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Signals, Noise, Modulation, and Demodulation
Signals, Noise, Modulation, and Demodulation
and Demodulation
Signals can be:
Analog: Amplitude change continuously with time
Digital: are described as discrete and their amplitude
maintains constant level for a prescribed period of time.
It is called binary level if only two levels are possible
called also a pulse
All digital signals are not necessary binary
A four level signal is called a quarternary digital signal
FIGURE 2-
2-1 Electrical signals: (a) sine wave; (b) binary digital signal;
signal; (c) quaternary digital signal
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Modulation
Converting information signals to a different form is
called modulation, and the reverse process is called
demodulation
Many of data communication systems utilize both
analog and digital systems, since it is often
necessary to change the form of the source
information
Modulate simply means to change, when analog
signal is being modulated (information =
modulating signal), some property of it is changing
proportional to the modulated signal (carrier)
Modulation
Electronic communications systems are analog and
digital
Analog systems in which energy is transmitted and
received in analog form
Digital communications covers digital transmission and
digital modulation
Digital transmission sys. require a physical facility between
transmitter & receiver
Original signal may be analog or digital
Digital modulation is the transmittal of digitally modulated
analog signals between two or more points
Modulating and demodulated signals are digital pulses
Carried through the system on an analog signal (carrier)
Original source information with digital modulation may be in
analog or digital form
FIGURE 2-
2-2 Analog and digital communications systems: (a) analog communications
communications system; (b) digital transmission; (c) digital
modulation.
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2- 2-2(continued) Analog and digital communications systems: (a) analog communications
communications system; (b) digital transmission;
(c) digital modulation.
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2- 2-2(continued) Analog and digital communications systems: (a) analog communications
communications system; (b) digital transmission;
(c) digital modulation.
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Signal Analysis
A since wave consists of cycles
A cycle is one complete variation in the signal
A period is the time the waveform takes to complete
one cycle (T) and constitutes 360 degrees or (2 Π
radians)
A since wave can be described in terms of three
parameters:
Amplitude: is the magnitude of the signal at any point and
measured in voltage or the vertical displacement. The
max. voltage is called peak amplitude or voltage (V)
Frequency
Phase
FIGURE 2-
2-3 Three sine waves showing amplitude, frequency, and phase
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-4 Comparison of two sine waves of different amplitudes and phases
phases
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-5 Time domain representation of a single-
single-frequency sine wave
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-6 Frequency spectrum (frequency domain representation) of two sine waves
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-7 Wave symmetries: (a) even symmetry; (b) odd symmetry; (c) half
half--wave symmetry
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-8 2–1
Waveform for Example 2–
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
Frequency Spectrum consists of all the frequencies
contained in the waveform and their amplitudes
plotted in the frequency domain
BW is the range of frequencies contained in the
spectrum and is calculated by subtracting the
lowest frequency from the highest
BW of a communication channel ≥ BW of
information signal
FIGURE 2-
2-9 2–1
Frequency spectrum for Example 2–
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-10 Voice-
Voice-frequency spectrum and telephone circuit bandwidth
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Electrical Noise and Signal to Noise
Ratio
Electrical noise is any undesirable electrical energy that
falls within the pass band of the signal
The most prevalent and the most interfering noise to data
communication are:
Man-made noise called industrial noise
Thermal noise is associated to the rapid and random movement of
electrons due to thermal agitation
Correlated noise is mutually related to signal
Harmonic distortion
Intermodulation distortion
Impulse noise is characterized by high amplitude peaks of short
duration in the total noise spectrum
Signal-to-noise power ratio is the ratio of the signal power to the
thermal noise power level
S/N (dBm) = 10 log Ps/Pn
FIGURE 2-
2-11 Effects of noise on a signal: (a) signal without noise; (b) signal with noise
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-12 Correlated noise: (a) harmonic distortion; (b) intermodulation
intermodulation distortion
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Amplitude Modulation
AM is the process of changing the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information)
Is relatively inexpensive, low quality form of
modulation used for commercial broadcasting, CB
radio
AM modulators are two-input devices, the output
produces a modulated wave
FIGURE 2-
2-13 AM generation
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Angle Modulation
Results whenever the phase angle (θ) of a
sinusoidal signal is varied with respect to time
Includes both FM and PM where the difference
lies in which property of the carrier (frequency
or phase) is directly varied by the modulating
signal and which property is indirectly varied.
If frequency of the carrier is varied directly in
accordance with the information (modulating)
signal, FM results, otherwise PM results.
FIGURE 2-
2-14 Angle-
Angle-modulated wave in the frequency domain
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-15 Angle modulation in the time domain: (a) phase changing with
with time; (b) frequency changing with time
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2- sine-wave carrier by a sine-
2-16 Phase and frequency modulation of a sine- sine-wave signal: (a) unmodulated carrier; (b)
modulating signal; (c) frequency-
frequency-modulated wave; (d) phase-
phase-modulated wave
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
Information Capacity, Bits, Bit Rate,
Baud, and M-Ary encoding
Information theory is a highly theoretical study of the
efficient use of bandwidth to propagate information
through electronic communication systems
It is used to determine the information capacity which is a
measure of how much information (number of independent
symbols) can be propagated through a communication
system and a function of bandwidth and transmission time
Binary digit, or bit is the most basic digital symbols that
can be used to represent information
Information capacity is often convenient to be expressed in
bit rate which is the number of bits transmitted during 1
second (bps).
Hartley’s Law
In 1928, Hartley of Bell Telephone
Laboratories developed a useful relationship
among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information capacity
I∞Bxt
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (hertz)
t = transmission time (seconds)
Shannon’s Formula
In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon
developed the Shannon limit for information
capacity
I = B log ( 1 + S/N )
2
baud = fb / N
FIGURE 2-
2-17 Simplified block diagram of a digital radio system
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-18 Digital amplitude modulation: (a) input binary; (b) output DAM waveform
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-19 FSK in the frequency domain
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-20 FSK in the time domain: (a) waveform; (b) truth table
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-20(continued) FSK in the time domain: (a) waveform; (b) truth table
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-21 phase–versus–
Output phase–versus–time relationship for a BPSK modulator
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-22 BPSK modulator: (a) truth table; (b) phasor diagram; (c) constellation
constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-23 phase–versus–
QPSK: (a) output phase–versus–time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-23(continued) phase–versus–
QPSK: (a) output phase–versus–time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-24 phase–versus–
8-PSK: (a) output phase–versus–time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-24(continued) phase–versus–
8-PSK: (a) output phase–versus–time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-25 16-
16-PSK: (a) truth table; (b) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-26 phase–versus-
8-QAM: (a) output phase–versus-time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-26(continued) phase–versus-
8-QAM: (a) output phase–versus-time relationship; (b) truth table; (c) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2-
2-27 16-
16-QAM modulator: (a) truth table; (b) constellation diagram
Wayne Tomasi
Introduction to Data Communications Copyright ©2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
and Networking, 1e All rights reserved.