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6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion, Spring 2005

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 6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6: Magnetoquasistatics

I. MQS Governing Equations

( )
∇ i µ 0 H = 0 ⇒ µ0 H = ∇ × A ( A = vector potential)
∇×H =
1
µ0

( )
∇ × ∇ × A = J

( ) ( )
∇ × ∇ × A = ∇ ∇ i A − ∇2 A = µ 0 J

II. Uniqueness

If A → A + ∇ χ , ∇ × A is unchanged because ∇ × ( ∇ χ) = 0

For ∇ i A to also remained unchanged requires ∇2 χ = 0

When, for EQS systems

ρ (r ') dV '
∇2 Φ =
−ρ
ε ( ) ∫ 4πε
r − r '

⇒Φ r =
V'

For ∇2χ = 0 everywhere, it is analogous to ρ = 0 everywhere for which

Φ (r ) = 0.

Thus to uniquely specify a vector to within a constant, both its curl and
divergence must be specified. Here, we have thus far specified ∇ × A = µ0 H .
We are free to specify ∇ i A to any convenient value. We choose ∇ i A = 0
which is called setting the gauge. Then

∇2 A = −µ0 J

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 1 of 9
 III. Vector Poisson’s equation

∇2 A = −µ0 J ⇒ ∇2 A x = −µ0 Jx
∇2 A y = −µ0 Jy
∇2 A z = −µ0 Jz

( )
(Important fact: For each current element J r ' dV' , the contribution to A is
in the same direction as J .)

In analogy to the EQS Poisson’s equation

µ0 ( )

Jx r ' dV'

()
Ax r =
4π ∫
V'
r -r'

µ0 ( )
Jy r ' dV'

()
A y r =

4π ∫
V' r -r'

µ0 ( )
Jz r ' dV'

()
A z r =

4π ∫
V' r -r'

or in compact vector form

µ0 ( )
()
A r =
4π ∫
V'
J r ' dV'
r -r'

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 2 of 9
 IV. Boundary Conditions

1. Tangential H

∇ ×H = J ⇒ ∫ H i ds = ∫ J i da
C S

Hbt ds - H at ds = Kds

Hbt - H at = K

n × ⎡⎣H a - H b ⎤⎦ = K

2. Single Current Sheet

3. Two Oppositely Directed Current Sheets

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 3 of 9
 4. Normal H

∇ i µ 0 H = 0 ⇒ H∫ µ 0 i da = 0
S

µ 0 (H an - Hbn ) A = 0

H an = Hbn

n i ⎡⎣H a - H b ⎤⎦ = 0

V. Biot – Savart Superposition Integral

1 1 ( )
J r ' dV'
H=
µ0
∇×A =
4π
∇× ∫
V' r -r'

1
∇×⎢
( )
⎡ J r ' dV' ⎤
⎥
=
4π ∫ ⎢ r -r' ⎥
V' ⎣⎢ ⎥⎦

1
Let χ =
r -r'
0
( ( )) = χ∇ × ( J (r ')) + ∇ χ× J (r ')
∇× χJ r'

⎛ 1 ⎞ _ ∂ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 _
In a spherical coordinate system: ∇ ⎜ ⎟ = i r ⎜ ⎟ = − i
⎝r ⎠ ∂r ⎝ r ⎠ r2 r

_
⎛ ⎞ − i r 'r
1
Therefore: ∇ ⎜ ⎟=
⎜ r -r' ⎟ 2
⎜ ⎟ r -r'
⎝ ⎠

_ r -r'
i r 'r =
r -r'

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 4 of 9
 Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

( ) ⎞⎟ =
_

⎛ J r' − i r 'r
∇×⎜
⎜
⎜ r -r'
⎟
⎟
2 ( )

× J r'
⎝ ⎠ r -r'

( )
_
J r ' × i r 'r
= 2
r -r'

( )
_
1 J r ' × i r 'r dV '
H=
4π ∫
V' r -r'
2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 5 of 9

 VI. On Axis Magnetic Field from Current Loop

⎡ _ _ ⎤
⎢z i z − a i r
( ) ⎡ _
_ _ iadφ _ ⎤
⎥
J r ' × i r 'r dV ' = iadφ i φ × ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ z ir + a iz ⎥
2 2
⎢ z +a ⎥ z2 + a2 ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦

⎡ _ _ ⎤
2π ia ⎢z i r + a i z ⎥ dφ _
1 ⎣ ⎦ ia2 i z
H=
4π ∫ =
z2 + a2 ⎡z2 + a2 ⎤ 2 ⎡z2 + a2 ⎤ 2
3
φ= 0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

2π
_ _ _ _
Hint: i r = cos φ i x + sin φ i y ⇒ ∫i
0
r
dφ = 0

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 6 of 9
 VII. On Axis Magnetic Field of Circular Cylindrical Solenoid

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

A. Superposition Approach Using Previous Result of Single Current Loop

Consider the solenoid as a collection of current loops, each of length

dz ' . For the loop at z ' of thickness dz ' , the current in the loop is
Ni
di = dz ' . The magnetic field from this loop is
d

di a2 _ Ni a2dz ' _
dH = 3
iz = 3
iz
2 ⎡( z − z ') + a2 ⎤ 2d ⎡( z − z ') + a2 ⎤
2 2 2 2
⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

The total magnetic field is

+d 2 +d 2
Ni a2dz ' Ni a2 dz '
Hz = ∫ 3
=
2d ∫ 3
2d ⎡( z − z ') + a2 ⎤ ⎡( z − z ')2 + a2 ⎤
d 2 2 d 2
z '= − z '= −
2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ 2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 7 of 9
 d
+
2

=
Nia2 ( z '− z )
2d 1
a2 ⎡a2 + ( z − z ') ⎤
2 2
⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ z '= −
d
2

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎛d ⎞ ⎥
⎢ d ⎥
Ni ⎢
−z ⎜ 2 + z⎟
= 2 + ⎝ ⎠ ⎥
2d ⎢ ⎡ 1
2⎤ 2 ⎡
1 ⎥
d⎞ ⎤ ⎥
2 2
⎢ 2 ⎛ d⎞ ⎛
⎢ ⎢a + ⎜ z − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢a2 + ⎜z + ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎦ ⎦

Ni d
lim Hz =
1
d
z 2d ⎡ 2 ⎤ 2

2 ⎛ d ⎞
⎢a2 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥

Ni
lim Hz =
d
a d
2

Ni _
B. Solenoid modeled as Surface Current K = i
d φ

_
1 K × i r 'r dS
H=
4π ∫
S' r -r'
2

_ _ _
i r 'r = − i r sin α − i z cos α

sin α =
a
, cos α =
( z '− z ) , r -r'
2
= ⎡a2 + ( z '− z ) ⎤
2
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
a + ( z '− z ) a2 + ( z '− z )
2 2 2

⎡ _ _ _ ⎤
2π i φ × ⎢ − i r sin α − i z cos α ⎥ adφdz '
+d 2
1 Ni ⎣ ⎦
H=
4π
φ=0
∫ ∫d
d ⎡a + ( z '− z ) ⎤
2 2
z '= − ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2

2π
_
Note: ∫
φ=0
i r dφ = 0

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 8 of 9
 _
+d 2
Ni i z sin α
H=
4πd
2πa ∫d
⎡a2 + ( z '− z )2 ⎤
dz '
z '= − ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
2

+d 2

Nia2
+d 2
dz ' Ni a2 ( z '− z )
Hz =
2d ∫ 3
=
2d 1
⎡a2 + ( z '− z )2 ⎤ a2 ⎡a2 + ( z '− z ) ⎤
d 2 2 2
z '= −
2 ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ z '= −
d
2

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ d d ⎥
−z +z
Ni ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
= +
2d ⎢ ⎡ 1
2⎤ 2 ⎡
1 ⎥
d⎞ ⎤ ⎥
2 2
⎢ 2 ⎛ d⎞ ⎛
⎢ ⎢a + ⎜ z − ⎟ ⎥ ⎢a2 + ⎜ z + ⎟ ⎥ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎥ ⎥
⎦ ⎦ ⎦

VIII. Demonstration 8.2.1 Fields of a Circular Cylindrical Solenoid

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 6

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 9 of 9