,


.

 205

(Fairbanks, McGuire & Harris, 1982).

,

.
,
,

, .



,
,
,


(Mahrer & Nadler, 1986).
,
, ,

(Ehrlich & Bauer,
1967),
.

,
, 206

.
,
,
,
,
.


.

,
.

,
(
)
.




.
207

.
, ,

.

 ,
, . ,

, , ,
,
. , ,
,

.


, , ,
.
,
.

.

(
),
208

- , ,
, -
.

.


, ________ 209

, , ,
,
.

210

,

(Argyle, 1983). ,


.

, ,

,
(Argyle, 1978). ,


(Williams, 1974 Walker, Marwit & Emory, 1980'
Mandal, 1986).

.

,
. ,


(Bugental, Love, Kaswan

& April, 1971 Cousins, 1984).

,
,
.
211

.
,
212

.
,

.
.

, .

, ,
.

,
,
.
, ,
,
(Horowitz, Duff & Station,
1969 Kinzel, 1970).
,
,
. ,
,
,
(Argyle, 1978).
.
,

(Rutter & Stephenson, 1972* Pitman, Kolb, Orr & Singh, 1987).
21 3

Rutter (1973)

.
,

.
Rutter (1976, 1977)


. ,
,
.
- - (1995),

,

 ,
, , . ,
,
,

.
,

,
.
.

214

.
,

. ,
,

. ,
,
,
,
.
,
.

(, , ) .
Candace, Joan, Murray Alizah (1990)
,
.

,
. Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt
Wagner (1989)

,

.


215

,
. ,
,
(Argyle, Alkema & Gilmour, 1971* Mehrabian
& Wiener, 1967). ,

(Argyle,
1969' Turner, 1967 Mandal & Palchoudhury, 1985* Mandal, 1986).
Walker, McGuire Bettes (1984)


,


.

.
9-13 ,

,

, (Walker,
1981).
, , ,
(McCown, Johnson, Sean & Shefsky, 1988).
,
,
,
(Berndl, Grusser, Martin & Remschmidt, 1986 Berndl, Cranach
& Grusser, 1986).
2 16

(Braun, Bernier, Proulx, & Cohen,
1991).

-

.

,
.

(
),
,
.
,
.
,


, .


.

,
.
,
217

(Perissaki, Rabavilas & Stefanis, 1979).




.
,

 (, 1988).

.
,
,
, ,

, .

.
,

.

.
,
, , 218

, ,
.

. , ,
, ,

.
,
.

, ,

(Rutter
& Stephenson, 1972' Waxer, 1976, 1977).
219

,
.

(Ekman & Friesen,
1974).

, , 220

(Jones & Pasna, 1979* Miller, Ranelli &

Levine, 1977),
(- &-, 1995).



,

.
, ,
,
.
, ,

 ,
,
. 5-8%


, ,
, .


. ,
,
221

(,
1988).
.

, ,
,
,
(Bryant, Trower, Yardley, Urbieta & Letemendia, 1976).



.

, (Scherer, 1974).
,

(Ehrlich & Bauer, 1967).

.
, ,
,
(Waxer, 1977).
, ,
,
.
222

. ,
,
(.. ,
),
, ,
(.. )
.
1987, DSM-III-R,
,
,
,
.


,

(Yirmiya, Kasari, Sigman & Mundy,
1989).
(..
)
(..
). ,

,

.
223

,
(Philippot, Feldman & McGee, 1991).


. Hobson, Ouston Lee (1988)
,
, ,
, ,
.

.

(.. ), .

.
, ,
,

(Hobson, 1986). ,
,


.
224

,
. Renvoise (1982)

. ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.

,

 ,
.

(Camras,
Grow & Ribordy, 1983).


(McCown, Johnson & Austin, 1986).
Philippot, Feldman McGee (1991)


. 225

( )

,

.


.
12

, ,

, , .

.
,
-
-, ,


(, 1988, . 653).


,
(Gelso &
Carter, 1985).

.
22 7

,

,
.

(rapport).
, ,
,
, (

 ) (TickleDegnen & Rosenthal, 1992).

,

, , ,
.

, ,
,

.
,

,
. ,

2 2 8

, ,
.


(Hill, Siegelman, Gronsky, Sturniolo & Fretz, 1981' TickleDengen, Rosenthal & Harrigan, 1989). ,

.



(Blanck & Rosenthal, 1984). Rosenthal, Blanck Vanniccelli
(1984)
, . ,
, ,

,

.
,
.
,

(Caporael, Lukaszewski & Culbertson,
1983).

,

. ,
229

-

.

, ,
.
, -


,
(Ellsworth & Ross, 1975). Kelly
(1982) ,
, ,
. ,
,
(Seay & 1tekruse, 1979). Exline (1971) ,

,

, ,

.

,
(Friedman, 1979).

,
,

2 3 0

. ,

,

, .
,
,
,


. ,



. ,


.

.



. ,
, ,
.
DiMatteo, Prince Hays (1986),

,
231



.
,
, .
,
,
,
.

( )
.
,
,
,

.

,
.
, ,
,
, ,
.
2 3 2

,
.

. ,
,
(Exline, Gray & Schuette,
1965). ,


(Waxer, 1977).


(, , ,
)
.

( , ,
) ,
, ,
.

,
233


. ,

.


.


.

,
(Rosenthal,
Hall, DiMatteo, Rogers & Archer, 1979).


. ,


(Ozols & Rourke, 1985). Rosenthal Benowitz
(1986)


.
Tickle-Degnen Rosenthal (1992),


,

, . ,
2 3 4

Giannini Sangdahl (1985, 1986)

.
(Rosenthal & Benowitz, 1986).

.

,

.
,
,

.

. \ ,
,

,
, ,
. ,

,
. ,


,
(Ekman & Friesen, 1969).

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