MOVING TRUCK RESTAURANTS

Submitted to
Sir Shams ul Huda

Submitted by
Syed Jaleel Hussain Sherazi M.Com 4B

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISLAMABAD

Table of contents Acknowledgement .. Introduction . !iterature "e iew iii i i

AC#$%&!'()'M'$*
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Perseverance inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in success of any venture. I here+y e,-ress my dee- sense o. gratitude to all the -ersonalities in ol ed directly and indirectly in my -ro/ect work. I thank Allah .or +lessing and my -arent and teachers also .or their alua+le suggestion and su--ort in the -ro/ect. &ith immense -leasure0 I would like to e,-ress my thanks to Sir Shams ul Huda our 'ntre-reneurshi- teacher who taught me the su+/ect and has always +een a source o. guidance0 ins-iration and moti ation. Howe er0 I acce-t the sole res-onsi+ility .or any -ossi+le errors o. omission and would +e e,tremely grate.ul to the readers o. this -ro/ect i. they +ring such mistakes to my notice.

Syed Jaleel Hussain Sherazi M.com 4 B

Introduction
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A .ood truck0 mo+ile kitchen0 mo+ile canteen0 roach coach0 or catering truck is a mo+ile enue that trans-orts and sells .ood. Some0 including ice cream trucks0 sell mostly .rozen or -re-ackaged .ood1 others are more like restaurants2on2wheels. Some may cater to s-eci.ic meals0 such as the +reak.ast truck0 lunch truck or lunch wagon0 and snack truck0 ke+a+ trailer 34#50 +reak truck or taco truck. 6ood trucks cater e ents 3carni als0 construction sites0 s-orting e ents etc.5 where -otential customers gather0 and -laces o. regular work or study 7 college cam-uses0 o..ice com-le,es0 industrial -arks0 auto re-air sho-s0 mo ie sets0 military +ases0 etc. 7 where -otential customers re8uire regular meals or snacks. 6ood truck dining as a -o-ular -henomenon has caught on in se eral 4.S. and Canadian cities including *oronto0 Hamilton0 9ancou er0 &ashington0 (.C.0 $ew :ork0 Austin0 Houston0 !os Angeles0 San 6rancisco0 Seattle0 St. !ouis0 Calgary0 and *am-a. *he .ood truck trend has grown as they are now +eing utilized at s-ecial e ents such as weddings0 school dances0 +irthday -arties0 retirement -arties0 and -u+lic gatherings such as art .esti als and mo ie nights. 6ood trucks are now e en ;agat rated. Another thing to de elo- is the .ood truck .esti al -henomenon. *hese .esti als are gatherings in which -eo-le can .ind their .a orite trucks all in one -lace and as well -ro ide a means .or a ariety o. di erse cultures to come together and .ind a common ground o er a lo e .or .ood. 6ood trucks are nota+ly -o-ular in &ashington0 (.C.0 !os Angeles0 $ew :ork0 Houston0 Miami0 San 6rancisco and Chicago. (ue to an a--arent com+ination o. economic and technological .actors com+ined with <street .ood< +eing <hi-< or <chic0< there has +een an increase in the num+er o. .ood trucks in the 4nited States. A modern2day .ood truck isn=t /ust an ordinary taco truck one might .ind at a construction site. *hese gourmet trucks= menus run the gamut o. ethnic and .usion cuisine. %.ten .ocusing on limited +ut creati e dishes at reasona+le -rices0 they o..er customers a chance to e,-erience .ood they otherwise may not. 6inding a niche seems to +e a -ath to success .or most trucks. &hile one truck may s-ecialize in outlandish +urgers0 another may ser e only lo+ster rolls<. 6ood truck .ranchises +egan to .orm0 catering to the -u+lic who were searching .or these delicious gourmet treats. )ourmet Streets0 one o. the most res-ected .ood truck .ranchises in America +ecame a huge sensation as a result o. this gourmet re olution. 6ood truck rallies are also growing in

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-o-ularity across the 4nited States. %n August >?0 @A?>0 *am-a hosted the world=s largest .ood truck rally with BB trucks attending. Media use and co erage *racking .ood trucks has +ecome much less di..icult. &ith the hel- o. social media grou-s like 6ace+ook and *witter0 a -erson can .ind where their .a orite gourmet truck will +e at any moment and get u- to the minute u-dates on s-ecials0 new menu items and location changes. In .act0 it could +e argued that these social media outlets were the +iggest contri+uting .actor to the success o. the gourmet .ood truck. In addition to social media there are a num+er o. .ood trucks tracking -rograms .or smart -hones. Some co er s-eci.ic geogra-hical regions0 and others work e erywhere. *he .ood truck -henomenon has gained national attention and can now +e seen regularly on tele ision. Both the 6ood $etwork=s the )reat 6ood *ruck "ace and its sister station the Cooking Channel=s 'at St. .eature .ood trucks and mo+ile .ood carts e,clusi ely .rom all o er the 4nited States.

iterature Re!ie"

*he increasing -o-ularity and -resence o. .ood trucks in ur+an en ironments raises -ractical 8uestions o. how cities can ma,imize the +ene.its o. these +usinesses while minimizing the -otential negati e .actors. $otwithstanding the continuing de+ates a+out the +ene.its o. the .ood truck industry0 discussed in.ra0 this -ro/ect treats the -resence o. .ood trucks in a city as generally -ositi e and desira+le. Arguments su--orting this assum-tion0 a--lied +oth to the +road notion o. tactical ur+anism or the more s-eci.ic -henomenon o. .ood trucks0 will +e discussed. Howe er0 -otentially -ro+lematic concerns regarding ur+an .ood trucks will also +e considered0 -articularly those related to -u+lic health0 sa.ety and wel.are. *he -otential +ene.its and shortcomings o. encouraging .ood trucks will +e used to e aluate regulatory o-tions when .ormulating a -lan. *he use o. .ood trucks as a tool .or ur+an de elo-ment is an e,am-le o. a +roader a--roach that can +e seen as a counter-oint to large scale0 to- down -lanning e..orts. Such a--roaches may +e categorized as systems ur+anism0 in that they .ocus on the role o. indi idual actors o-erating in the conte,t o. a larger system0 or alternati ely as a .orm o. community ur+anism0 where+y decision making -ower is decentralized or e,-licitly draws u-on e,tensi e -u+lic in-ut 3Barnett0 @A??5. *he San 6rancisco Clanning D 4r+an "esearch Association 3@A?A5 re.ers to this -henomenon as (.I.: or do2it2yoursel. ur+anism0 .ocusing on Eways in which small or .inite e..orts can +lossom into large2scale0 ongoing trans.ormations.F *hese ty-es o. actions e,tend the indi idualist notion o. sel.2su..iciency to the community le el 3Cage0 @AAG5. *his has also +een called tactical ur+anism. *actical ur+anism iews Eincremental0 small2scale im-ro ements as a way to stage more su+stantial in estmentsF 3!ydon0 @A??0 -. ?5. :et another commentator -re.ers to use a more er+ose descri-tion0 ECro isional0 %--ortunistic0 4+i8uitous0 and %dd *actics in )uerilla and (I: Cractice and 4r+anismF 3;eiger0 @A??5. 6or sim-licityHs sake0 the term tactical ur+anism will +e used here. "egardless o. the e,act term used to descri+e these actions0 se eral characteristics recur. !ydon 3@A??5 descri+es the a--roach as +eing deli+erate and -hased0 locally +ased0 in ol ing short2term commitments and realistic e,-ectations. Actions in ol e taking small risks that ha e a -otential .or high rewards and attem-t to +uild social ca-ital +etween citizens and organizational ca-ital +etween institutions and their constituents. Better Block -ro/ects0 .or e,am-le0 use low cost structures0 tem-orary street alterations and -o-2 u- -rogramming to illustrate Ethe -otential to create a great walk a+le0 i+rant neigh+orhood
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centerF in areas that are currently lacking i+rancy 3www.+etter+lock.com5. *hese -ro/ects ha e resulted in the creation o. -ermanent im-ro ements0 new +usinesses0 and commitments +y munici-al authorities to continue im-ro ement e..orts 3!ydon0 @A??0 -. >5. Cage 3@AAG5 em-hasizes the role o. the -u+lic in such -rocesses1 (I: ur+anism aims at Eem-owering -eo-le to im-lementF -ro/ects rather than sim-ly Ein ol ingF them in consultations. 3Carking day cele+rations0 .or e,am-le0 ha e +een s-reading glo+ally wherein citizens tem-orarily trans.orm -arking s-aces into -u+lic -arks +y installing chairs and other amenities in the s-ace a.ter -aying into the -arking meter 3see htt-IJJ-arkingday.org5. )uerrilla gardening is a mo ement that sees citizens taking the initiati e to im-ro e -lots o. land that are acant or o ergrown +y illegally turning them into Eur+an gardensF 3Scott0 @A??5. *hese initiati es and others like them are likely to continue to +e attracti e .ollowing the economic colla-se in @AAG. Although su--orters o. tactical ur+anism do not seek to re-lace to- down0 .ormalized -lanning e..orts0 +ut instead su--lement and com-lement them0 declining munici-al +udgets and -u+lic o-inion shi.ting away .rom -u+lic s-ending may result in greater acce-tance and reliance on these alternati e means o. -romoting ur+anism. A.ter the American Ci il &ar0 there was a mass e,-ansion to mo e westward. *he e,-ansion created a large market .or +ee.0 s-eci.ically in *e,as. Inno ati e cattlemen needed to herd cattle to -arts o. the country that did not ha e railroads which would mean they would +e on the road .or months at a time. *he need to .eed these cattlemen resulted in the creation o. the chuck wagon. *he origin o. the chuck wagon or .ood truck0 stems .rom the <.ather o. the *e,as Canhandle0< Charles )oodnight. In ?GKK0 )oodnight0 a cattle herder0 realized how di..icult it was to cook -ro-er meals during cattle dri es. &ith that0 he took a sturdy old 4nited States Army wagon and constructed interior shel ing and drawers. He then stocked the wagon with ta+leware and utensils0 s-ices and medical su--lies0 including castor oil and 8uinine. Hea y -ots and -ans were stashed on the lower shel es while .ood was ke-t on in the +ed o. the wagon. 6ood consisted o. dried +eans0 co..ee0 cornmeal0 and other easy to -reser e .ood stu..s. *here was no .resh .ruit0 egeta+les0 or eggs a aila+le and meat was not .resh unless an animal was in/ured during the run and there.ore had to +e killed. *he meat they ate was greasy cloth2wra--ed +acon0 salt -ork0 and +ee.0 usually dried or salted or smoked. *he wagon was also stocked with a water +arrel and a sling to kindle wood to heat and cook .ood and so the chuck wagon was created.

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By the ?GBAs0 night lunch wagons0 which catered to night2time workers0 were a common sight in +ig cities like $ew :ork City. <*he %wl< was the leading <+rand< o. night lunch wagon0 and although they were entirely -orta+le0 many did such good +usiness that they rarely mo ed. !ater ersions o. the .ood truck were mo+ile canteens which were created in the late ?BLAs. *hese mo+ile canteens were authorized +y the 4.S. Army and o-erated on stateside army +ases. Mo+ile .ood trucks or <roach coaches0< ha e +een around .or years0 ser ing construction sites and other +lue collar -ro.essions. In recent years the .ood truck resurgence was .uelled +y a com+ination o. -ost2recessionary .actors. *he construction +usiness was drying u- leading to a sur-lus o. .ood trucks. Che.s .rom high2end restaurants were +eing laid o... So0 .or e,-erienced cooks suddenly without work0 the .ood truck seemed a clear choice. %nce more common-lace in the +ig cities o. the eastern and western 4nited States0 .ood trucks recently ha e e ol ed to +e .ound in +oth ur+an and rural areas o. the 4.S. In +ig cities o. the 4.S. the .ood truck traditionally -ro ided a means .or the on2the2go -erson to gra+ a 8uick +ite at a low cost. 6ood trucks are not only sought out .or their a..orda+ility +ut as well .or their nostalgia1 and their -o-ularity continues to rise. Chicago is currently the only city in the 4nited States which does not allow .ood trucks to cook on +oard so trucks are .orced to cook in a commercial kitchen0 wra- and la+el .ood and load it into a .ood warmer. Chicago=s .ood truck ordinance re8uires .ood trucks to -ark @AA .eet away .rom any restaurant and cannot sell .or more than @ hours at one location. In Asia0 the cuisine o..ered +y .ood trucks re8uires sim-le skills0 +asic .acilities and a relati ely small amount o. ca-ital. *hey are -lenti.ul0 with large -otential .or income and o.ten a ery large sector .or em-loyment. Indi iduals .acing di..iculty .inding work in .ormal sectors will o.ten enture into this industry0 as it allows entire .amilies to in ol e themsel es in the -re-aring and cooking o. .oods sold to the -u+lic. *he a--eal in ol ed in sustaining a .ood truck lie not only in the low ca-ital re8uirement0 +ut also in the .le,i+ility o. hours0 with minimal constraints to locale. Street .oods -redominantly re.lect local culture and .la or. 6ood trucks a--eal to consumers in that they are o.ten an ine,-ensi e means o. attaining 8uick meals. !ocation and word o. mouth -romotion has +een credited .or their widening success.
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Cotato chi- 3<6rench< .ries5 trucks ha e +een a sta-le o. the Belgian country2side .or ages. *he .ood truck is also .ound in $orth America. In Anglo-hone Canada0 *hey are known as <6ood *rucks<. In .ranco-hone Canada0 they are commonly known as <canteens< 36rench .or ca.eteria5. *hey ha e increasingly caught on in ma/or cities in South Central %ntario0 such as *oronto and Hamilton. *hey now ser e a wide ariety o. cuisines0 including anything .rom )rilled Cheese Sandwiches0 to !atin 6oods Although .ood trucks are common at outdoor markets0 American2style trucks selling restaurant2 8uality .ood .irst a--eared in Caris in @A?@. *heir owners needed to o+tain -ermission .rom .our se-arate go ernment agencies0 including the Cre.ecture o. Colice0 +ut the trucks= o..eringsM including tacos and ham+urgersMha e re-ortedly +een ery -o-ular. Mo+ile &omen=s Au,iliary Ser ice 3Burma5 Canteen at $asik0 India0 circa ?B4@2?B4K In the 4nited #ingdom there has +een little need .or the .ood truck or wagon in ci ilian li.e0 and its limited use was .or the military. It was not until &orld &ar II and the ad ent o. motorized trans-ort that .ood trucks came into common use. Mo+ile canteens were used in almost all theatres o. war to +oost morale and -ro ide .ood as a result o. the success.ul tea lady e,-eriment. In recent times and as a result o. the lower cost o. manu.acturing0 the .ood truck has +een used in the commercial sector. *hese are known as <snack ans< and can +e .ound on nearly all ma/or trunk roads at the side o. the road or in areas that ha e a large -edestrian -o-ulation0 such as at illage .etes or town centers. *hese ans can s-ecialize in a myriad o. di..erent .ood ty-es0 such as donuts0 ham+urgers0 chili and chi-s0 as well as ethnic .ood. Some -eo-le -re.er to sto- at one o. these +urger ans when tra elling0 due to the low -rice0 rather than sto- at a motorway ser ice station where -rices can +e e,tremely high. *he .ast .ood industry0 originally concei ed in Southern Cali.ornia during the ?B4As0 not only altered the eating ha+its o. Americans0 +ut also those in many other countries around the world0 including Asian countries 3Schlosser0 @AA?5.In Cakistan .irst0 6ast .ood center was o-ened in ?BBN that was #6C and /ust a.ter one year in ?BBG Mc(onalds started its .irst outlet in Cakistan. $ow 6ast .ood centers .ound on the corners o. streets0 o.. the side o. interstates0 air-orts0 malls0 Schools0 gas stations0 local sho--ing center0 and e en in hos-itals. *here had +een some .actors +ehind growing industry o. .ast .ood in Cakistan. EA model o. .actors a..ecting consumer
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decision making regarding .ood -roductsI a case study o. 4SA and Ja-anF scrutinized that there are many .actors like ?BB@5. alues0 eating ha+its0 .amily structure0 tastes and .ondness a..ecting consumer .ood choice decision making +etween the countries and e en within countries 3$elson0

Introduction A .ood truck0 mo+ile kitchen0 mo+ile canteen0 roach coach0 or catering truck is a mo+ile enue that trans-orts and sells .ood. Some0 including ice cream trucks0 sell mostly .rozen or -re-ackaged .ood1 others are more like restaurants2on2wheels. Some may cater to s-eci.ic meals0 such as the +reak.ast truck0 lunch truck or lunch wagon0 and snack truck0 ke+a+ trailer 34#50 +reak truck or taco truck.
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6ood trucks cater e ents 3carni als0 construction sites0 s-orting e ents etc.5 where -otential customers gather0 and -laces o. regular work or study 7 college cam-uses0 o..ice com-le,es0 industrial -arks0 auto re-air sho-s0 mo ie sets0 military +ases0 etc. 7 where -otential customers re8uire regular meals or snacks. 6ood truck dining as a -o-ular -henomenon has caught on in se eral 4.S. and Canadian cities including *oronto0 Hamilton0 9ancou er0 &ashington0 (.C.0 $ew :ork0 Austin0 Houston0 !os Angeles0 San 6rancisco0 Seattle0 St. !ouis0 Calgary0 and *am-a. *he .ood truck trend has grown as they are now +eing utilized at s-ecial e ents such as weddings0 school dances0 +irthday -arties0 retirement -arties0 and -u+lic gatherings such as art .esti als and mo ie nights. (ue to an a--arent com+ination o. economic and technological .actors com+ined with <street .ood< +eing <hi-< or <chic0< there has +een an increase in the num+er o. .ood trucks in the 4nited States. A modern2day .ood truck isn=t /ust an ordinary taco truck one might .ind at a construction site. *hese gourmet trucks= menus run the gamut o. ethnic and .usion cuisine. %.ten .ocusing on limited +ut creati e dishes at reasona+le -rices0 they o..er customers a chance to e,-erience .ood they otherwise may not. 6inding a niche seems to +e a -ath to success .or most trucks. &hile one truck may s-ecialize in outlandish +urgers0 another may ser e only lo+ster rolls<. 6ood truck .ranchises +egan to .orm0 catering to the -u+lic who were searching .or these delicious gourmet treats. )ourmet Streets0 one o. the most res-ected .ood truck .ranchises in America +ecame a huge sensation as a result o. this gourmet re olution. 6ood truck rallies are also growing in -o-ularity across the 4nited States. %n August >?0 @A?>0 *am-a hosted the world=s largest .ood truck rally with BB trucks attending. *his -ro/ect addresses the 8uestion o. how to .ormulate and im-lement a -olicy encouraging the o-eration o. .ood trucks0 more generically known as mo+ile .ood ending0 in Cakistan. *he .acilitation o. .ood trucks is a .orm o. tactical ur+anism that can encourage at relati ely low cost and low risk. $o large scale in.rastructure is re8uired since the +ulk o. the monetary in estment will come .rom -ri ate entities0 -eo-le who want to o-erate .ood trucks in the country. Howe er0 i. success.ul0 the country can realize economic0 social and en ironmental +ene.its that more than /usti.y any e,-enditure. Citizens0 whether those who own and o-erate .ood trucks0 those who -atronize them0 or the general -u+lic at large can also deri e economic0 social and en ironmental
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+ene.its .rom de elo-ment o. a i+rant .ood truck culture. *his -ro/ect0 there.ore0 is aimed at hel-ing to make decisions that encourage -roducti e and +ene.icial +eha ior while minimizing -otential con.licts and harms. Mo+ile .ood ending is +y no means a new conce-t. *he chuck wagons that +ecame -o-ular in the ?GKAs were mo+ile kitchens that ser ed the cattlemen dri ing herds o erland to su--ort westward e,-ansion 3*hom-son0 @A??5. 4r+an lunch wagons0 ice cream trucks0 .ruit endors0 and others including a ?B4AHs wa..le truck in $ew %rleans hel- .ill in the su+se8uent history0 3%ttuski0 @A??5. Howe er0 mo+ile .ood ending has recently started to e,-erience an e olutionary change and -eriod o. growth. *he new Eculinary trendF has +een traced +ack to @AAG and the esta+lishment o. nota+le gourmet .ood trucks such as #ogi #orean BBO in !os Angeles and the "ickshaw (um-ling Bar in $ew :ork 3Buck0 @A??1 McCracken0 @A??5. In the .ollowing years0 .ood trucks ha e +ecome an Eanthro-ological -henomenonF0 at least according to the increasing num+er o. )oogle searches 3Hancock0 @A??5. It is this de elo-ment that highlights the need .or Cakistan to re2e,amine its regulatory -olicies0 -olicies .ormulated during a time when .ood trucks were not always iewed as -otentially desira+le. *his e olution in .ood truck industry is characterized +y +oth 8uantitati e and 8ualitati e changes. Ouantitati ely0 the -o-ularity o. .ood trucks has +een increasing dramatically. A re-ort +y the $ational "estaurant Association shows that consumer interest in isiting a .ood truck has Eincreased signi.icantly0F with the -ercentage o. -eo-le sur eyed who said they would isit a .ood truck run +y their .a orite restaurant rising ?@P .rom the -rior year to a total o. LBP -ercent 3Stensson0 @A??5. %ther research +y a -ri ate consultancy .irm .ound that e,-eriences o. .ood truck customers were ery -ositi e0 with B?P o. res-ondents indicating that they would continue to su--ort .ood trucks o er the coming year 3*echnomic Consulting0 @A??5. Based on @A?A sales growth0 one .inancial in.ormation com-any ranked ECatering ser ice or mo+ile .ood contractingF as the to- ser ice +usiness to o-en in @A?? 3Bierman0 @A??5. ' en esta+lished restaurant chains are +eginning to mo e into the mo+ile .ood +usiness1 des-ite the cultural contradictions this raises 3(aley0 @A??5. *he .act that chain restaurants might +e an uneasy .it in the .ood truck world highlights the reality that the modern .ood truck industry is 8ualitati ely di..erent .rom the -re2e,isting model o. mo+ile .ood ending. &hereas .ood trucks Eused to +e known as Qroach coachesH with su+2-ar .areF they now increasingly ser e high 8uality0 gourmet .are and are o-erated +y entre-reneurs
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with culinary training 3Mac(onald0 @A??5. $o longer con.ined to traditional .oods such as hot dogs or tacos0 .ood truck customers can .ind e erything .rom gourmet ice cream to escargot. Also distinguishing the modern .ood truck scene is the use o. modern technology to su--ort the +usinesses. *o e..ecti ely reach a +roader customer +ase and o ercome the uncertainties o. not always ha ing a -redicta+le location0 .ood truck o-erators ty-ically make use o. social media such as *witter or 6ace+ook to +roadcast their location or menu to their customers and the -u+lic0 gi ing rise to the tendency to re.er to these +usinesses as Q*witter *rucksF 3Sayers0 @A??5. %ther inno ati e uses o. technology include +eing a+le to take mo+ile credit card -ayments0 )CS tracking0 dedicated mo+ile -hone a--s that allow customers to -re2order and -re2-ay0 and digital menu screens that .acilitate creati ity 3(rell0 @A??5. *he mainstream media has +ecome aware o. .ood trucks0 as e idenced +y at least two national *9 shows dedicated to the -henomenon. It is there.ore not a stretch to suggest that these de elo-ments make .ood trucks worthy o. a .resh look +y city -lanners and -olicy makers. *his -ro/ect .ocuses on .ormulating a -lan .or Cakistan +ecause o. the noticea+le lack o. a de elo-ed .ood truck community. Cakistan that .eatures a wide ariety o. non2chain restaurants and gi en the -otential +ene.its o. .ood trucks0 discussed herein0 and the current unde elo-ed state o. the industry in the country0 Cakistan re-resents an o--ortunity to de elo- and im-lement a -lan that antici-ates -otential con.licts and .acilitates -roducti e +usiness incu+ation. *his re-ort is organized into .i e sections. *he re iew o. literature -resents some theoretical and em-irical research rele ant to the discussion o. mo+ile .ood ending. *his section is o..ered as su--ort .or the underlying assum-tion that .ood trucks are -otentially +ene.icial .or ur+an areas. *he discussion includes +oth -otential +ene.its and concerns that will structure the .ollowing analyses. *he remainder o. the re-ort will -resent an o+/ecti e analysis o. .actors to consider should Cakistan choose to encourage mo+ile .ood ending. *he section on research 8uestions and methods -ro ides details on data collection and analysis. *he .ollowing two sections discuss the .indings o. the study0 starting with the 8uestion o. whether the -otential +ene.its o. .ood trucks in Cakistan can +e demonstrated and -rogressing to the discussion o. regulatory concerns rele ant to .ormulation o. a .ood truck -olicy. *he .inal section synthesizes the .indings and a--lies them to the e,isting conditions in Cakistan. *he o erarching goal is to hel- in.orm -olicy makers who may +e contem-lating creation o. new regulations or changes to an e,isting regime so that any

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resulting mo+ile .ood ending -olicy will +e more likely to achie e the countryHs goals and ser e the needs o. the arious stakeholders.

Re!ie" of iterature *he increasing -o-ularity and -resence o. .ood trucks in ur+an en ironments raises -ractical 8uestions o. how cities can ma,imize the +ene.its o. these +usinesses while minimizing the -otential negati e .actors. $otwithstanding the continuing de+ates a+out the +ene.its o. the .ood truck industry0 discussed in.ra0 this -ro/ect treats the -resence o. .ood trucks in a any city as generally -ositi e and desira+le. Arguments su--orting this assum-tion0 a--lied +oth to the +road notion o. tactical ur+anism or the more s-eci.ic -henomenon o. .ood trucks0 will +e discussed. Howe er0 -otentially -ro+lematic concerns regarding ur+an .ood trucks will also +e considered0 -articularly those related to -u+lic health0 sa.ety and wel.are. *he -otential +ene.its
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and shortcomings o. encouraging .ood trucks will +e used to e aluate regulatory o-tions when .ormulating a -lan .or )reen ille. Tactical Urbanism *he use o. .ood trucks as a tool .or ur+an de elo-ment is an e,am-le o. a +roader a--roach that can +e seen as a counter-oint to large scale0 to- down -lanning e..orts. Such a--roaches may +e categorized as systems ur+anism0 in that they .ocus on the role o. indi idual actors o-erating in the conte,t o. a larger system0 or alternati ely as a .orm o. community ur+anism0 where+y decision making -ower is decentralized or e,-licitly draws u-on e,tensi e -u+lic in-ut 3Barnett0 @A??5. *he San 6rancisco Clanning D 4r+an "esearch Association 3@A?A5 re.ers to this -henomenon as (.I.: or do2it2yoursel. ur+anism0 .ocusing on Eways in which small or .inite e..orts can +lossom into largerscale0 ongoing trans.ormations.F *hese ty-es o. actions e,tend the indi idualist notion o. sel.2su..iciency to the community le el 3Cage0 @AAG5. *his has also +een called tactical ur+anism. *actical ur+anism iews Eincremental0 small2scale im-ro ements as a way to stage more su+stantial in estmentsF 3!ydon0 @A??0 -. ?5. :et another commentator -re.ers to use a more er+ose descri-tion0 ECro isional0 %--ortunistic0 4+i8uitous0 and %dd *actics in )uerilla and (I: Cractice and 4r+anismF 3;eiger0 @A??5. 6or sim-licityHs sake0 the term tactical ur+anism will +e used here. "egardless o. the e,act term used to descri+e these actions0 se eral characteristics recur. !ydon 3@A??5 descri+es the a--roach as +eing deli+erate and -hased0 locally +ased0 in ol ing short2term commitments and realistic e,-ectations. Actions in ol e taking small risks that ha e a -otential .or high rewards and attem-t to +uild social ca-ital +etween citizens and organizational ca-ital +etween institutions and their constituents. Better Block -ro/ects0 .or e,am-le0 use low cost structures0 tem-orary street alterations and -o-2 u- -rogramming to illustrate Ethe -otential to create a great walka+le0 i+rant neigh+orhood centerF in areas that are currently lacking i+rancy 3www.+etter+lock.com5. *hese -ro/ects ha e resulted in the creation o. -ermanent im-ro ements0 new +usinesses0 and commitments +y munici-al authorities to continue im-ro ement e..orts 3!ydon0 @A??0 -. >5. Cage 3@AAG5 em-hasizes the role o. the -u+lic in such -rocesses1 (I: ur+anism aims at Eem-owering -eo-le to im-lementF -ro/ects rather than sim-ly Ein ol ingF them in consultations. 3CA"#5ing day cele+rations0 .or e,am-le0 ha e +een s-reading glo+ally wherein citizens tem-orarily trans.orm -arking s-aces into -u+lic -arks +y installing chairs and other amenities in the s-ace a.ter -aying

xv

into the -arking meter 3see htt-IJJ-arkingday.org5. )uerrilla gardening is a mo ement that sees citizens taking the initiati e to im-ro e -lots o. land that are acant or o ergrown +y illegally turning them into Eur+an gardensF 3Scott0 @A??5. *hese initiati es and others like them are likely to continue to +e attracti e .ollowing the economic colla-se in @AAG. Although su--orters o. tactical ur+anism do not seek to re-lace to- down0 .ormalized -lanning e..orts0 +ut instead su--lement and com-lement them0 declining munici-al +udgets and -u+lic o-inion shi.ting away .rom -u+lic s-ending may result in greater acce-tance and reliance on these alternati e means o. -romoting ur+anism. #rocess $ased $enefits of Tactical Urbanism &hile the -receding discussion hinted at some o. the +ene.its o. a tactical ur+anism a--roach to ur+an im-ro ement0 arious theoretical analyses o. ur+an -rocesses su--ort the notion that these a--roaches ha e much to o..er. %ne recurring theme relates to the notion that cities should +e understood as a -articular ty-e o. com-le, system. &ea er 3?B4G0 -. L>B50 in analyzing the nature o. 8uestions in the li.e sciences0 argued that such 8uestions were ones o. organized com-le,ity0 E-ro+lems which in ol e dealing simultaneously with a siza+le num+er o. .actors which are interrelated into an organic whole.F Jane Jaco+s .amously used this insight in descri+ing Ewhat kind o. -ro+lems cities -oseF 3Jaco+s0 ?BK?0 -. 4@G5. Jaco+s argued that in order to .ormulate solutions to ur+an -ro+lems0 it is essential to understand what ty-e o. -ro+lems they are. Cro+lems o. organized com-le,ity are not amena+le to narrow solutions that .ocus only on one element. Instead0 solutions must .ocus on the se eral -rocesses at work in the cities and consider the ways that they interact to generate the organic whole. *actical ur+anism0 then0 can +e a alua+le a--roach to ur+an de elo-ment +ecause it engages the ur+an -rocesses that are at the root o. arious de.iciencies. *actical ur+anism -rocesses0 in contrast to traditional rational -lanning0 can engage these -rocesses in arious ways. 6or e,am-le0 actions that occur at the local and distri+uted le el are more likely to -ut Eeyes on the streetF0 one o. Jaco+sH -rescri-tions .or sa.er ur+an s-aces 3Jaco+s0 ?BK?0 -. >L5. Similarly0 increasing the num+er o. grass roots acti ities aimed at ur+an im-ro ement can hel- +uild trust0 something E.ormed o er time .rom many0 many little -u+lic sidewalk contacts. 3-. LK5. 6inally0 again relating to the notion o. cities as com-rised o. -rocesses contri+uting to organized com-le,ity0 Jaco+s highlights the im-ortance o. di ersity0 such as in the necessary Emi,tures o. uses su..iciently com-le, to sustain city sa.ety0 -u+lic contact and
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cross useF 3-. ?445. In other words0 the intermingling -arts that contri+ute to a great city are the same ty-es o. .actors on which tactical ur+anism .ocuses. Jaco+s was not the only theorist to discuss cities in this manner. As discussed +y Meha..y 3@AAG50 Christo-her Ale,anderHs New Theory of Urban Design also .ocused on -rocesses o. colla+oration that result in emergent .unctionality and wholeness. In contrast to the to-2down .orms o. ur+an design0 such as master -lans0 Ale,ander sought to encourage colla+orati e -rocesses that create organized com-le,ity and e aluated -ro-osed de elo-ments in terms o. how well they contri+ute to the wholeness o. a city. *hese generati e methods o. de elo-ment .ocused on local stakeholders who engage e,isting conditions and a oid standardization and o er -lanning 3-.KK2KN5. *he .ocus on com-le, -rocesses stems .rom a recognition that ur+an systems are in .act organic systems. Hamdi 3@AA45 +uilds on this insight +y highlighting the s-ecial nature o. human organic systems. &hereas organic systems are characterized +y order emerging .rom the interactions o. multi-le local .orces0 not im-osed +y a single centralized .orce0 human systems do need structure and rules to E-ro ide continuity and sta+ilityF and -romote Eshared sense o. -ur-ose and /usticeF 3-. , ii5. *hese rules and structures0 howe er0 should emerge .rom the collecti e wisdom o. -eo-le acting locally1 this emergent order is more likely to include social integration0 e8uality0 interde-endence0 and +e E.le,i+le0 dura+le0 and in.initely resource.ulF 3-.,,i 5. 6or Sennett 3?BB@50 em+racing anarchistic disorder is necessary in order to counteract indi idualistic -sychological tendencies that are -ro/ected into ur+an de elo-ment. Sennett sees the human tendency toward -uritanism as a -sychological res-onse to .ears o. uncertainty. Just as -eo-le will a oid situations that challenge their sense o. order0 -eo-le will also seek to +uild cities in ways that mitigate their .ears0 such as through isolated and homogenous communities. *raditional -lanning su--orts these tendencies +y im-osing order o er ur+an areas. Sennett argues0 howe er0 that these .ears are counter-roducti e and that -eo-le need to +e .orced to con.ront each other0 in -art +y -rohi+iting <-re-lanned0 .unctional s-ace< that sti.les neigh+orhood di ersity 3-. ?4@5. Clanners thus ha e the o+ligation to im-ose some measure o. disorder so as not to allow sti.ling o. the .orces that contri+ute to itality and .le,i+ility. 9iewed in this light0 local go ernments and organizations should use their authority to encourage .orms o. action such as tactical ur+anism in order to create the conditions .or organized com-le,ity. Mc6arlane 3@A??5
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em-hasizes the ada-ti e 8ualities o. com-le, systems in his discussion o. cities0 descri+ing Ethe city as a machine .or learning.F By +ringing -eo-le together in dense interconnected networks0 cities ena+le -ro+lem sol ing and gains in -roducti ity. *hese gains -lay a key role in economic de elo-ment0 whether in Schum-eterHs Qknowledge economyH or 6loridaHs Qsmart citiesH 3-. >K?5. Howe er0 <learning is a -olitical and -ractical domain through which the city is assem+led0 li ed and contested0 and which o..ers a critical o--ortunity to de elo- a -rogressi e ur+anism< 3-. >KA5. In other words0 ur+an learning takes -lace throughout the city0 in all conte,ts and not sim-ly among a -articular sector o. the economy or class o. -eo-le. *actical ur+anism0 then0 ena+les ur+an learning in the in.ormal conte,ts +y ta--ing into <di erse modes o. knowing the city< that come .rom <negotiating the always contingent ga- +etween =marginal= and =mainstream=< 3-. >KL5. *hey can draw u-on the otherwise marginalized -eo-le who ha e gained their knowledge +y +eing immersed in the city and who o.ten ha e an understanding o. ur+an matters that are unknown to -olicy makers and .ormal organizations 3-. >KK5. Including these o.t2e,cluded indi iduals and grou-s into the act o. ur+an -lanning may hel- .oster Enew0 more socially /ust .orms o. ur+an dwellingF 3-. >N>5. Har ey 3@AAG5 argues .or the -ro-riety o. local0 grassroots e..orts .rom a democratic -ers-ecti e. 4r+anization0 .or Har ey0 has ser ed the interests o. ca-italists +y sta+ilizing economies in light o. ca-ital sur-luses. Howe er0 this has had ad erse e..ects on li a+ility and 8uality o. li.e through the encouragement o. -lacelessness0 hy-erindi idualism0 deterioration o. collecti ity0 ine8uality0 -olitical and social .ragmentation0 and the undermining o. ideals o. citizenshi- and +elonging 3-. >?2>@5. 6rom Baron Haussman to "o+ert Moses0 he argues0 there has +een a tradition o. dis-ossessing -eo-le in the name o. creati e destruction in iolation o. what should +e considered a human right 7 the right to ha e democratic control o. the way ur+an de elo-ment -roceeds 3-.>>2>N5. &hile Har ey is likely calling .or .undamental structural changes in the -olitical2economic .ramework0 tactical ur+anism .its within his call .or more democratization0 .or taking control o. the way cities de elo-0 and undermining the -ower o. esta+lished ca-ital. A .inal as-ect o. tactical ur+anism that makes it a -otentially alua+le tool in ur+an im-ro ement is the .act that many o. the actions occur in -u+lic s-aces which are as integral to cities as other elements o. the +uilt en ironment. Mehta 3@AAN5 summarizes a num+er o. commentators who all conclude Ethat it is the streets0 -lazas0 s8uares0 -arks0 and other ur+an -u+lic s-aces that ha e the
xviii

a+ility to su--ort0 .acilitate0 and -romote -u+lic li.e0 which is an essential counter-art to our -ri ate0 home and work s-aces.F He goes .urther to argue that streets are in .act the -rimary ur+an -u+lic s-ace0 gi en the sheer amount o. -u+lic s-ace dedicated to streets0 +ut also the .act that -eo-le use streets in so many as-ects o. their li es 3-.?KL5. %lden+urg 3?BBB5 has argued .or the im-ortance o. Ethird -laces0F gathering -laces outside o. home and work that are essential .or social and -olitical li.e. &hile %lden+urg re.ers mainly to destinations such as +ars or restaurants0 studies +y Mehta 3@AAN5 and Mehta and Bosson 3@A?A5 e,amined the role that -u+lic s-aces and streets can -lay as third -laces. *heir .indings highlight some o. the conditions necessary to trans.orm a -u+lic street into a -lace .or socialization and itality0 such as the -ro ision o. seating0 shelter and -ersonalization. *hese are e,actly the ty-es o. amenities that tactical ur+anism -ractitioners seek to -ro ide. $enefits of %ood Truc&s &hereas the -receding discussion highlighted some o. the common +ene.its o. a tactical ur+anism a--roach to ur+an im-ro ement0 each s-eci.ic tactic -resents its own -articular +ene.its and draw+acks. *he +ene.its 3and criti8ues5 o. .ood trucks tend to .all within two +road categories 7 social and economic. ',amination o. the contours o. these +ene.its -ro ides guidance .or localities who seek to encourage .ood trucks. !ocal o..icials should +e a+le to clearly state the desired outcomes .rom a well2regulated .ood truck industry and ha e solid alues underlying and guiding the -olicies. Cra.ting a new -olicy in )reen ille will in ol e 8uestions o. +alancing these +ene.its and +urdens0 ideally with the goal o. im-osing +urdens only to the e,tent necessary to ad ance the -u+lic interest. Social Benefits 6ood trucks may -lay an instrumental role in contri+uting to the social li.e o. cities. In his study o. why some -u+lic s-aces work +etter than others0 &hyte 3?BGA5 identi.ied .ood as one signi.icant contri+utor. EI. you want to seed a -lace with acti ity0 -ut out .ood0F he writes0 +ecause <.ood attracts -eo-le who attract more -eo-le< 3-. LA2L@5. 6ood endors o.ten -ossess Ea good nose .or s-aces that workF0 the ty-e o. e,-eriential knowledge o. cities that Mc6arlane discussed 3-. LA5. Ale,ander0 Ishikawa0 and Sil erstein 3?BNN5 agreed and included .ood stands as -art o. the -attern language .or desira+le cities. 6ood stands are Enatural -u+lic gathering -lacesF that su--ort arious social Eha+its and institutionsF 3-. 4LL5. *hese +ene.its ha e +een
xix

o+ser ed in areas with success.ul .ood truck cultures such as !os Angeles0 where social acti ity surrounds .ood carts0 hel-ing to create more i+rant ur+an s-aces 3Hermosillo0 @A?A5. In Cortland0 %regon0 one o. the more -rominent cities .or mo+ile .ood ending0 the social li.e around .ood truck -ods .eatures in.ormal con ersations among customers0 -eo-le using the areas as -u+lic meeting s-aces0 and ongoing social relationshi-s +etween customers and endors 3#a-ell et al.0 @AAG0 -. @K5. MacI er 3@A??5 re-orts on how .ood trucks can alter the social dynamics in a -u+lic s-ace0 -otentially calming e,isting tensions. *he City o. Seattle 3@A?A5 iews street endors as a way o. im-ro ing -u+lic sa.ety0 +y -utting more Qeyes on the streetH. 6rom a land use -ers-ecti e0 mo+ile .ood ending is one way o. acti ating -u+lic s-aces and making e..icient use o. otherwise acant lots. In contrast to cor-orate .ranchises0 o.ten located on isolated lots or commercial corridors0 .ood trucks can integrate their ser ices con eniently in the conte,t o. daily acti ities and o..er the -ersonalized touch o. owner2occu-iers 3Ale,ander et al.0 ?BNN0 -. 4LK5. 6ood trucks o..er the -ossi+ility o. creating more walka+le en ironments0 with a ariety o. associated +ene.its. As )laeser 3@A?A5 notes0 .ood trucks are -articularly .itting .or walka+le cities +uilt at a human scale. *hey -ro ide con enient and a..orda+le .ood o-tions .or -edestrians who might otherwise ha e limited o-tions 3#a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. Ceo-le seeking .ood at times when restaurants are not o-en0 such as late nights0 or -eo-le with dogs who are not always welcome inside restaurants are also -articularly likely to make use o. .ood trucks i. a aila+le 3Chastain0 @A?A5. "ecently0 se eral uni ersities in Cali.ornia ha e signed agreements with .ood trucks to allow them to o-erate on cam-us 36ry D !una0 @A??5. College students are merely one segment o. the -o-ulation that alues walka+ility and can make use o. the con enient .ood o-tions that .ood trucks o..er. 6or other grou-s0 ha ing access to .ood trucks addresses more .undamental concerns a+out the a aila+ility o. .ood. 6ood trucks can hel- +ring .ood into areas that lack a..orda+le restaurants or e en markets 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??5. *hey are also -articularly use.ul to -eo-le who lack access to automo+iles0 a relati ely common conditions when dealing with children0 the disa+led0 the -oor0 or -eo-le who are transit de-endent +y choice or other circumstances 3Hermosillo0 @A?A5. 6ood trucks o.ten .ind success in areas with a high -o-ulation o. workers0 -eo-le with limited time a aila+le .or lunch and who there.ore alue the con enience and s-eed o. .ood trucks. As *inker 3@AA>0 -. >>@5 argues0 modern economies ha e
xx

made street .oods more im-ortant since workers are less likely to work near their home and are .re8uently -re ented .rom tra elling to get .ood +ecause o. ur+an s-rawl and road congestion. Increasing access to .ood is can also +e cou-led with e..orts to encourage -ro ision o. healthy and local .ood o-tions0 there+y ad ancing additional social goals 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??1 #a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. Economic Benefits &hile .ood is an im-ortant element o. social and -ersonal li.e0 .ood trucks are +usinesses with im-lications .or local economies. %ne com-elling argument .or encouraging .ood trucks is that they can +e instrumental in creating em-loyment. A key reason .or this is that .ood trucks re8uire less startu- ca-ital than +rick2and2mortar restaurants0 or e en other small +usinesses0 and there.ore ha e lower +arriers to entry 3Chastain0 @A?A1 City o. Seattle0 @A?A1 )laeser0 @A?A1 #a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. "emo ing some o. the .inancial +arriers may +e su..icient to encourage -eo-le to start new .ood truck +usinesses. *his is -articularly true since .ood trucks -ro ide -articular kinds o. satis.action .or their owners and are there.ore attracti e to -otential small +usiness owners. 6or e,am-le0 .ood truck owners ha e a degree o. .le,i+ility in terms o. setting their own hours and goals and maintain high le els o. inde-endence0 leading to an im-ro ed 8uality o. li.e 3Chastain0 @A?A1 #a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. *hey also ha e high le els o. community interaction0 as discussed in the -re ious section. *he economic acti ity associated with .ood trucks should +e attracti e to cities +ecause o. their local nature. As small +usiness owners0 many .ood truck owners are rooted in the community and there.ore kee- -ro.its local 3Chastain0 @A?A1 City o. Seattle0 @A?A5. As Hermosillo 3@A?A0 -. ??5 .inds0 not only -ro.its +ut ta,es0 .ees0 and money s-ent on su--lies ser e as a Egrassroots solution to disin estment and unem-loyment in many communitiesF. *he communities that recei e these +ene.its are o.ten among the neediest. In Cortland0 .ood trucks demonstrate high ownershi- rates among immigrants and ethnic minorities 3#a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. *he City o. Seattle 3@A?A50 sees .ood trucks as a way o. targeting underem-loyed grou-s such as immigrants0 minorities and women as well as su--orting .amily run +usinesses. In .act0 *inker 3@AA>5 .inds that street .ood ending is an im-ortant means .or women to hel- su--ort their .amily in countries throughout A.rica and Asia. *he -o-ularity o. .ood trucks among these grou-s is likely related to the lower ca-ital re8uirements o. .ood trucks +ut may also +e a re.lection o. the lack o. restaurants re-resenting the culinary traditions o. many immigrants and remaining +arriers to the
xxi

-artici-ation o. women in +usiness. Some o. the economic +ene.its that .low .rom .ood trucks relates to the ada-ta+le nature o. the industry0 thanks in -art to the lowered +arriers to entry. Che.s can test out new conce-ts or reci-es somewhat easier than they could in traditional restaurant settings0 resulting in inno ati e o..erings 3)laeser0 @A?A1 Huus0 @A??5. *he close contact +etween o-erator and customer may lead to +etter and 8uicker .eed+ack0 ena+ling endors to im-ro e their -roducts1 close -ro,imity to other .ood trucks can also lead to healthy com-etition resulting in more inno ati e -roducts 3Chastain0 @A?A5. As such0 cities can use .ood trucks as a method o. dis-laying the cityHs culinary and cultural di ersity 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??5. As Cortland indicates0 a et al.0 @AAG5. Ar'uments a'ainst %ood Truc&s As stated -re iously0 this -ro/ect assumes the o erall desira+ility o. .ood trucks in a city. *he -receding discussion o. +ene.its indicates the reasoning +ehind this -osition. *hat said0 there are legitimate concerns o. +oth -u+lic and -ri ate actors regarding the im-lementation o. .ood truck -olicies. *hey tend to .all in the same two categories as the +ene.its o. .ood trucks 7 social and economic. *he -lan .or the city o. )reen ille will take into account these .actors in order to a oid or mitigate the undesira+le conditions. Social Concerns Cerha-s the most o+ ious concern with the o-eration o. .ood trucks is the -u+lic health as-ect o. the +usiness. Attention .rom -u+lic health researchers and o..icials tend to .ocus on issues o. sanitation and endor hygiene1 gi en the -otential .or transmission o. .ood +orne illness0 this is not an unwarranted concern 3*ester0 Ste ens0 :en0 D !araia0 @A?A5. :et0 these concerns are common .or all .ood endors0 mo+ile or not. Increasingly0 -u+lic health 8uestions also .ocus on issues o. nutrition and .reshness o. .ood +eing ser ed 3Hermosillo0 @A?A1 *ester et al.0 @A?A5. &hereas -otential +ene.its o. .ood trucks includes increasing access to .resh0 local and healthy .ood0 there is a corollary concern that .ood trucks will emulate cor-orate .ast .ood restaurants and continue to contri+ute to -ro+lems o. o+esity and associated diseases 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??5. )i en the connection +etween .ood trucks and underser ed communities0 i.e. -oor0 immigrant0 and minority0 the +ene.its to these -o-ulations would +e somewhat undermined +y deli ery o. unhealthy .oods.
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i+rant .ood truck scene can +e a source o.

neigh+orhood and city uni8ueness0 hel-ing to draw residents and tourists 3Chastain0 @A?A1 #a-ell

Ouality o. li.e issues are a .re8uent com-laint o. o--onents to .ood trucks. HermosilloHs @A?A study o. !os Angeles highlighted a num+er o. concerns0 most nota+ly the -ro+lem o. trash. Studies in *oronto and Cortland ha e indicated a similar worry 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??1 #a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. Howe er0 the same studies indicate that .ood truck owners share this concern and would like more su--ort .rom local authorities in the .orm o. more -u+lic trash +ins in the areas around trucks. "elated issues in ol e .ood odors0 -articularly in residential areas0 as well as general concerns a+out +light and crime that might +e attracted to areas o. acti ity around .ood trucks 3Hermosillo0 @A?A1 #a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. Some o. these issues could +e sol ed through -ro ision o. amenities such as seating0 shelter0 or landsca-ing1 the issue o. -u+lic sa.ety0 as indicated +y the discussion o. .ood truck +ene.its0 is de+ata+le as well. *he city o. *oronto raised 8uestion o. air -ollution .rom generators or idling trucks0 also a -otential social or 8uality o. li.e issue0 as well as -ossi+le congestion in -u+lic s-aces or streets 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??5. Economic Concerns *he most common criti8ue o. .ood trucks0 economic in nature0 relates to the 8uestion o. com-etition with +rick2and2mortar restaurants. 'ssentially0 traditional restaurants claim that .ood trucks ha e un.air +usiness ad antages +ecause they -ay lower rents0 do not -ay arious land de elo-ment charges0 do not ha e to .ollow +uilding codes0 and do not -ro ide restrooms or seating to customers 3Cameron Hawkins D Associates0 @A??1 Chastain0 @A?A5. Although it is true that .ood trucks do not generally -ay rent0 they do incur arious costs such as the -urchase and maintenance o. the truck and e8ui-ment0 -lus -otential commissary charges in areas where trucks are re8uired to +e stored in designated locations 3#a-ell et al.0 @AAG5. In addition0 studies ha e 8uestioned whether .ood trucks actually com-ete with sit2down restaurants or whether they ser e a di..erent -o-ulation or com-ete more with lunch counters0 .ast .ood and take out restaurants 3Chastain0 @A?A5. Although )laeser 3@A?A5 argues .or market .orces to sort out which restaurants sur i e0 a reasona+le de+ate can +e had as to whether some restrictions on .ood truck locations is /usti.ied in order to -rotect esta+lish restaurants or -re ent congestion. Conclusion *he -henomenon o. .ood trucks that is the su+/ect o. this -ro/ect is a recent de elo-ment and as such does not ha e a great deal o. scholarly literature attached to it. *hat said0 arious ur+an theorists ha e written a+out issues related to .ood trucks in more general terms. *hese authors
xxiii

highlight some o. the to-ics that a res-onsi+le city -lan should consider. *hese include issues o. -artici-ation0 e8uity0 e..iciency and ada-ta+ility. In addition0 the limited literature s-eci.ically concerning .ood trucks em-hasizes other s-eci.ic concerns such as the use o. -u+lic s-ace and streets0 a aila+ility o. .ood to ulnera+le -o-ulations0 entre-reneurialism and local economic de elo-ment0 and auto de-endence. *he s-eci.ic research methodology to .ollow will draw u-on this literature in order to more accurately .ocus the in8uiry on to-ics most likely to +e salient in discussions +y -olicymakers and stakeholders.

xxiv