MEANING OF PERCEPTION Perception - is the process through which people perceive and interpret information from the environment.

It is the way we form impressions about ourselves, other people, and daily life experiences. is the process of knowing objects and objective events by means of the senses.

Example 1: A lady wearing a gold jewelries can be perceived as rich. Example 2: Juan as an Ilocano can be perceived as thrifty and hardworking. People perceive the same things or situations differently because perceptions are influenced by cultural background, values and other personal and situational circumstances. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT Psychological contract is a set of expectations held by the individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship. A healthy psychological contract offers a balance between individual contributions made to the organization and inducements received in return. The contributions are the work activities, such as effort, time, creativity and loyalty that make the individual a valuable human resource. The inducements are the things the organization gives to the individual in exchange for these contributions. Examples of inducements: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pay/salary Fringe benefits Training Opportunities for personal growth and advancement Job security

Inducements should be valued by employees and should make it worthwhile for them to work hard for the organization.

PERCEPTION AND ATTRIBUTION Attribution a way in which perception exerts its influence on individual behavior. It is the process of developing explanations for events. Example: A workers poor quality work may be attributed to laziness or poor working condition. A manager who has prolonged irritation may be attributed to personal problems.

PERCEPTUAL TENDENCIES AND DISTORTIONS Perceptual tendencies and distortions can influence how people behave and communicate with one another. Examples of these are as follows: 1. Stereotypes A stereotype occurs when someone is identified with a group or category and then oversimplified attributes associated with the group or category are used to describe the individual. Example 1: A talented older worker may not be promoted because the manager perceived that older workers are cautious and tend to avoid risk. Example 2: A male president is better than a female president perceiving the weakness of a female and the strength of the male such as most males are physically stronger. 2. Halo Effect A halo effect occurs when one attribute is used to develop an overall impression of a person or situation.

Example: The punctuality of a person in a work situation may be perceived as a positive overall performance assessment. 3. Selective Perception Selective perception is the tendency to single out for attention those aspects of situation or person that reinforce or appear consistent with ones existing beliefs, values or needs. Example: A person is more likely to listen if his name is repeatedly called than if it were called only once.

4. Projection Projection is a perceptual error that involves the assignment of personal attributes to their individuals.

Example 1: An employer who has taken an intense dislike for one of his workers may feel that this particular subordinate hates him and is talking behind his back. Example 2: In an office, a subordinate who resents his boss may accuse the latter of being prejudiced against him.

IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT Impression Management is the systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us. It can help us to advance in jobs and careers, form relationships with people we admire, and even create pathways to group membership. Example 1: Use words to flatter other people in ways that generate positive feelings towards you. Example 2: Make eye contact and smile when engaged in conversations to create a personal bond.

THE PERCEPTION PROCESS Perception vs. Sensation Integrated behavior is dependent on the information received from the environment both external and internal. The reaction of a receptor to stimulation is termed sensation. Sensation does not result from the stimulation of a receptor alone but is a function of the brain activated which receives the information. The interpretation of a stimulus is called perception. Perception - is the process through which people perceive and interpret information from the environment. It is the way we form impressions about ourselves, other people, and daily life experiences. Example 1: Example 2: Characteristics of Perception 1. Limited to sensory discrimination In order to perceive something, an individual must be able to discriminate among stimuli in its environment. Stimulus discrimination depends on: a. Condition of the Person Biological and psychological conditions can dramatically affect both stimulus discrimination and behavioral responses: Example: Illness or fatigue may result in a decrease in the speed of reaction and an increase error during work performance. b. Properties of the Stimulus Size, proximity and illumination are properties of visual stimuli which affect its discrimination. In auditory stimuli, pitch, loudness and timbre are properties that affect behavior. Example: The size of lettering in textbooks maximizes visual discrimination. It is more convenient and interesting to read books with larger prints than smaller prints. 2. Perception is selective and subjective is the process of knowing objects and objective events by means of the senses.

Attention is a basic factor in perception. Attention constantly shifts and has a certain orderliness principally affected by the external factor in the environment and internal factors like motives. We perceive things clearly when our motive to perceive is truly strong. Example: While watching a basketball game, our attention is mainly focused on the one who has the ball at the moment although we are aware of other activities in the court.

Selective perception is the tendency to single out for attention those aspects of situation or person that reinforce or appear consistent with ones existing beliefs, values or needs.

Example: A person is more likely to listen if his name is repeatedly called than if it were called only once.