Class phllosophy and LargeL audlences Course sLrucLure, rhyLhm and expecLauons 1 What w||| I get from th|s c|ass? nanoLechnology: 1he 8aslcs Week 1, LecLure 1 What Makes Us Human? When Humans Learn to Make New Materials! CHANGE The STONE Age Hunter-Gatherer Wikimedia, Calame Agrarian The BRONZE Age The IRON Age Cities Commons 3.0 Materials and Tools: They STILL Matter! Wikimedia Commons, Saperud Extremely pure ingot of silicon -- Czochralski process
What comes next for humans and our tools? STONE AGE humans learned to fashion tools from rock
BRONZE AGE humans learned to smelt copper
IRON AGE humans learned to forge iron and steel
INFORMATION age humans learned to purify silicon age humans learned to make nanoscale materials nanoLechnology's luLure: Around Lhe corner or close? Wearable compuLers Space LlevaLors SmarL Medlclnes Course Objectives 2. 1o explaln Lhe lmporLance of maLerlal slze 4. 1o lllusLraLe 'dry' nanoLechnology ln elecLronlcs, magneucs and phoLonlcs 1. 1o dene nanoLechnology 3. 1o dlsungulsh currenL vs. fuLure nanoLechnology Who are you? A Lechnlcal sLudenL who ls explorlng nanoLechnology as a posslble career or focus for advanced degrees An adulL learner wlLh a keen lnLeresL ln new Lechnology and fuLurlsuc ldeas noL an experL ln nanoLechnology, chemlsLry or physlcs (!) A 8uS? person Breaking Down Nanotechnology Week 1: Introducnon Week 2: Nanoe|ectron|cs Week 3: Nanomagnencs Week 4: Nanophoton|cs Watch lecture videos Do weekly quiz Watch lecture videos Do weekly quiz Watch lecture videos Do weekly quiz Watch lecture videos Take the last quiz, final Watch extra demos Watch extra demos Watch extra demos Watch extra demos Do peer assessment Read resources page Read resources page Read resources page Read resources page Extra assignments Extra assignments Extra assignments CerucaLe wlLh dlsuncuon Cur hllosophy: LdlL, engage and explaln LDI1 lecLure conLenL Lo avold overload LNGAGL sLudenLs Lhrough forums, demos, Lalk shows, provocauve surveys LkLAIN key ldeas ln muluple ways so as Lo make a real and lasung lmpresslon 11 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 1, nanoLechnology Why nanoLechnology? LaLesL human Loolmaklng 1hls class: a 12 hour sclence show you paruclpaLe ln! ?ou = mouvaLed (2-3 hours/week) and knowledgeable nanoLechnology: dlverse perspecuves lormal denluon: small (1 - 100 nm) and sLrange nanomaLerlals=nanox 12 Dehn|ng Nanotechno|ogy nanoLechnology: 1he 8aslcs Week 1, LecLure 2 Nanotechnology now represents no less than the next industrial revolution Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications Anything is nanotechnology that, under the rubric of nanotechnology, makes money. Talking About Nanotechnology Whlch quoLe ls ?Cu8 personal favorlLe? 1ake Lhe 8CvCCA1lvL survey Nanotechnology is nothing more than new age colloid science. Red Herring Dec 2001 A technology magazine Scientific American, 2006, a popular science magazine Anonymous entrepreneur, Rice Alliance event, 2006 Anonymous senior engineering professor, 2001 (to your professor) uenlng nanoLechnology From E56 ASTM terminology standard free on www.astm.org nanotechnology, nA term referring to a wide range of technologies that measure, manipulate, or incorporate materials and/or features with at least one dimension between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). Such applications exploit those properties, distinct from bulk or molecular systems, of nanoscale components. Materials are central in nanotechnology Critical and defining dimension ~ 1 100 nm Really bizarre and unusual properties Nanotechnology contains stuff that is really SMALL and STRANGE uS CovernmenL uenes nanoLechnology 15 nanoLechnology ls sclence, englneerlng, and Lechnology conducLed aL Lhe nanoscale, whlch ls abouL 1 Lo 100 nanomeLers.
nanosclence and nanoLechnology are Lhe sLudy and appllcauon of exLremely small Lhlngs and can be used across all Lhe oLher sclence elds, such as chemlsLry, blology, physlcs, maLerlals sclence, and englneerlng. Co read hup://www.nano.gov/nanoLech-101/whaL/denluon nanomaLerlal versus nanoLechnology MATERIAL DEVICE NANOMATERIAL Nanoscale device or property Nanotechnology Mark Lennihan, QD Vision TECHNOLOGY 17 10 nm le 3 C 4
CdSe Carbon nanoLubes nanomaLerlals: !"#$%$&' )"&!* +, *'-# lmages from Lhe Colvln Lab, Creauve Commons nanoLechnology: A aradlgm Shl ln nanoLechnology, whaL ls lmporLanL abouL maLerlals ls nC1 really whaL Lhey are made of, buL how small Lhey are. 1hls ls dlerenL Lhan every oLher maLerlals age ln human hlsLory. 19 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 2, nanoLechnology nanoLechnology: Small, sLrange and lmporLanL 1here are dlverse perspecuves abouL nanoLechnology nanomaLerlals are nanox - where x can be anyLhlng nanoLechnology was accldenLal ln anclenL umes Crlglns of Lhe eld are ln manufacLurlng ollucs and nanoLechnology - and Lhe P?L facLor
20 n|story of Nanotechno|ogy Week 1, LecLure 3 Ancient Nanotechnology? Pre-1980s: people who made materials did nano but didnt know it SL. vlLus CaLhedral (bullL 1364) Feynman and the Bottom 1960s and 1970s " Richard Feynman Why can we not write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin? " Professor Norio Taniguchi did ultraprecision manufacturing & credited with first using the term nanotechnology 22 8lchard leynman !"#$%&# !())(*+ : http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechES:23.5.1960Bottom 23 Nanotechology or SciFi? The 1980s " Drexler Engines of Creation book about assembling matter " Nanoscale robots, assembled machines, fantastic science fiction
Under resources see debate between Rick Smalley and Eric Drexler Fat fingers sticky finger in C&E News Nanotechnology: Visualized in the 1990s 1990s: MeLhods Lo lmage and sLudy Lhe nanoscale world ushered ln nanoLechnology - we dld begln Lo conLrol mauer preclsely ? lrom Chrlsuan kllnkel unlverslLy of Pamburg 2,000 nm nlS1 Nanotechnology and Global Politics ?! Do you know what this object is? OK do you know now? The Nationalization of Nanotechnology U.S. R&D investment in nanotechnology More than 15 billion dollars in research dollars Investments relative to other countries closely scrutinized 27 The HYPE Factor and Nanotechnology Hype: to promote or publicize a produce or idea often exaggerating its importance or benefits http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=1792.php 2.9 1rllllon by 2014 Lux research 1.00 1rllllon by 2013! uS nSl DM Berube, Nano-Hype the Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz 28 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 3, nanoLechnology nanomaLerlals have been used for cenLurles, buL noL rauonally lL Look a vlllage: sclenusLs, fuLurlsLs, polluclans, lndusLry nanoLechnology ls pollucal and lLs hype can draw crluclsm 29 Nanotechno|ogy k|ght NCW Week 1, LecLure 4 nanoLechnology ls enabllng Lo mosL lndusLrles 1here are examples rlghL nCW of nanoLechnology MosL Lransformauve appllcauons sull ln Lhe fuLure
Nanotechnology: An Enabling Technology nanoLechnology 8euer waLer lLers LlghLer AuLomoblles Self-cleanlng cloLhlng lasLer compuLers new Cancer 1reaLmenLs Less olluung lacLorles ersonallzed Medlclne SLronger 1ennls 8ackeLs ermanenL vlLamlns alnLable 8auerles More bandwldLh SmarL 1exules nano ls now. roducL nano lnslde" value Added Acuve lngredlenL: nanoscoplc 1lC 2 /ZnC 1ransparency Lmbedded wlLh nano Whlskers" SLaln- and Wrlnkle- 8eslsLance Acuve lngredlenL: Carbon nanoLubes SLrengLh and 8ounce Nano is ON YOU nanomaLerlal-conLalnlng producLs: a web exerclse http://www.nanotechproject.org/cpi/browse/nanomaterials/carbon-nanotube/ Have some fun and search on carbon nanotubes: What is it with sports equipment!
Try fullerene yes there are people who EAT nanomaterials 34 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 4, nanoLechnology nanoLechnology LnA8LLS oLher Lechnologles ?ou probably use nanoLechnology ln your dally llfe MosL people Lhlnk more ls ahead of us Lhan behlnd us 35 Why go SMALL? New Wor|ds for Mater|a|s Lecture S, Week 1 Nanotechno|ogy Converung slze unlLs maLhemaucally ln Lhe meLrlc sysLem MaLerlals ln Lhe 'nano' world - beLween chemlsLry and blology ln slze Small slze means LhaL nanomaLerlals can lnLeracL wlLh blologlcal and enlvronmenLal sysLems ln new ways
Why go Small? new Worlds 36 Wlklpedla, falr use Culllvers 1ravels Pow Small ls Small ln nanoLechnology? Nanotechnology is the application of materials with dimensions from about 1 to 100 nanometers! 1he Meanlng of a nanomeLer 10 -2 m = 1 cenumeLer (cm) 10 -3 m = 1 mllllmeLer (mm) 10 -6 m = 1 mlcron (um) 10 -9 m = 1 nanomeLer (nm) 10 -10 m = 1 angsLrom (A or ) &.&+ /+0$* ,%+0 '1$ 2%$$) 3+%! 43.%,
Lxample 1: Pow many nanomeLers are ln one meLer? Lxample 2: lf someLhlng ls 10 nm ln dlameLer, whaL ls lLs dlameLer ln cenumeLers? 1 meter ! 1nm/10 -9 meter = 1,000,000,000 or one billion or 10 9 nm 10 nanometers ! 10 -9 m/1 nanometer ! 1cm/10 -2 m = 10 -6 cm WhaL does 10 nm mean? 1 kilometer (1000 m) Mountain 1 millimeter (0.001 m) Ant Microns (10 -6 m) Bacteria Protein Nanometers (10 -9 m) Glucose Angstroms (10 -10 m) Microns (10 -6 m) Funghi Organelle Sub-micron (10 -7 m) nano: 100 - 1 nm 10 m Shrlnklng Lo Lhe nanoworld 1.0 MM 1.0 M 10 nm 1.0 mm A red blood cell is like a soccer stadium A human hair is like the island of Manhattan 10 nm 10 nm 42 Chair = small protein Basketball hoop= polio virus Hydrogen atom = ping pong ball Caffeine= baseball 10 nm nanomaLerlals ln 8lology 5 6$3 7+%8! 1he ldeal slze for nanoparucle blodlsLrlbuuon lnLo Lumors ls abouL 100 - 200 nm dlameLer We can ln[ecL nanoparucles and Lhey can klll Lumors nanomaLerlals ln our LnvlronmenL: 5 6$3 7+%8! 6.&+9.%:/8$* /.& 0+;$ '1%+-<1 0.&= '=9$* +, %+/)* >$?<? *.&!*'+&$*@ 7.&' &.&+9.%:/8$* '+ A$ '$& :0$* *0.88$% '1.& '1$ B9+%$ '1%+.'C Creauve Commons 3.0 Creauve Commons 3.0 6.&+9.%:/8$* /.& A$ "&D$/'$! "&'+ ,+%0.:+& '+ $&1.&/$ "0.<"&< .&! 8"'$%.88= 1$89 -* B*$$E !$$9 -&!$%<%+-&! 45 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 3, nanoLechnology nanomaLerlals: larger Lhan molecules, smaller Lhan blomolecules 8ecause of Lhelr slze, Lhey can geL lnLo organlsms and envlronmenLal samples. 8elng nanoslzed opens up new worlds for maLerlals 46 Why go SMALL? GLCML1k More stu, more surface Lecture 6, Week 1 Nanotechno|ogy Slmple geomeLry Lell us whaL happens as ob[ecLs geL small
?ou geL more ob[ecLs ln Lhe same volume, or welghL, as you go small - more bang for your buck
?ou geL more surface area ln Lhe same volume, or welghL, as you go small - and surface ls where Lhe acuon ls
Smaller Cralns: More 'ob[ecLs' 1 quarLz crysLal 1 Lhousand Lrllllon gralns of sand Small = Greater Numbers The Fruit Demo The data (in about 500 gm)
Grapefruit 1 Oranges 3 Lemons 6 Key Limes 22 Numbers Increase with the CUBE of Radius Number |n 1 gram = 1 g (1 cm 3 ]1g) (1 ob[ect]8k 3 ) v ob[ =4/3 n 8 3 =1.333n 8 3 v ll =(28) 3 As r gets small Number increases If you reduce radius ten times
Get a THOUSAND fold increase in number Wlklmedla, Creauve Commons from Cmglee Smaller Things = More Devices If we have devices with 100 times smaller feature sizes we have (100) 3
or one million more devices Smaller Cralns: More surface 1 quarLz crysLal 1 Lhousand Lrllllon gralns of sand Surface Area Increases with the 1/Radius Number |n 1 gram Surface area of one ob[ect = 1 g (1 cm 3 ]1g) (1 ob[ect]8 k 3 ) 4nk 2 ]1ob[ect = 1]k SA ob[ecL =4n(8) 2 If you reduce radius ten times ! Get a tenfold increase in surface area
500 grams of limes, 1 nm in radius, would have the surface area of several city blocks!!! Surfaces: Where the Action Is! CaLalysLs LhaL remove polluLanLs ln your car ! all abouL surface area lllLers for waLer depend on Lhe surface of acuvaLed carbon - more surface longer llfeume Smaller Cralns: More 'ob[ecLs' 1 quarLz crysLal 1 Lhousand Lrllllon gralns of sand Molecular sLrucLure of quarLz ls Lhe same 'nanoslzed' as lL ls ln Lhe bulk 1hls means Lhe denslLy sLays Lhe same lmporLanL CaveaL: nanomaLerlal SLrucLure 8ulk Carbon nanoscale Carbon uenslLy ls nC1 always consLanL wlLh maLerlal dlmenslon 56 our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 6, nanoLechnology As you shrlnk Lhe slze of any ob[ecL: geL more of Lhem - goes as lnverse radlus cubed! As you shrlnk ob[ecLs: geL more surface area - depends lnversely on radlus 1hls argumenL ls sLrlcLly geomeLrlc! uoes nC1 depend on whaL Lhe maLerlal ls made of (e.g. l8ul1 = SlLlCCn = CA88Cn) lf Lhe arrangemenL of aLoms sLays Lhe same (e.g. denslLy ls slze lndependenL) 57 1. MaLerlals CAn geL very dlerenL ln Lhelr properues when Lhelr slze geLs very small
2. 1he exacL dlmenslons of 'dlerenL behavlor' vary beLween maLerlals and properues of lnLeresL
3. Lxamples of slze-dependence ln nanoscale maLerlals are Lhe color of quanLum doLs, Lhe reacuvlLy of gold, and Lhe sLrucLure of carbon Why go SMALL? Mater|a|s Get D|erent Lecture 7, Week 1 Nanotechno|ogy nanomaLerlals: 1PL? A8L S18AnCL Cemng Smaller Slze mauers! Mlcro-dog could become nano-caL 1he maglc slze? When ls lL no longer a knlfe? A) As soon as you cuL lL once 8) When Lhe knlfe can no longer cuL anyLhlng C) When Lhe knlfe ls Loo small Lo be held by a person u) never, lL wlll always have a 'knlfellke' ldenuLy And Lhen ln half agaln And Lhen ln half agaln, and agaln,.. lf you cuL a knlfe ln half NanoX NanoY Optical Magnetic Mechanical Electrical Catalytic Sorptive Many 1ypes of MaLerlal roperues Lo Conslder 1he lmporLance of slze Lo a maLerlal depends on whaL properLy you care abouL Lxample 1: CuanLum uoLs F9:/.8 G%+9$%:$* 61 3 nm 6 nm Lxample 2: 8eacuve Cold Discovery of gold catalysis in nanoscale clusters (1986) Selective oxidation of hydrocarbons, CO for industrial processes Best when sizes are well under 3 nanometers Haruta, M., Gold Bull. 2004, 37, 27 Creauve Commons, nASA 2CC + C 2 ! 2CC 2 Lxample 3: Carbon H'%-/'-%.8 G%+9$%:$* 63 8ulk Carbon nanoscale Carbon our 1hree 1ake-nomes Week 1, LecLure 7, nanoLechnology MaLerlals donL [usL geL smaller, Lhey CAn geL dlerenL unlque nanoscale behavlor ls assoclaLed wlLh Lransformauve Lechnologles 1hls ls very maLerlals dependenL! l8ul1 = SlLlCCn = CA88Cn CnL 8lC 1AkL-PCML: We go small Lo explore new worlds, geL more ob[ecLs and surface area, and Lo make maLerlals acL LoLally dlerenLly from Lhelr bulk counLerparLs 65 AnyLhlng can be nano - nanox A few broad classes of maLerlals llrsL: nano-semlconducLors, nano-meLals
1he Nanotechno|ogy 2CC art 1 Lecture 8, Week 1 Nanotechno|ogy nanoLechnology = nanomaLerlals CREDIT: Keeler, Sandia National Laboratory. A grating to study fine movement. Top-down nanostructures Bottoms-up nanostructures CdSe 8emember Lhls? AnyLhlng can be nanox Creauve Commons 3.0/Wlklpedla 1oday: A Culded 1our Quantum Dots Metal Nanoparticles Ceramics Carbon Nanostructures NEXT Dendrimers Carbon, uendrlmers: Creauve Commons 3.0, MeLal nanoparucles: em-lab.berkeley.edu, CuanLum uoLs, Ceramlcs: Colvln Lab CuanLum uoLs >$?<? H$0"/+&!-/'+% 6.&+/%=*'.8*@ Quantum Dots What? Nanosized semiconductors Who sells? Small companies, $$$ When? Mid-1980s, classic systems How? Liquid phase & Lithography Formats? In solution, deposited films, embedded in devices Key concept: Quantum Confinement CuanLum ConnemenL 70 When you make a string shorter, what happens to its sound? Electron waves in smaller spaces have greater/lesser energy?? Electron waves in smaller spaces are more likely to decay by recombination. 3 inches across Charges in semiconductors are a certain size: they are really waves. e- e- e- e- Semiconductor Size of Electron Waves Silicon ~ 20 nm CdSe ~ 6 nm Gallium Arsenide ~ 10 nm Color of semlconducLors - elecLron waves WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF YOU MAKE THE SUBSTANCE SMALLER? Slze uependenL LMlSSlCn: 8lg Wln Tunable color (size) Higher quantum yields Little photobleaching 3 nm Nanoparticles 6 nm Nanoparticles CuanLum uoLs: Why? Red Dots targeted to HER2 Drezek, Rice U. Creauve Commons 3.0 Achermann, LAnL 8lologlcal labellng, beuer llghLbulbs, emclenL LLus Creauve Commons 3.0/nanosys 74 Quantum Dots Metals Ceramics Carbons Organic Optical Magnetic Mechanical Electrical Catalytic Sorptive The Stand-Out Features of Nanomaterial Types What was weird about semiconductors on the nanoscale? What use is their being small? 1oday: A Culded 1our Quantum Dots Metal Nanoparticles Ceramics Carbon Nanostructures NEXT Dendrimers Carbon, uendrlmers: Creauve Commons 3.0, MeLal nanoparucles: em-lab.berkeley.edu, CuanLum uoLs, Ceramlcs: Colvln Lab MeLal nanosLrucLures What? Nanosized metals When? Oldest nanomaterial ! How? Liquid, gas phase bottoms-up Formats? In solution, deposited films, embedded in devices Metal Nanoparticles Examples of material composition:
Noble metals: Au, Ag, Pd, Pt ". Others: Co, Ni, ". MeLal nanoparucles: Why? 1. Aluminum explosives 2. Molecular electronics, sensing, electrodes 3. Catalysts for selective oxidation Optical properties vary with size Melting point decreases with size (gold) Creauve Commons 3.0 Creauve Commons 3.0 78 Quantum Dots Metals Ceramics Carbons Organic Optical Magnetic Mechanical Electrical Catalytic Sorptive The Stand-Out Features of Nanomaterial Types 79 our three take-home messages Week 1, LecLure 8, nanoLechnology MaLerlals donL [usL geL smaller, Lhey CAn geL dlerenL 1hls ls very maLerlal-dependenL! l8ul1 = SlLlCCn = CA88Cn Many dlerenL maLerlals: a vL8? broad eld 80 Conunulng Lhe Lour Lhrough Lhe zoo. nano-ceramlcs nano-carbon nano-polymers
1he Nanotechno|ogy 2CC art 2 Lecture 9, Week 1 Nanotechno|ogy 1oday: A Culded 1our Quantum Dots Metal Nanoparticles Ceramics Carbon Nanostructures NEXT Dendrimers Carbon, uendrlmers: Creauve Commons 3.0, MeLal nanoparucles: em-lab.berkeley.edu, CuanLum uoLs, Ceramlcs: Colvln Lab Ceramlcs (e.g. oxldes) What? Nanosized oxides When? Mid-1980s, classic systems How? Liquid and gas phase Formats? Deposited films, elements in nanocomposites Ceramic s Examples of material compositions:
TOO MANY TO LIST!!
Iron oxides, Maganese oxides, Titanium dioxide ". nanoceramlcs: Why? 1. Catalysis photocatalysis of titania 2. Magnetic materials 3. Super strong and plastic coatings nanoTiO 2 : Self-cleaning glass nanoZrO 2 : Protecting turbines 1lLanla: 1he MaLerlal 8uule 1lC 2 : a mlneral Anatase:Photoactive Rutile: Inert 5& +/'.1$!%. +, I"'.&"-0 .&! FJ=<$& 1l-CP aL Lhe surface of anaLase: reacuve! Mechanlsm for Cleanlng Does the high surface area of nanotitania help or hurt this application? Why does the surface eject an electron upon absorption of light? nano 1lC 2 Coaung Dirt
o o o o Light e- Quantum Dots Metals Ceramics Carbons Organic Cpucal Magneuc Mechanlcal LlecLrlcal CaLalyuc Sorpuve 1he SLand-CuL leaLures of nanomaLerlal 1ypes 1oday: A Culded 1our Quantum Dots Metal Nanoparticles Ceramics Carbon Nanostructures NEXT Dendrimers Carbon, uendrlmers: Creauve Commons 3.0, MeLal nanoparucles: em-lab.berkeley.edu, CuanLum uoLs, Ceramlcs: Colvln Lab Carbon nanosLrucLures What? Nanosized carbons When? Mid-1980s, classic systems How? Gas phase Formats? In solution, deposited films, embedded in devices Carbon Nanostructures MWNT Creauve Commons 3.0 SWNT Creauve Commons 3.0 Carbon nanosLrucLures: Appllcauons Carbon nanotubes as one-dimensional wires A buckyball encapsulating a metal atom contrast agents for MRI or x-ray imaging Source: Wikimedia Commons CuanLum uoLs MeLals Ceramlcs Carbons Crganlc Cpucal Magneuc Mechanlcal LlecLrlcal CaLalyuc Sorpuve 1he SLand-CuL leaLures of nanomaLerlal 1ypes 1oday: A Culded 1our Quantum Dots Metal Nanoparticles Ceramics Carbon Nanostructures NEXT Dendrimers Carbon, uendrlmers: Creauve Commons 3.0, MeLal nanoparucles: em-lab.berkeley.edu, CuanLum uoLs, Ceramlcs: Colvln Lab Crganlc nanosLrucLures What? Nanosized polymers When? Mid-1980s, classic systems How? Polymer synthesis Formats? Solution, deposited films Appllcauons: drug dellvery, gene dellvery, encapsulauon of oLher nanoparucles Dendrimers A christmas tree for decorating with drugs, targeting agents Quantum Dots Metals Ceramics Carbons Organic Optical Magnetic Mechanical Electrical Catalytic Sorptive Slzes and crlucal slzes (ln nm) Lower end slze Plgher end slze Crlucal slze for nanomaLerlal Lo be dlerenL Lhan bulk CuanLum doLs MeLals Ceramlcs Carbons Crganlcs Generally true for isolated nanoparticles produced in bottoms-up methods 1 nm 1 nm 2 nm .7 nm 1 nm 15 nm 100 nm 50 nm 2 nm 100 nm ~ 15 nm for CdSe, emission 100 nm for Au, scattering ~ 40 nm for magnetic (H c ) - all different, structure - Size dependence only S/V 95 Slze mauers: properues change on Lhe nanoscale 1hls ls very maLerlals dependenL! l8ul1 = SlLlCCn = CA88Cn nano-ceramlcs (meLal oxldes), nano-carbon, nano-polymers our three take-home messages Week 1, LecLure 9, nanoLechnology