CSC 4103 - Operating Systems RAID Structure

Spring 2008

• As disks get cheaper, adding multiple disks to the same

system provides increased storage space, as well as
Lecture - XIX
increased reliability and performance.
Mass Storage and I/O - II
• RAID: Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
– multiple disk drives provides reliability via redundancy.

• RAID is arranged into six different levels.

Tevfik Ko!ar

Louisiana State University

April 10th, 2008 1

RAID Levels
RAID (cont)

• RAID schemes improve performance and improve the

reliability of the storage system by storing redundant
data.
– Mirroring (shadowing): duplicate each disk
• Simplest but most expensive approach
– Block interleaved parity uses much less redundancy.

– Data Striping: splitting each bit (or block) of a file across

multiple disks.

RAID Level 0 RAID Level 0

! !"#"$%&$'%(%')'$%*#+$,-+./&$"*'$%&$
&01)"'$%*$"$2%3)'$+1')1$"4+*5$"--$#6)$
'%&/&$%*$#6)$"11"7
! '+)&$*+#$01+(%')$"*7$2"8-#$#+-)1"*.)

! "-&+$/*+9*$"&$'%&/$&#1%0%*5
! %401+()&$1)"'$"*'$91%#)$0)12+14"*.)$
(%"$0"1"--)-$"..)&&

5 6
 RAID Level 1 RAID Level 1

! :--$'"#"$91%##)*$#+$#6)$01%4"17$'%&/$%&$
91%##)*$#+$#6)$4%11+1$'%&/
! 01+(%')&$"$1)'8*'"*#;$%')*#%."-$.+07$+2$"--$
'"#"
! 01+(%')&$2"8-#$#+-)1"*.)
! "-&+$/*+9*$"&$'%&/$4%11+1%*5$
! "-&+$5)*)1"--7$%401+()&$1)"'$0)12+14"*.)$
<,8#$4"7$')51"')$91%#)$0)12+14"*.)=>
7 8

RAID Level 2 RAID Level 2

! 8&)&$)11+1$.+11).#%*5$"-5+1%#64$#6"#$
)40-+7&$'%&/?&#1%0%*5$&#1"#)57$#6"#$,1)"/&$
"$2%-)$%*#+$,7#)&$"*'$&01)"'&$%#$".1+&&$
48-#%0-)$'%&/&
! @6)$)11+1?.+11).#%+*$4)#6+'$1)A8%1)&$
&)()1"-$'%&/&
! 01+(%')&$2"8-#$#+-)1"*.)
! ,8#$%&$*+#$"&$)22%.%)*#$"&$+#6)1$B:C!$-)()-&$
9 10

RAID Level 3 RAID Level 3

! &%4%-"1$#+$B:C!$-)()-$D;$,8#$%#$1)A8%1)&$+*-7$
+*)$'%&/$2+1$0"1%#7$'"#"
! &822)1&$21+4$"$91%#)$,+##-)*)./;$,)."8&)$"--$
0"1%#7$'"#"$%&$91%##)*$#+$"$&%*5-)$'1%()
! ,8#$01+(%')&$&+4)$1)"'$"*'$91%#)$
0)12+14"*.)$%401+()4)*#>$

11 12
 RAID Level 4 RAID Level 4

! &%4%-"1$#+$B:C!$-)()-$E;$,8#$%#$)40-+7&$
&#1%0)'$'"#"$%*$48.6$-"15)1$,-+./&$+1$
&)54)*#&
! *+#$"&$)22%.%)*#$"&$B:C!$-)()-$F;$,)."8&)$
<"&$%*$B:C!$-)()-$E=$"--$0"1%#7$'"#"$%&$
91%##)*$#+$"$&%*5-)$'1%()
! &+$B:C!$-)()-$G$&822)1&$21+4$"$91%#)$
,+##-)*)./$"*'$%&$*+#$5)*)1"--7$8&)'>$

13 14

RAID Level 5 RAID Level 5

! /*+9*$"&$&#1%0%*5$9%#6$0"1%#7
! #6)$4+&#$0+08-"1$B:C!$-)()-
! &%4%-"1$#+$-)()-$G$%*$#6"#$%#$&#1%0)&$#6)$'"#"$%*$-"15)$
,-+./&$".1+&&$"--$#6)$'%&/&$%*$#6)$"11"7
! C#$'%22)1&$%*$#6"#$%#$91%#)&$#6)$0"1%#7$".1+&&$"--$#6)$
'%&/&
! @6)$'"#"$1)'8*'"*.7$%&$01+(%')'$,7$#6)$0"1%#7$
%*2+14"#%+*
! @6)$'"#"$"*'$0"1%#7$%*2+14"#%+*$"1)$"11"*5)'$+*$
#6)$'%&/$"11"7$&+$#6"#$#6)$#9+$"1)$"-9"7&$+*$
'%22)1)*#$'%&/& 15 16

Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM)

RAID Level 6
• A hierarchical storage system extends the storage
• Similar to RAID 5, but uses dual distributed parity hierarchy beyond primary memory and secondary
• more reliability versus less data space storage to incorporate tertiary storage — usually
implemented as a jukebox of tapes or removable disks.
• Usually incorporate tertiary storage by extending the
file system.
– Small and frequently used files remain on disk.
– Large, old, inactive files are archived to the jukebox.
• HSM is usually found in supercomputing centers and
other large installations that have enormous volumes of
data.

17
Hierarchical Storage Management