Pure and Applied Mathematics Journal

2013; 2(4): 146-148

Published online August 30, 2013 (http://wwws!ien!epublishingg"oup!o#/$/p%#$)
doi: 1011648/$p%#$2013020412

Derivation of Schrdinger equation from a variational
principle
Sami. H. Altoum
&## Al-'u"% &ni(e"sit) *+,A-&ni(e"sit) -ollege o. Al- /un.ud%h, 0ip !ode 21112 * bo2 1101
Email address:
s%#i%ltou#3hot#%il!o#
To cite this article:
,%#i 4 Altou# 5e"i(%tion o. ,!h"6dinge" 7'u%tion ."o# % 8%"i%tion%l P"in!iple Pure and Applied Mathematics Journal.
8ol 2, 9o 4, 2013, pp 146-148 doi: 1011648/$p%#$2013020412

Abstract: :he %i# o. this "ese%"!h is to de"i(e ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion ."o# !%l!ulus o. (%"i%tions ((%"i%tion%l p"in!iple),
so we use the #ethodolog) o. !%l!ulus o. (%"i%tions :he (%"i%tion%l p"in!iple one o. g"e%t s!ienti.i! signi.i!%n!e %s the)
p"o(ide % uni.ied %pp"o%!h to (%"ious #%the#%ti!%l %nd ph)si!%l p"oble#s %nd )ield .und%#ent%l e2plo"%to") ide%s
Keyword: ,!h"6dinge" 7'u%tion, 8%"i%tin%l P"in!iple, 4%#iltoni%n-;%!obi 7'u%tion
1. Introduction
:he !%l!ulus o. (%"i%tions is % .ield o. #%the#%ti!%l
%n%l)sis th%t de%ls with #%2i#i<ing o"
#ini#i<ing .un!tion%l, whi!h %"e #%ppings ."o# % set
o. .un!tions to the "e%l nu#be"s =un!tion%l %"e o.ten
e2p"essed %s de.inite integ"%ls in(ol(ing .un!tions %nd thei"
de"i(%ti(es :he inte"est is in e2t"e#%l .un!tions th%t #%>e
the .un!tion%l %tt%in % #%2i#u# o" #ini#u# (%lue
o" st%tion%") .un!tions, those whe"e the "%te o. !h%nge o.
the .un!tion%l is <e"o ?n 'u%ntu# #e!h%ni!s,
the ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion is % p%"ti%l di..e"enti%l
e'u%tion th%t des!"ibes how the 'u%ntu# st%te o.
so#e ph)si!%l s)ste# !h%nges with ti#e ?t w%s .o"#ul%ted
in l%te 112@, %nd published in 1126, b)
the Aust"i%n ph)si!ist ,!h"6dinge" ?n !l%ssi!%l #e!h%ni!s,
the e'u%tion o. #otion is 9ewtonAs se!ond l%w, %nd
e'ui(%lent .o"#ul%tions %"e the 7ule"*B%g"%nge
e'u%tions %nd 4%#iltonAs e'u%tions ?n %ll these
.o"#ul%tions, the) %"e used to sol(e .o" the #otion o. %
#e!h%ni!%l s)ste#, %nd #%the#%ti!%ll) p"edi!t wh%t the
s)ste# will do %t %n) ti#e be)ond the initi%l settings %nd
!on.igu"%tion o. the s)ste# ?n 'u%ntu# #e!h%ni!s, the
%n%logue o. 9ewtonAs l%w is ,!h"6dinge"As e'u%tion .o" %
'u%ntu# s)ste#, usu%ll) %to#s, #ole!ules, %nd sub%to#i!
p%"ti!les; ."ee, bound, o" lo!%li<ed ?t is not % si#ple
%lgeb"%i! e'u%tion, but (in gene"%l) % line%" p%"ti%l
di..e"enti%l e'u%tion :he di..e"enti%l e'u%tion des!"ibes
the w%(e .un!tion o. the s)ste#, %lso !%lled the 'u%ntu#
st%te o" st%te (e!to" ?n this "ese%"!h we dedu!ed
,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion ."o# (%"ition%l p"in!iple so we
int"odu!e ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion, !%noni!%l e'u%tions %nd
(%"i%tion%l p"oble#s %nd the 4%#iltoni%n-;%!obi e'u%tion
1.1. 1-Canonical Equations and Variational problems
?n se(e"%l p"oble#s o. ph)si!s %nd #e!h%ni!s it is
!on(enient to "e!%st 7ule"As e'u%tions in !%noni!%l .o"#,
whi!h #%>es possible % gene"%l %pp"o%!h to (%"i%tion%l
p"oble#s =u"the", the new (%"i%ble int"odu!ed in the
p"o!ess %d#it o. % si#ple ph)si!%l inte"p"et%tion
-onside" the e2t"e#u# o. the .un!tion%l
[ ] ( )

=
2
1
, ,, , , ,, , ,, ,
2 1 2 1 2 1
x
x
n n n
dx y y y y y y x F y y y I
(1)
Che"e ( ) ( ) x y x y
n
,,
1
s%tis.) !e"t%in bound%")
!onditions %t
1
x %nd
2
x :he 7ule" e'u%tions %"e
0 =

i i
y y
F
dx
d
F n i ,, 2 1 = (2)
Chi!h !onstitute % s)ste# o. n o"din%") di..e"enti%l
e'u%tion in ( ) ( ) x y x y
n
,,
1
Ce int"odu!e
( )
n y i
y y y x F p
i
=

,, ,, ,
1 1 n i ,, 2 1 = (3)
Chi!h togethe" with ) ,, 2 1 ( n i y
i
= %"e !%lled
!%noni!%l (%"i%bles .o" the %bo(e .un!tion%l :he (%"i%bles
i
y %nd
i
p %"e >nown %s !%noni!%ll) !on$ug%te (%"i%bles
:hen (2) gi(es
Pu"e %nd Applied D%the#%ti!s ;ou"n%l 2013; 2(4): 146-148 14E

i
i
y
F
dx
dp

= n i ,, 2 1 = (4)
9ow, i. the ;%!obi%n
( )
( )
0
,, ,
,, ,
2 1
2 1

n
y y y
y y y D
F F F D
n
,
:hen the s)ste# o. e'u%tion (3) !%n be sol(ed %s
( )
1 1
, ,, , ,,
i i n n
y x y y p p =

Chen these %"e substituted into (4) ,we get % s)ste# o.
.i"st-o"de" e'u%tions %s
( )
n n i
i
p p y y x
dx
dy
,, , ,, ,
1 1
= ,
i
i
y
F
dx
dp

=
with n i ,, 2 1 = (@)
4en!e.o"w%"d the p%"entheses in the se!ond e'u%tion o.
(@) signi.) th%t
i
y in F %"e "epl%!ed b)
i
Ce now
int"odu!e the 4%#iltoni%n .un!tion
( )

=
=
n
i
i i n n
F p p p y y x H
1
1 1
,, , ,, , (6)
:hen the s)ste# (6) !%n be w"itten %s
i
i
p
H
dx
dy

=
,
i
i
y
H
dx
dp

=

n i ,, 2 1 =
(E)
:his s)ste# is "e.e""ed to %s the 4%#iltoni%n (!%noni!%l)
s)ste# o. 7ule"As e'u%tions %nd o. 2n-o"din%") e'u%tions in
2n un>nown .un!tions ( ) x y
i
%nd
i
p
1.2. 2-The Hamiltonian-Jacobi Equation
-onside" the .un!tion%l in (1), the 7ule" e'u%tion .o" this
.un!tion%l %d#it o. solutions in(ol(ing 2n %"bit"%")
!onst%nts 4e"e spe!i.i!%tion o. two points A %nd F in the
sp%!e o. (%"i%bles
n
y y x ,, ,
1
th"ough whi!h %n e2t"e#%l
#ust p%ss gi(es p"e!isel) 2n e'u%tions .o" dete"#ining
these !onst%nts 4en!e in the gene"%l !%se the"e %ppe%"s %
dis!"ete set o. e2t"e#%ls $oining these points Bet
AB
I be
the (%lue o. the .un!tion%l on e%!h o. these e2t"e#%l,A
being "eg%"ded %s the initi%l %nd F %s the te"#in%l point Bet
A be .i2ed while ( )
n
y y y x B ,, , ,
2 1
is "eg%"ded %s %
#o(%ble point :hen
AB
I is % .un!tion
o. ( )
n
y y y x ,, , ,
2 1
%nd we w"ite
( )
n AB
y y y x S I ,, , ,
2 1
= (8)
?. F !h%nges its position (6) gi(es

=
+ =
n
i
i i
dy p Hdx dS
1

Chi!h in tu"n le%ds to
H
x
S
=

, i
i
p
y
S
=

n i ,, 2 1 =
?t then .ollows th%t S s%tis.ies the .ollowing p%"ti%l
di..e"enti%l e'u%tion o. .i"st o"de"
0 ,, , ,, , ,
1
2 1
=
|
|

\
|

n
n
y
S
y
S
y y y x H
x
S
(1)
Chi!h is >nown %s 4%#iltoni%n *;%!obi e'u%tion
1.3. 3-Schrdiner Equation and Variatinal principle
9ow we de"i(e the .und%#ent%l e'u%tion o. 'u%ntu#
#e!h%ni!s (,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion) ."o# % (%"i%tion%l
p"in!iple
=i"st we de.ine %n ope"%to" >nown %s the 4%#iltoni%n
ope"%to" %s .ollows:
( ) z y x V H , ,
2
+ (10)
4e"e ( ) m h
2 2
8 / = , whe"e h %nd m st%nd .o" the
Pl%n>As !onst%nt the #%ss o. the p"in!iple whose #otion is
!onside"ed in % .ield o. potenti%l ene"g) V Ce now see> %
w%"e .un!tion
Possibl) !o#ple2 e2t"e#i<e the .un!tion%l
( )

dxdydz H (11)
,ub$e!t to the !onst"%int

, 1 dxdydz (12)
Che"e

is the !o#ple2 !on$ug%te o. :he

integ"%tion is o(e" % .i2ed do#%in o. y x, %nd z , Ce
.u"the" %ssu#e th%t the %d#issible .un!tion %nd

eithe" (%nish %t !o""esponding points on opposite

bound%"ies As % !onse'uen!e

=

dxdydz dxdydz
2

?nt"odu!ing B%g"%nge #ultiplie" , we then .ind the
e2t"e#u# o. the .un!tion%l
( ) [ ]

+ + + =

dxdydz V !dxdydz
z z y x x


:he 7ule" e'u%tion %"e
, 0 =
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

z y x
!
z
!
y
!
x
!

, 0 =
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

z y x
!
z
!
y
!
x
!

Chi!h "edu!e to
148 ,%#i 4 Altou# 5e"i(%tion o. ,!h"6dinge" 7'u%tion ."o# % 8%"i%tion%l P"in!iple

= + V
2
(13)
:his is w"itten %s = H
?. we #ultipl) this b)

%nd integ"%te o(e" the do#%in

o. , , , z y x the le.t side be!o#es the st%tion%") integ"%l (11)
whi!h depend b) " 4en!e b) (12) we h%(e " = , so
(13) "edu!es to ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion ?t is wo"th pointing
out he"e th%t the"e is %n inte"esting %nd i#po"t%nt
!onne!tion between 4%#iltoni%n-$%!obi e'u%tion .o"
!l%ssi!%l s)ste# %nd the ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion .o" %
'u%ntu# #e!h%ni!%l s)ste# ?n .%!t ,i. we put the w%(e
.un!tion
( )S h i
e
/
= ,whe"e S is the %!tion .un!tion o. the
!l%ssi!%l s)ste# (8),then the ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion "edu!es
to the 4%#iltoni%n *;%!obi e'u%tion(1) p"o(ided S is #u!h
l%"ge" th%n Pl%n>As !onst%nt h :hus in the li#it o. l%"ge
(%lues o. %!tion %nd ene"g) ,the su".%!es o. !onst%nt ph%se
.o" the w%(e .un!tion "edu!e to su".%!es o. !onst%nt
%!tion S .o" the !o""esponding !l%ssi!%l s)ste# ?n this
!%se, w%(e #e!h%ni!s "edu!es to !l%ssi!%l #e!h%ni!s $ust
%s w%(e opti!s "edu!es to geo#et"i!%l opti!s in the li#it o.
(e") s#%ll w%(elength ?t #%) be noted th%t the +lein-
Go"don e'u%tion
, 0
1
2
2
2
2
2
= |

\
|

h
mc
t
c

(!H(elo!it) o. light) "ep"esenting % possible w%(e
e'u%tion .o" % "el%ti(isti! p%"ti!le (though it is not !o""e!t
.o" %n ele!t"on o" p"oton)!%n be !onst"u!ted in

1
2
2 2
2
2
(
(

+ |

\
|

=

h
mc
t c m
h
#

2. Conclusion
:he #%in "esult o. this "ese%"!h we dedu!ed ,!h"6dinge"
e'u%tion b) using (%"i%tion%l p"in!iple %nd %ddition%l "esult
we dedu!ed ,!h"6dinge" e'u%tion is "edu!es to the
4%#iltoni%n *;%!obi e'u%tion

Reerences
I1J Ab"%h%# Albe"t &ng%" *An%l)ti! 4)pe"boli! Geo#et") %nd
Albe"t 7insteinAs ,pe!i%l :heo") Kel%ti(it)-Co"ld ,!ienti.i!
publishing -o-PteBtd, (2008)
I2J Al ="ed G"%n), Dode"n 5i..e"enti%l Geo#et") o. -u"(es
%nd ,u".%!es with D%the#%ti!%, -K- P"ess (1118)
I3J Aubin :hie""), 5i..e"enti%l Geo#et")-A#e"i!%n
D%the#%ti!%l ,o!iet) (2001)
I4J Au"el Fe$%n!u L4%ni Ked% =%"%n-=oli%tions %nd Geo#et"i!
,t"u!tu"es, ,p"inge" Ado"d"e!ht, the 9ethe"l%nds (2006)
I@J Flu#%n GC L +u#ei ,, ,)##et") %nd 5i..e"enti%l
7'u%tions 9ew Mo">: ,p"inge"-8e"l%g (1118)
I6J 5%(id Fle%>e"-G%uge :heo") %nd 8%"i%tion%l P"in!iple,
Addison- Cesle) Publishing -o#p%n), (1181)
IEJ 5i..e"enti%l Geo#et") %nd the !%l!ulus o. 8%"i%tions, Kepo"t
4e"#%nn-9ew Mo"> %nd Bondon, (1168)
I8J 7d#und Fe"ts!hinge"-?nt"odu!tion to :ense" -%l!ulus .o"
Gene"%l Kel%ti(it), (2002)
I1J D Bee ;ohn-?nt"odu!tion to ,#ooth D%ni.olds-,p"inge"
8e"l%g, (2002)
I10J 7lsgolts,B, 5i..e"enti%l 7'u%tions %nd -%l!ulus o.
(%"i%tions, Di" Publishe"s,Dos!ow,11E3
I11J B)uste"ni>,B,A, :he sho"test Bines:8%"ition%l P"oble#s,
Di" Publishe"s,Dos!ow,11E6
I12J -ou"%nt, K %nd 4ilbe"t,5 ,Dethods o. D%the#%ti!%l
Ph)si!s,8ols1 %nd 2,Cile) * ?nte"s!in!e, 9ew Mo">,11@3
I13J 4%"d),G,Bittlewood,;7%nd Pol)%,G,?n'u%lities,(P%pe"b%!>
edition),-%#b"ige &ni(e"sit) P"ess,Bondon,1188
I14J :onti,7,?nt ; 7nginee"ing ,!i,22,P1343,1184
I1@J 8l%di#i"o(,8,,A -olle!tion o. p"oble#s o. the 7'u%tions
o. D%the#%ti!%l Ph)si!s, Di" Publishe"s,Dos!ow,1186
I16J +o#>o(,8,8%"i%tion%l P"in!iples o. -ontinuu# De!h%ni!s
with 7nginee"ing Appli!%tions,8ol1,5Keidel Publishing
-o,5o"de!ht,4oll%nd,118@
I1EJ 9i"enbe"g,B,:opi! in -%l!ulus o. 8%"i%tions (edited b)
DGi%'uint%),P100,,p"inge" * 8e"l%g,Fe"lin 1181
!io"ra#hy
$r. Sami Ha%a&i 'ustaa: "e!ei(ed his Ph5
deg"ee in 5i..e"enti%l Geo#et") ."o#
Alneel%in &ni(e"sit), ,ud%n in 200E 4e w%s
% he%d o. 5ep%"t#ent o. D%the#%ti!s in
A!%de#) o. 7nginee"ing ,!ien!es in ,ud%n
9ow he is Assist%nt P"o.esso" o. D%the#%ti!s,
&ni(e"sit) !ollege o. Al'un.udh%, &## Al
/u"% &ni(e"sit), ,%udi A"%bi%