The formation of ionic bonds in sodium chloride, NaCl is explained as follows: The electron arrangement of a sodium atom is 2.8.1.

. Sodium atom releases one valence electron to form sodium ion, Na+ Na Na+ + e The electron arrangement of sodium ion is 2.8. Sodium ion achieves a stable octet electron arrangement. The electron arrangement of a chlorine atom is 2.8.7. Chlorine atom receives one electron to form chloride ion, ClCl + e Cl The electron arrangement of chloride ion is 2.8. Chloride ion achieves a stable octet electron arrangement. Strong electrostatic force pulls the sodium ion and chloride ion together. An ionic bond is formed. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

Formation of hydrogen chloride molecule, HCl ( covalent compound) The formation of covalent bonds in hydrogen chloride molecule is explained as follows: Each hydrogen atom has an electron arrangement of 1. The outermost shell needs one electron in order to achieve a stable duplet electron arrangement. Clorine atom has an electron arrangement of 2.8.7. The outermost shell needs one electron in order to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement. Clorine atom contributes one valence electron while hydrogen atom contributes one valence electron for sharing. A single covalent bond is formed.

Remarks: The electrons must be drawn in the overlap of two shells. Students may use Lewis structure in drawing the formation of covalent compound. ( Lewis structure only show the valence electrons)

Electrolysis of aqueous solution

1. Electrolysis of potassium nitrate solution, KNO3 using carbon electrodes. Anode (+) NO-3, OH4OH- 2H2O + O2 +4e Colourless gas bubbles are released Oxygen gas Cathode (-) K+, H+ 2H+ + 2e H2 Colourless gas bubbles are released Hydrogen gas

Ion presents Half equation Observation Product

2. Electrolysis of silver nitrate solution, AgNO3 using carbon electrodes. Anode (+) NO-3, OH4OH- 2H2O + O2 +4e Colourless gas bubbles are released Oxygen gas Cathode (-) Ag+, H+ Ag+ + e Ag A grey solid is formed Silver metal

Ion presents Half equation Observation Product

3. Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution, CuSO4 using carbon electrodes. Anode (+) SO2-4, OH4OH- 2H2O + O2 +4e Colourless gas bubbles are released Oxygen gas Cathode (-) Cu2+, H+ Cu2+ + 2e Cu Brown solid is formed Copper metal

Ion presents Half equation Observation Product

4. Electrolysis of concentrated potassium chloride solution, KCl using carbon electrodes. Anode (+) Cl- , OHCl- Cl2 + 2e Greenish-yellow gas bubbles are released Chlorine gas Cathode (-) K+, H+ 2H+ + 2e H2 Colourless gas bubbles are released Hydrogen gas

Ion presents Half equation Observation Product

5. Electrolysis of silver sulphate solution, Ag2SO4 using silver electrode as anode and carbon electrode as cathode. Anode (+) Ag Ag+ +e Silver electrode corrodes and become thinner Silver ion Cathode (-) Ag+ + e Ag A grey solid is deposited and electrode becomes thicker. Silver metal

Ion presents Half equation Observation

Product

6. Electrolysis of copper(II) nitrate solution, Cu(NO3)2 using copper electrode as anode and carbon electrode as cathode. Anode (+) Cu Cu2+ +2e Copper electrode corrodes and become thinner Copper(II) ion Cathode (-) Cu2+ + 2e Cu Brown solid is deposited and electrode becomes thicker. Copper metal

Ion presents Half equation Observation

Product