43

Unit 21 Gerunds and Infinitives: Verb + Gerund or Infinitive Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund. These verbs in turn can be subdivided into two groups, verbs with little difference in meaning, and verbs with a distinct change in meaning. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive: Little difference in meaning. Here are some common verbs that can be followed by gerunds or infinitives with little change in meaning. A change of meaning may still exist however, as there are almost limitless combinations of verbs and gerunds/infinitives. begin - She began to sing. - He began wor ing here last year. bother - !on"t bother to wash the dishes. #"ll do it. - !on"t bother washing the dishes. #"ll do it. continue - $ou can continue to live here for % months. - $ou can continue living here for % months. start - # started to learn the clarinet when # was &. # started learning the clarinet when # was &. love / like / hate /prefer These four verbs use the gerund for situations or actions in progress. The infinitive is used for factual information. hate - # hate working at my new 'ob (#"m wor ng there now.) - # hate to work on Sundays. (specific time and situation) like - # li e playing the piano. (# li e the process andfeeling of playing the piano.) - # li e to play the piano. (#t"s a fact # li e to play the piano.) love - # love living in the country. (#"m probably living there now.) - # love to live in the country. (*enerally spea ing # li e the country, maybe #"m not living there now.) prefer - # prefer to study by myself. (Sounds factual) - # prefer studying by myself. (Sounds more personal, perhaps #"m studying now.) These verbs are also often used with would and the infinitive, and refer to specific situations. +or example, - # would love to go to -hina. - .e would prefer to meet at /.00. llow / permit Allow and permit have one pattern for gerunds and another for infinitives. allow 1 gerund - 2y teacher doesn"t allow eating in class. allow 1 ob'ect 1 infinitive - 2y teacher doesn"t allow us to eat in class. permit 1 gerund - 2y teacher doesn"t permit eating in class. permit 1 ob'ect 1 infinitive - 2y teacher doesn"t permit us to eat in class. -omplete the sentences using a gerund or an infinitive. !"ample: The 3ules -ommittee allowed each candidate 44444 for five minutes. a) tal ing ---------b) to tal - The answer is, b) to tal

5. 6ur teacher doesn"t allow 44444 in Study Hall. a) tal ing b) to tal

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7. This license permits 44444 under certain conditions. a) driving b) to drive

8. .ould you be willing to allow me 44444 my own opinion9 a) having b) to have

:. Should we permit foreigners 44444 campaign contributions9 a) ma ing b) to ma e

;. +or the protection of our campers, we cannot permit 44444. a) wandering b) to wander

%. 6ur wor schedules do not permit us 44444 our children long distances. a) driving b) to drive

/. $ou"ll be surprised how preparing ahead will allow 44444 some extra fun too. a) having b) to have

&. How can you permit your children 44444 around <ew $or at the dead of night9 a) wandering b) to wander

=. This nife has a particularly fine blade that allows 44444 precise cuts and incisions. a) ma ing b) to ma e

50. *roup wor allows students 44444 about their understandings and discoveries with peers. a) tal ing #nit $$ %onditionals >nglish conditional statements are grouped into four main types - ?ero, first, second, and third conditional. &ero %onditional @ero conditional is used for statements and facts which are perceived to be true. @ero conditional has the form if + present simple + present simple. +or example, - #f you run fast you get tired. All conditionals have two clauses, the if clause - A#f you have time, ...A and the main clause - A...come and visit usA. >ither of these two clauses can come first, - A#f it rains ta e an umbrellaA - or also, - ATa e an umbrella if it rains.A The ?ero conditional is often used with imperatives. +or example, - #f you feel sic , see a doctor. - #f you can"t ta e the heat, stay out of the kitchen. The zero conditional (using If you can't...) is often found in old sayings and proverbs. Complete the sayings and proverbs below using the clauses in the box. be than ful for what you have escaped. you can't rule. then you'll !ust have to serve as a horrible warning. get out of the itchen. b) to tal

you can't be helped. don't say anything at all.

better not show your teeth. ad!ust your sail.

!oin them. somebody else will.

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'. #f you can"t serve $. #f you can"t beat them, (. #f you can"t bite, ). #f you can"t ta e advice, *. #f you can"t control the wind, +. #f you can"t stand the heat, ,. #f you can"t laugh at yourself, -. #f you can"t say anything nice, .. #f you can"t be a good example, '/. #f you can"t be content with what you have received, #nit $( 0irst %onditional +irst conditional is used for statements and facts which will be true, if a certain condition is met. +irst conditional has the form if + present simple + will + base verb. +or example, - #f it"s sunny, we"ll go to the beach. - #f # have time, #"ll meet you at wor . - #f we don"t go now, we"ll be late. As with all conditionals the first conditonal has two clauses, the if clause - A#f you help us, ...A and the main clause - A...we"ll help you.A. >ither of these two clauses can come first, - A#f he gets a new 'ob we"ll move to Bondon.A - or also, - A.e"ll move to Bondon if he gets a new 'ob.A #n the first conditional will is a modal verb expressing certainty. 6ther modal verbs can also be used to show various degrees of certainty. +or example, - #f you li e Asian food, you"ll love this restaurant. (There is a 500C chance you"ll love the restaurant.) - #f you li e Asian food, you should li e this restaurant. (&0C) - #f you li e Asian food, you might li e this restaurant. (;0C) - #f you li e Asian food, you probably won"t li e this restaurant. (70C) - #f you li e Asian food, you won"t li e this restaurant. (0C) Dsing the rules for first conditionals, complete the sentences below. !"ample: #f the teacher 44444 come, who 444449 a) doesn"t... will teach b) does... won"t teach - The answer is, a) doesn"t... will teach ---------5. # 44444 say anything if you 44444. a) don"t... won"t b) won"t... don"t

46
7. .hat 44444 if you 44444 get a 'ob9 a) do you do... won"t b) will you do... don"t

8. #f a soufflE 44444 punctured or sha en it 44444. a) is... will collapse b) will be... collapses

:. #f teachers 44444 earn respect, students 44444 give it. a) don"t... won"t b) won"t... don"t

;. $ou 44444 as ed to leave if you 44444 follow the rules. a) are... won"t b) will be... don"t

%. #f you 44444 eep up with the payments, you 44444 your home. a) don"t... will lose b) won"t... lose

/. Badybugs 44444 fly if the temperature 44444 below 58 degrees -elsius. a) don"t... will be b) won"t... is

&. .hat 44444 you get if you 44444 a huge, hairy monster with a penguin9 a) do... will cross b) will... cross

=. .e 44444 your deposit if you 44444 your reservation more than / days in advance. a) return... will cancel b) will return... cancel

50. #f the company 44444 ban rupt, how 44444 able to pay our bills and feed our families9 a) goes... will we be #nit $) Indefinite 1ronouns Indefinite pronouns replace specific things with general, non-specific concepts. +or example, - # want to live abroad in #taly. - # want to live abroad somewhere. This unit covers indefinite pronouns made with some, any, no, and every. 2ome / any Some and any can be combined with A-thingA to refer to an undefined ob'ect. +or example, - There"s someone outside the door. - There isn"t anyone in the office. Some and any can be combined with A-whereA to refer to an undefined location. +or example, - #"m loo ing for somewhere to live. - .e don"t want to live anywhere near here. Some and any can be combined with A-bodyA or A-oneA to refer to an undefined person. There is very little difference in meaning between A-bodyA and A-oneA. +or example, - #f you have a problem, someone/somebody will help you. - !o you now anyone/anybody who can help9 These compound nouns follow the same rules as some and any, that is some is used in affirmative statements, and any is used in negative statements and Fuestions. +or example, - # need something from the supermar et. - # don"t need anything from the supermar et. - !o you need anything from the supermar et9 3o No can be combined with various nouns to mean an absence of something. +or example, - A!id you find your wallet9 <o, there"s nothing here.A - A!id anything happen9A A<o, nothing happened.A b) will go... are we

47
- This 'ob is going nowhere. (#t"s not getting better.) - 3owhere is as good as here. (# li e here the best.) - #s anybody here9 <o, there"s nobody here. - # waited for an hour but nobody came. Sometimes words with no- can have more emphasis than words with any. +or example, - # didn"t tell anyone what happened. - # told nobody what happened. !very Every can be used to mean a group or total of individual things. +or example, - !verything in this house is simple and useful. - Gane was sic last night, but everything is 6H now. - !veryone was at 2ichael"s birthday party last night. - Iaseball caps come from America, but people wear them everywhere. -omplete the sentences below with the correct indefinite pronoun. !"ample: # have 44444 to go. a) nowhere ---------b) nobody - The answer is, a) nowhere

5. 44444 you can do, # can do better. a) Anybody b) Anything

7. # have 44444 important to tell you. a) somebody b) something

8. -an 44444 reliably predict an earthFua e9 a) anyone b) anywhere

:. .e"re bored because there"s 44444 to do. a) anything b) nothing

;. # thought # had heard voices, but 44444 was there. a) nobody b) somebody

%. Here"s fifty dollars. $ou can buy 44444 you want. a) anyone b) anything

/. .e don"t want 44444 telling us what we should do. a) anybody b) nobody

&. 44444 tastes as good as -ola 3ola. #t"s the best drin in the houseJ a) Anything b) <othing

=. <o one is really sure how the universe and 44444 in it was created. a) everything b) nothing

50. Are you ta ing her 44444 special tonight, li e an expensive restaurant9 a) anywhere b) everywhere

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#nit $* 4ust and 5ave to 6 3ecessity 2ust and have to are modal verbs often used to convey necessity. - # have to go home now. - # must arrive by 57.00. Have to is used for general necessity. +or example, - # have to finish this before 57.00. (# have a general obligation to finish this by 57.00) Must is used for necessity which we feel personally. - # must finish this before 57.00. (# have a sense of strong personal responsibility to finish this.) Must does not have a past form, we have to use have to for the past. - # had to get up early this morning. - # must got up early this morning. This is incorrect. <ote that have to inflects li e a normal verb, it can have different tenses and uses auxiliary verbs for Fuestions and negatives. +or example, - 7o we have to go out tonight9 - $ou don8t have to come with us. Must doesn"t use auxiliary verbs or different tenses. - 4ust we go out tonight9 (This sounds rather Iritish, # really don"t want to go out tonight.) - .e mustn8t forget the tic ets. (<o auxiliary verb Ato doA, 'ust add not.) 3egative 0orms Don't have to means that something is not necessary, but possible. - $ou don8t have to come, but you can if you want to. - .e don8t have to leave today. 4ust not is strong and means that something is prohibited. - $ou must not push the red button. - .e mustn"t be late. 4ust and have to 6 %ertainty 2ust and have to can also express certainty. - This must be the right way. - This has to be the right way. -omplete the sentences below using must or a form of have to. !"ample: $ou 44444 light a na ed flame near the gas pumps. a) don"t have to ---------b) must not - The answer is, b) must not

5. Kictoria 44444 wa e up at :,00 in the morning yesterday. a) had to b) must

7. # strongly believe that they should 44444 as permission. a) have to b) must

8. -an 44444 reliably predict an earthFua e9 a) anyone b) anywhere

:. .hen # was young, # 44444 do many things for myself. a) didn"t have to b) must not

;. .hile operating a motor vehicle, you 44444 drin and drive. a) don"t have to b) must not

49
%. .hy 44444 a new year come for us to ma e changes in our lives9 a) has to b) must

/. $ou 44444 wear a tie, but you can wear one if you want to. a) don"t have to b) must not

&. The weather became so severe that all of the wor ers 44444 be sent home. a) had to b) must

=. Iill 44444 see everything at once because he can always visit again. a) doesn"t have to b) must not

50. 44444 all of the current assumptions about the universe one day be revised9 a) Have to #nit $+ 2hould / 9ught to Should is a modal verb used to give advice and recommendation. - $ou should see a doctor. - $ou should eep your promises. - Should we buy her a present9 Should can also be used for obligation. +or example, - # should call my 2um tomorrow. - He should apologi?e to 2ary. Should is also used for when something is expected. - Tony should arrive here at 57.00. - #t"s 57.80, and Tony should be here. - This boo is wrong, tha answer should be AAA. <ote that have to inflects li e a normal verb, it can have different tenses and uses auxiliary verbs for Fuestions and negatives. +or example, - 7o we have to go out tonight9 - $ou don8t have to come with us. Must doesn"t use auxiliary verbs or different tenses. - 4ust we go out tonight9 (This sounds rather Iritish, # really don"t want to go out tonight.) - .e mustn8t forget the tic ets. (<o auxiliary verb Ato doA, 'ust add not.) 9ught to u!ht to can be used instead of should. #t is less common than should and sounds rather Iritish. - $ou ought to say than you for the present. ($ou should say than you for the present) <egatives and Fuestions are less common and even more Iritish. - .e ought not to be late for the meeting. Luestions are often made with A!o you thin ..A - !o you thin # ought to get up earlier9 Luestions with 'ust ou!ht to are rare. - 6ught # to get up earlier9 The ?ero conditional (using #f you can"t...) is often found in old sayings and proverbs. -omplete the sayings and proverbs below using the clauses in the box. !"ample: should apologi?e Gill to 2ar for being late. nswer:
Jill should apo

b) 2ust

to 2ar for being late.

'. 6ught 2ary to clean up the mess she made. clean up the mess she made.

50
$. opposite the Shouldn"t of ?ero be everything9 of ?ero be everything9 (. loo should >veryone at the stars from time to time. at the stars from time to time. ). should .e have a plan when the going gets difficult. when the going gets difficult. *. turn we whom To should for inspiration and wisdom9 for inspiration and wisdom9 +. study if ought !an to more he wants to pass the exam. he wants to pass the exam. ,. to ought $ou worry not about things you can"t change. things you can"t change. -. schools that Some thin should things offer parenting classes. offer parenting classes. .. ought Kegetables to canned be while they"re still fresh. while they"re still fresh. '/. do you !on"t say something to ought unless you can actually do it. unless you can actually do it. #nit $, 1repositions and %on:unctions of ;ime 6 for / during / while / when 0or "or shows how long something happened. #t is used to refer to a period of time. +or example, - .e"re ging to live in 2alta for + months. - She"s in <ew $or for a few days. - .e went to Saudi Arabia for a week. See also the related unit on the Mresent Merfect and since. <hile / 7uring Ioth durin! and while refer to a period of time in which something happens. +or example, - 2y phone rang while # was in a meeting. - 2y phone rang during the meeting. Durin! is used with a noun or noun phrase. +or example, - .e were busy during the weekend. - 7uring the night the cat wo e me up. - The Athenians suffered heavy losses during the battle of 2alamis. #hile is used with a sub'ect and verb. +or example, - .e went shopping while you were sleeping. - $ou shouldn"t eat while you are in the library. - <hile I was working # got an email from Tamara. <hen / <hile #hen and while can both be used when two things happen at the same time. .hen two continuous actions happen at the same time, we usually use while. +or example, - A<hile you were studying # went out shopping.A Studyin! and shoppin! are actions.

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.hen two short events happen at the same time, we use when. +or example, - =<hen # saw you # didn"t recogni?e you.A I saw you and I didn't reco!ni$e you are individual events. - # heard you when you opened the door. #n this situation while is incorrect. +or example, =<hile # saw you # didn"t recogni?e you.A .hen one continuous bac ground situation occurs and one shorter event occurs at the same time, when and while can both be used. +or example, - A<hen # was in 3ome # met my wife.A - A<hile # was in 3ome # met my wife.A - A# cut myself while # was coo ing dinner.A - A# cut myself when # was coo ing dinner.A The position of while and when clauses is interchangeable with usually little difference in meaning. - !on"t forget to loc the door when you go out. - <hen you go out don"t forget to loc the door. - .e"re still growing while other businesses are losing clients. - <hile other businesses are losing clients, we"re still growing. -omplete the sentences using during, for, while, and when. !"ample: 44444 the night, the wind blew the front door open. a) !uring b) .hile The answer is, a) - !uring ---------5. The phone rang several times 44444 dinner. a) during b) when 7. #t began to snow 44444 # was wal ing home a) for b) while 8. .e visited many relatives 44444 our vacation. a) during b) when ". #usan has been studying $nglish %%%%% five years. a) for b) when #nit $1repositions and %on:unctions of ;ime $ 6 by / from / until >y %y shows a time limit for something to happen - an event must occur before a certain time is reached. +or example, - $ou need to finish this report by 4onday. - #"ll be bac by si" o8clock. - 6ur business will be ma ing a profit by ne"t 4arch. ;. The children have been playing video games 44444 hours. a) for b) during %. 44444 the hi e up the mountain, we saw a lot of deer. a) !uring b) .hile /. # was shoc ed 44444 # saw my picture in the newspaper. a) during b) when &. 44444 # got to wor , # noticed my computer was unplugged. a) +or b) .hen =. A car pulled out in front of me 44444 # was riding my bicycle. a) during b) while 50. 44444 the last guests finally left the party, it was early morning. a) +or b) .hen

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There are three common phrases used with by, >y the time # want to be a successful businessman by the time #"m 80. >y the time we arrive at the station, the train will be gone. >y then They have four months to prepare for the soccer game, so by then they should be a strong team. The deadline for giving your essay is next 2onday at :.00. #f # don"t receive your essay by then, it won"t be mar ed. >y that time .e finished wor at =.00, but by that time it was too late to go out. # hope to go abroad next year, and by that time #"ll have enough money. #ntil Dntil means an action or situation continues up to a certain time. +or example, - .e were wor ing last night until $.(/. - $ou can stay at home until you feel better. - -an you wait until I8m ready9 -ompare until and &y, - A#"ll wor here until September.A This means # eep wor ing here to September, then # stop. - A#"ll wor here by September.A This means that #"m not wor ing here now, but sometime between now and September # will start. ;ill 'ill is another form of until, the meaning is generally the same although until is usually used at the beginning of a sentence. 0rom ... to/until "rom ((( to)until is used to mar the beginning and end of a period of time. +or example, - .estern people often wor from 2onday to +riday, but 6riental people often wor from 2onday to Saturday. - #"m staying in Saudi Arabia from the beginning of 2arch until the end of August. "rom ... to is slightly more informal than from ... until. -omplete the sentences using by, from, and till/until. !"ample: #"ll stay 44444 # feel it"s time to go. a) after b) until The answer is, b) - until ---------5. The restaurant will stay open 44444 7,00 am. a) by b) until 7. 44444 7,0; am, everyone will have left and the place will be empty. a) Iy b) Dntil 8. 2y wife and # hope we will have found a house 44444 the end of Guly. a) by b) from ". In the three&month period %%%%% 'ay to (uly) house prices rose by **+. a) from b) until ,. I told 'ary I'd meet her at -.*,) so I/ll study in the library %%%%% -.00 pm. a) by b) till -. %%%%% Christmas time) 'ary and I will have been together for seven months. a) 1y b) 2rom 3. The Cold 4ar lasted %%%%% the end of 4orld 4ar II until the fall of #oviet 5nion. a) from b) till 6. %%%%% the time the 5.#.#.7. bro e up) its economy was in a severe state of collapse. a) 1y b) 5ntil

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#nit $. 1repositions and %on:unctions of ;ime ( 6 before / after / as / as soon as >efore %efore is used for something that occurs before a certain time. +or example, - .e should finish this exercise before ).//. - # need to buy a present before Games comes. - >efore starting any business, it"s a good idea to write a business plan. <ote that when a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb ends in ing. So for example, - .here did you live before coming to America9 -orrect - .here did you live before to come to America9 #ncorrect fter After is used for something that occurs after a certain time. +or example, - #"ll see you after wor . - -amilla won"t be home until after midnight. - !avid got promoted after 'ust two years with the company. s 6 ;ime As is used when two shorter actions happen together. +or example, - # dropped my eys as # left my apartment. As is also used when two longer actions happen together. +or example, - His health improved as he exercised more. - s time went by his >nglish got better. As is also used when an action happens during a bac ground situation. - # wo e up as the sun was rising. - She arrived as you were leaving. s 6 ?eason As is often used to show one thing is the cause of another, li e the word AbecauseA. +or example, - #"m going to bed early as # have to get up early tomorrow. - s we"re not busy, let"s meet this afternoon for lunch. s soon as As soon as is used when something happens immediately after something else. +or example, - #"ll give you a call as soon as #"m finished. - s soon as they go out let"s eat lunch. - .e"ll send payment as soon as you fax the signed contract.
Complete the sentences using before, after, as, and as soon as. $. _____ the girl fell asleep, she had a strange dream. 1. You will not be hungry _____ you eat. a) after b) before 2. _____ the sun set, the shadows lengthened. a) After b) As . !"ery night _____ # go to bed, # brush my teeth. a) after b) before &. _____ # was building a fire, smo'e 'ept getting in my eyes. a) As b) %efore (. # want to graduate from high school _____ possible. a) after b) as soon as a) After b) %efore

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Unit 30 1resent 1erfect ' The Mresent Merfect is used to connect the past and the present. #t"s core purpose is to show the present relevancy of a past action or situation. +or example, - Gohn has gone home. Gohn went home in the past, but our real interest is where he is now. This sentence gives past information to inform a present situation. 0orm The Mresent Merfect is made with have/has (the auxiliary verb Ato haveA) and the past participle. +or example, - # have worked in Bondon. - She has worked in a ban . 3egular past participles are made by adding -ed to the verb, for example wor* - wor*ed, play played. There are however many irregular past participles which you can see at the #rregular Kerb Mage. Here are the Mresent Merfect forms of the verb to wor*. 2ingular ffirmative # have wor ed $ou have wor ed He has wor ed She has wor ed #t has wor ed # haven"t wor ed (haven"t N have not) $ou haven"t wor ed He hasn"t wor ed She hasn"t wor ed #t hasn"t wor ed Have # wor ed9 Have you wor ed9 Has he wor ed9 Has she wor ed9 Has it wor ed9 1lural .e have wor ed $ou have wor ed They have wor ed

3egative

.e haven"t wor ed $ou haven"t wor ed They haven"t wor ed

Interrogative

Have # wor ed9 Have you wor ed9 Have they wor ed9

#sage Here are some of the many usages of the Mresent Merfect. Iear in mind that for all these individual cases the main purpose of connecting past and present is essentially the same. . 1ast informing 1resent '. The Mresent Merfect is used to give past information that is relevant to the present. +or example, - Have you been shopping9 $es, # went this morning. The Fuestion AHave you been shopping9A as s about a past fact - did you go shopping or not. However this Fuestion is as ed because of a present need - #f you have been shopping, we don"t need to go now - #f you haven"t been shopping we need to go now. This Fuestion is about a present need, not a past fact. $. The Mresent Merfect is used to relate past experience. +or example, - Have you been to #taly9 - <o, # haven"t been there. Again the Fuestion AHave you been to #taly9A as s about a past fact, but the past time or circumstances are not so important. #nstead we want this information for a present need perhaps we are having a conversation about travel abroad, or maybe #"m interested in #taly. .e can"t tell from 'ust one sentence, but the focus here is on a present need, not a past fact. (. The Mresent Merfect is used for achievements. +or example, - Games has won first pri?e for math. Games won the pri?e in the past, but the focus is on his present achievement. >. 1ast ;ime 6 1resent ;ime

55
'. The Mresent Merfect is used to show change from the past to the present. - Gohn"s >nglish wasn"t very good, but he"s got much better. Ietween a past time and the present, Gohn"s >nglish has improved. The focus is less on how poor Gohn was in the past, but rather how much better he is now. $. The Mresent Merfect is used for a situation or action that started in the past and continues to the present. #t"s common to use for and since in these situations.+or example, - Gohn"s lived in Ioston for ; years. Gohn came to Ioston ; years ago, and he still lives there. - He"s been a lawyer for 57 years. (. The Mresent Merfect is used for repeated actions that started in the past and continue to the present. +or example, - .e"ve been to >ngland : times. .e went to >ngland several times the past, and it"s possible we could go there again in the future. ). The Mresent Merfect is used for a period of time that started in the past but still continues in the present. - #"ve studied at the library every day this wee . This wee started in the past, but it"s still going on, it isn"t finished yet. Indefinite and 7efinite ;ime 6ne convenient rule about the Mresent Merfect is it cannot be used with definite time. +or example, - #"ve been on vacation. 6H - # went on vacation last month. 6H - #"ve been on vacation last month. #ncorrect. .e cannot use definite time with the Mresent Merfect. Iy definition the Mresent Merfect uses past information to focus on the present time, so introducing a past time as well is non-sensical. As a general rule, #f the exact past time is important use the Mresent Simple - #f the exact past time is not important use the Mresent Merfect. +or example, - # went to Maris last year. - +ocus is on the past time. - #"ve been to Maris. - +ocus is how our past experience affects the present. The Mresent Merfect can be used with time adverbs. +or example, - # haven"t had a vacation recently. <ote the Mresent Merfect can be used with time periods that haven"t finished yet. +or example, # haven"t had a vacation this year. 6H - This year isn"t finished yet, so the Mresent Merfect is used for a time that continues from past to present. # haven"t had a vacation last year. #ncorrect Complete the sentences using have) has) havent) and hasnt.
1. All of the patients in the study _____ signed wai"ers. a) ha"e b) has c) ha"en)t d) hasn)t 2. # _____ learned that a girl in one of my classes has an identical twin. a) ha"e b) has c) ha"en)t d) hasn)t . *he demand for apartments _____ been high and few "acancies e+ist. a) ha"e b) has c) ha"en)t d) hasn)t

". The attractions of the campus %%%%% changed at all since I was a student. a) have b) has c) haven't d) hasn't ,. 8lthough some of my youthful idealism %%%%% faded) I am still an optimist at heart. a) have b) has c) haven't d) hasn't -. 4e %%%%% wor ed late every day this wee ) so today they're letting us leave at 9.00. a) have b) has c) haven't d) hasn't .

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#nit (' 1resent 1erfect $ 6 !ver / 3ever / 5ave you ever...@ 5ave you ever...@ Have you ever...9 is a common structure used to as about past experience. +or example, - Have you ever met a famous person9 This roughly means, !o you have a past experience of meeting a famous person / !id you meet a famous person at any time in the past9 - Have you ever flown in a plane9 - Have you ever won a competition9 - Haven"t you ever done this before9 !ver Ever means Aat any timeA, the specific time is un nown or unnecessary. Ever is used in Fuestions, see AHave you ever..9A above. Ever is also used with nothin!, no&ody and so on for things that haven"t happened before. +or example, - <obody has ever travelled through time. - That window"s been bro en for months, but nothing has ever been done about it. Ever is also used with Athe first timeA for first experiences. +or example, - This is the first time #"ve been abroad. - #s this your first time on a plane9 - This is the first time #"ve ever eaten dog soup. Ever can be used in afirmative sentences though it is more unusual and often old-fashioned. +or more info you can chec out, http,//dictionary.reference.com/search9FNever 3ever <ever is originally a contraction of Anot everA. Dsed with the Mresent Merfect it means the sub'ect hasn"t had a certain experience before. +or example, - Have you ever been abroad9 <o, #"ve never been abroad. #"ve never had that experience before. - Have you ever been on a plane before9 <o, #"ve never been on a plane. <egative Fuestions are also possible. +or example, - Have you never eaten this before9 This shows surprise that you"ve never had a certain experience before. - Have you never played soccer9 Complete the sentences using ever and never. *. I have %%%%% been to 2rance. a) ever b) never :. I thin I have %%%%% really nown you. a) ever b) never 9. That/s the smallest car I have %%%%% ridden in. a) ever b) never ". %%%%% have I suggested that a test should replace a teacher. a) ever b) never -. %%%%% have I met a person with such constantly terrible bad luc . a) ever b) never 3. If you %%%%% have ;uestions) please don't hesitate to contact me personally. a) ever b) never 6. If you have %%%%% felt or nown real love) you now it is well worth the wait. a) ever b) never ,. #he is probably the most fascinating woman I have %%%%% met. a) ever b) never

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Unit 32 1resent 1erfect ( 6 0or / 2ince Since and for are both used for situations and actions that start in the past and continue to the present. +or example, - #"ve been at home for : hours. - #"ve been at home since 57.00. 2ince Since is used wiuth a point of time. +or example, - #"ve lived here since 2arch. - #"ve been here since =.00 this morning. Since is only used with perfect forms such as the Mresent Merfect, Mast Merfect and so on - it cannot be used with other forms. +or example, - #"ve studied english since last year - -orrect - # studied / # am studying / # will study >nglish since last year - #ncorrect Since is also used with time clauses. +or example, - #"ve studied >nglish since I was at universiity. - .e haven"t seen my family since we got married. <ote that the main clause uses the Mresent Merfect, wheras the other clause uses the Mast Simple. 0or "or is used with a period of time. +or example, - #"ve lived here for = months. - She"s been here for ; hours. Dnli e since, for can be used with tenses other than perfect tenses. +or example, - # lived here for = months - This period of time started and ended in the past, it is now finished. - # will live here for a year - This period of time will start and end in the future, it hasn"t started yet. - # have lived here for a long time - This period of time started in the past and continues to the present. #t isn"t finished yet. Complete the sentences ,. Tony #wanson has been with the company %%%%% twenty&five years. *. 4hat have you been doing %%%%% we last spo e< a) for b) since :. 4hat has changed in your life %%%%% you moved here< a) for b) since 9. I have been wor ing full&time %%%%% several wee s now. a) for b) since ". =onald hasn't wanted to tal to me %%%%% our argument. a) for b) since a) for b) since -. The little girl was hungry because she hadn/t eaten anything %%%%% a while. a) for b) since 3. >uerto 7icans have been migrating to the 5nited #tates %%%%% over a century. a) for b) since 6. ?uman beings have sought to now the unimaginable %%%%% the beginning of time. a) for b) since @. It is believed that everything in the universe has existed %%%%% the 1ig 1ang *, billion years ago. a) for b) since

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#nit (( dverbs of ;ime 6 ago / already / anymore / :ust / yet / still These adverbs give additional information about when something happens. go A!o simply means in the past. +or example, - # graduated university 8 years ago. - .e moved to -anada 'ust 7 months ago. lready Already is used when something happens before it is expected. +or example, - He"s only 58, but he already spea s three languages. - -an you finish this by tomorrow9 Sure, it"s already finished. - $ou don"t need to feed the dog, #"ve already done it. nymore Anymore is used when something has has changed from what we expect. +or example, - # want to email her, but her address isn"t wor ing anymore. (#t wor ed before, but not now) - 2y friend used to live here, but she doesn"t live here anymore. - # don"t want to wor here anymore. (# wanted to wor here, but no # don"t li e wor ing here.) Aust +ust is used for something that happened very recently. +or example, - # 'ust found out my test score, # got an AJ - .hat was that noise9 - Sorry, # 'ust bro e a glass. $ou can also use '+ust a&out for something that will happen very soon. - Are you finished9 - $es, #"m 'ust about to go home. - #"m hungry. - #f you wait ; minutes, #"m 'ust about to ma e some lunch. 2till Still is used when something happens for longer than expected. +or example, - !id you get a new 'ob9 <o, #"m still wor ing at my old one. - She"s %; years old, but she still exercises 8 times a wee . Still is also used to confirm that an activity or situation is continuing and that nothing has changed. +or example, - Are you still studying >nglish9 $ep, # still study a little every day. - !o you still want to go abroad9 6f course, #"d love toJ Bet ,et is used when something hasn"t happened that is expected. #t is used negative sentences and Fuestions. +or example, - Are you finished9 <o, #"m not finished yet. - Has the mail come yet9 <o, it"s not here yet. Still can be used with a similar meaning. +or example, - 2y parents haven"t arrived yet. - 2y parents still haven"t arrived. Still in negative sentences and Fuestions often shows impatience or that something is unexpected. <ote that yet is usually at the end of the sentence, wheras still comes before the negative form. -omplete the sentences using adverbs of time.

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!"ample: #Om almost finished, but #Om not done 44444. a) yet b) still c) ago *. I %%%%% arrived ten minutes ago. a) !ust b) yet c) still :. I haven/t finished my essay %%%%%. a) !ust b) already c) yet 9. I moved to Chicago about five years%%%%%. a) anymore b) ago c) already ". I/ve only wor ed two hours) and I/m %%%%% tired. a) yet b) already c) anymore ,. I'm %%%%% at the college. I/ve been there three years. a) ago b) anymore c) still 3. I bought a house) so I don/t live in an apartment %%%%%. a) anymore b) yet c) !ust 6. This boo is so easy to read that I/m %%%%% in chapter *0. a) ago b) still c) already @. I hired someone today) so I/m not accepting applications %%%%%. a) anymore b) already c) yet *0. I %%%%% heard on the radio that a big snow storm is coming our way. a) ago b) !ust c) anymore -. I don't now my way around %%%%%) but I/m learning. a) yet b) !ust c) already

#nit () 6 Cuestion ;ags Luestion tags are small Fuestions AtaggedA on to the end of a sentence to ma e a Fuestion. +or example, Sentence,- She spea s >nglish. Luestion,- !oes she spea >nglish9 Luestion Tag,- She spea s >nglish, doesn8t she9 0orm Luestion tags are made from an auxiliary verb and the sub'ect. #f the sentence is affirmative, we usually use a negative tag, for eaxmple, - That8s a great song, isn8t it9 - She8s a lawyer, isn8t she9 #f the sentence is negative, the tag is positive. +or example, - $ou"re not busy, are you9 - This way isn8t right, is it9

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The auxiliary verb and sub'ect in the Fuestion tag match those in the main sentence. 6nly the positive and negative past changes. +or example, - 5e can play the trumpet, can"t he9 - Bou haven"t finished yet, have you9 Here the sub'ect is in blue, and the auxiliary verb in green. #t"s 'ust whether each part of the Fuestion is positive or negative that changes. 0unction Luestion tags have two main purposes, to confirm expected information and to Fuestion unexpected information. $ou can tell which function is being used by the voice - when the voice goes down it"s chec ing expected information - when the voice goes up it"s really as ing a Fuestion. +or example, - #ntonation going down - $ou haven"t finished yet, have you9 # expect you haven"t finished, #"m 'ust chec ing. - #ntonation going up - $ou haven"t finished yet, have you9 #"m really as ing if you"re finished or not. #f you are finished it"s earlier than # expected, so #"m surprised. - $ou"re really busy now, aren"t you9 - $es, #"ve got to finish this by 2onday. #"m confirming you"re busy now, possibly showing sympathy as well. - .hy are you watching TK9 $ou"re really busy now, aren"t you9 - <ot really, # did most of it last night. # thin you"re busy but #"m surprised, you should be wor ing not watching TK, so #"m as ing about an unexpected situation. <egative sentences with positive tags are often used for reFuests, for example, - $ou don"t have a pencil, do you9 - $ou couldn"t change a P; bill, could you9 #mperative Fuestions tags usually use will, for example, - 6pen the door for me, wil you9 - Hang on a minute, will you9 Dnless used with informal language, Fuestion tags with imperatives can often sound impatient. Luestion tags are an important part of natural speech and are particularly useful in small tal , as they help to confirm and affirm ey information in a sympathetic way.
Choose the correct tag to finish the sentence. 1. Teresa is an accountant,___? aren)t she, doesn)t she, isn)t she, -he isn)t,

2. I am a good worker,___? # am, do #, amn)t #, aren)t #,

3. Peirre is a grandfather,___? he isn)t, isn)t he, he is, doesn)t he,

4. ate is a doctor, ___? she is, is she, doesn)t she, isn)t she,

!. "ac#ues and $%icia are students, ___? aren)t they, are they, isn)t he, isn)t they,

&. 'ario is at work right now, ___? aren)t they, (. I)m here, ___? am # not, am not #, amn)t #, aren)t you, isn)t he, is he, isn)t she,

*. +ou and I are bus, right now, ___? aren)t #, aren)t we, we aren)t, aren)t you,

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am #, aren)t they, isn)t it, isn)t he,