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Chapter4 FHO +++
Chapter4 FHO +++
IN NEW ZEALAND
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction .....................................................................................................................................2
Types of oil and their characteristics ..............................................................................................2
Changes in spilled oil characteristics due to weathering.................................................................2
Port storage of oil ..........................................................................................................................2
General Crude Oil Characteristics ...................................................................................................3
Refined Product Characteristics.......................................................................................................7
Jet A1
...............................................................................................................................7
Dual Purpose Kerosene.................................................................................................................7
Heavy Fuel Oil.................................................................................................................................
8
Automotive Gas Oil (Diesel)...........................................................................................................8
Light Fuel Oil ...............................................................................................................................9
Marine Gas Oil (Diesel) .................................................................................................................9
Miscellaneous Products.................................................................................................................9
Premium Unleaded Petrol ......................................................................................................... 9
Regular Unleaded Petrol......................................................................................................... 10
Bitumen (no solvent) a.k.a. Asphalt......................................................................................... 10
Relationship between temperature and oil viscosity for representative crude and fuel oils ............ 10
Page 1 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
Introduction
When oil is spilled at sea it undergoes a number of physical and chemical changes, some of which
lead to its disappearance from the sea surface, whilst others cause it to persist. Although spilled oil
is eventually assimilated by the marine environment, the time involved depends upon such factors
as the amount of oil spilled, its initial physical and chemical characteristics, the prevailing climatic
and sea conditions and whether the oil is washed ashore or remains at sea.
This section of the plan outlines the physical and chemical characteristics of the various types of
crude and refined oils that are transported around New Zealand either in tankers or in ships
bunkers. It also outlines the computer system that estimates how the characteristics of the spilled oil
may change due to weathering and how to identify the window of opportunity for dispersant
application.
Page 2 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
A960
Abu Safah
Airlie
Al Rayyon
Al Shaheen
Alaska North slope
Anoa
Arab Extra Light
Arab Heavy
Arab Light
Arab Medium (Banam)
Ardjuna
Arun
Attaka
Azerbaijan
Bach Ho
Badak
Barrow Island
Basrah Light
Bekapai
Belida
Benchamas Blend
Bintulu
Bolivian Blend
Bontang Exp
Bonny Light (Nigerian
Light)
Bonny Medium
(Nigerian Medium)
Brass River
Brazilian Mix
Brent Blend
Brunei Lt
Buffalo
Bunga Kekwa
Cabinda
Canadon Seco
Challis
Champion
Cinta
Clyde Residue
Cooper Basin
Cossack
Dubai
East Spar
Elang
Enhanced Maui
Erawan
Escalante (Cerro
Dragon)
POUR
DENSITY POINT
API
(C)
(C)
0.96
Saudi Arabia
0.88
Australia
0.81
Qatar
0.91
Qatar
0.88
Alaska
0.89
Indonesia
0.80
Saudi Arabia
0.83
Saudi Arabia
0.89
Saudi Arabia
0.86
Saudi Arabia
0.88
Indonesia
0.85
Indonesia
0.76
Indonesia
0.81
Commonwealth of
Independent States 0.85
Vietnam
0.82
Indonesia
0.82
Australia
0.84
Iraq
0.85
Indonesia
0.83
Indonesia
0.80
Thailand
0.84
Malaysia
0.89
Bolivia
0.76
Indonesia
0.78
16.05
28.89
43.41
24.85
29.09
27.47
45.57
38.76
27.67
32.94
29.57
35.56
54.44
43.19
12
-18
-9
-42
-24
16
-20.3
-45
<-30
-30
24
-30
-30
34.68
42.12
41.42
37.70
34.58
40.02
45.15
37.19
28.21
55.55
50.80
-3
31
-12
-55
-30
-12
16
33
-6
-42
-23
Nigeria
0.85
35.38
Nigeria
Nigeria
Brazil
United Kingdom
Brunei
Australia ?
Malaysia
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Brunei
Indonesia
Australia
Australia
Dubai
Unknown
Timor Sea
New Zealand
Thailand
0.89
0.81
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.77
0.84
0.86
0.90
0.83
0.90
0.86
0.91
0.78
0.79
0.87
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.75
Argentina
0.91
COUNTRY
S.G.
API
METHOD
(C)
CST
247.2
20
20
27
10
40
20
10
10
10
40
10
20
2.5
55.2
13.6
40.8
2.1
4.5
83.7
18.1
35.2
3.5
1.2
1.8
148.8
15.4
3.4
27.3
13.3
13.5
35.3
3.7
6.5
6.1
3.3
-3.1
< -18
-25.3
75
55
71
104
59
110
79
58
73
55
57
20
20
20
10
20
10
27
40
40
40
40
15.6
7904.0
2.0
3.4
10.7
3.9
5.6
6.9
5.2
1.1
0.9
30.5
7.0
-6.5
1.7
3.7
0.0
5.1
-0.4
11.2
-42.0
-44.0
69
40
3.5
25.2
26.69
42.98
36.45
38.98
40.41
52.34
36.55
32.46
26.60
39.60
25.37
32.65
23.65
49.65
47.34
31.14
57.80
53.81
52.22
55.99
-30
9
-6
6
12
-21
130
54
20
40
19.4
1.8
53.6
-30.0
39
30
88
15
-6
-9
-51
39
50
71
115
104
9
-18
-21
-55
-51
<-24
-37.2
96
45
57
51
57
55
49
20
40
40
0
40
40
20
40
60
0
20
20
10
40
20
20
21
4.8
2.0
1.2
0.0
68.8
73.0
3.0
6.8
18.6
0.0
2.4
2.0
17.4
0.7
1.3
0.7
0.9
-7.1
-2.6
-5.3
0.0
0.8
48.1
9.5
50.0
59.4
0.0
16.0
-39.4
2.1
-43.9
-40.9
-43.4
-45.5
23.65
135
40
331.0
60.6
85.2
67
69
86
72
107
75
49
71
55
61
43
Page 3 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
CRUDE
COUNTRY
Fletcher Blend
(Petrocorp)
Forcados
Forozan Blend
New Zealand
Nigeria
Iran
Blend of MIRI,
Generic Crude 1 (Low BARR, THEV,
CHAM (25%)
Cloud)
Blend of LABU,
Generic Crude 2 (High MASA, CHAL,
Cloud)
WALI (25%)
Geragai-Makur
Indonesia
Gippsland
Australia
Girassol
Angola
Griffin
Australia
Gulf of Suez
Egypt
Gullfaks
Norway
Handil
Indonesia
Hydra
Argentina
Iranian Light
Iran
Jabiru
Australia
Kaji
Indonesia
Kapuni
New Zealand
Kerapu
Indonesia
Khafji
Khafji Long Res
Kitina Blend
Koch Alberta
Kutubu
Kuwait
Labuan
Lalang
Laminaria
Langsa
Lavan Blend
Lavan Residue
Legendre
Lower Zakum
Lufeng
Madura Ayu Blend
Malampaya
Condensate
Margham
Marib
Marib Light
Masa
Masila
Maui B
Maui F Sand
McKee Blend
Medanitos (Rio Negro)
Mesa
Minas
Miri Lt
S.G.
0.83
0.88
0.87
POUR
DENSITY POINT
API
(C)
(C)
(C)
CST
API
METHOD
38.98
28.69
30.99
15
-6
-30
38
94
71
50
20
30
3.3
13.9
10.8
-30.5
40.8
4.7
2.8
5.9
1.2
8.8
4.4
3.5
7.4
16.5
3.7
3.4
1.2
3.7
-15.1
-35.6
18.5
-40.0
6.0
10.0
0.0
20.3
3.7
6.4
-0.8
-59.5
9.5
30
37
-33
9
0
-48
3
-18
27
3
-9
18
0.80
0.79
0.87
0.76
0.87
0.85
0.86
0.83
0.86
0.81
0.83
0.73
0.80
46.49
47.00
31.71
55.18
31.71
34.77
33.42
38.98
33.23
42.35
39.29
61.10
45.24
0.89
0.98
Congo
0.84
Canada
0.86
Papua New Guinea 0.81
Kuwait
0.87
Malaysia
0.87
Indonesia
0.83
Australia
0.74
Indonesia
0.79
Iran
0.85
Unknown
0.96
Australia
0.81
Abu Dhabi
0.82
China
0.87
Indonesia
0.80
27.26
12.74
37.27
32.67
44.06
31.31
31.14
39.29
59.90
46.71
34.02
16.67
43.93
40.43
31.46
46.04
-22
23
13
Philippiness
Sharjah
Yemen
Yemen
Indonesia
Yemen
New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand
Argentina
Venezuela
Indonesia
Malaysia
52.51
52.65
40.85
47.61
40.52
30.58
58.48
43.19
43.56
33.73
30.09
35.96
30.21
Neutral Zone
0.77
0.77
0.82
0.79
0.82
0.87
0.74
0.81
0.81
0.86
0.88
0.85
0.88
80.0
991.0
5.4
2
-21
15
33
-54
<-45
-12
46
9
-21
40
<-36
78
67
40
74
50
53
20
53
20
50
20
78
40
61
20
65
10
73
20
83
38
37
21
85
40
30.89 or
46.9
10
60
78
40
56
36
25
49
10
128
40
94
50
56
20
100
42
10
394
58
40
65
40
227
50
81
1.7
2.7
20.2
-14.8
-2.6
95.2
-18.0
-36
-9
-12
-48
-13
-33
-45
30
15
-3
-36
36
-12
45
42
50
47
131
105
34
59
76
101
100
88
76
0.7
1.2
1.7
1.4
4.8
16.5
0.7
2.6
1.6
15.8
8.3
8.2
10.5
-43.7
-46.6
-10.3
-43.2
39.4
27.5
-61.6
-3.5
-31.1
21.9
25.6
39.9
4.0
12
30
40
20
25
40
21
27
20
30
40
20
38
60
10
1.9
23.9
2.8
6.9
0.9
14.2
-28.9
0.0
14.2
-3.5
-36.9
10.6
32.4
25.5
-44.3
-0.4
-1.4
Page 4 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
CRUDE
Mubarras Blend
Mudi Blend
Murban
Murban Residue
Nan Hai Light
Ngatoro Blend
Ngatoro2
Nkossa
NW Shelf
Oman
Oman Residue
Oriente
Oseberg
Oso Condensate
Qatar Land
Qatar Marine
Qua Iboe (Nig.Lt
(Mobil))
Pagerungan
Pattani
Pohokura Condensate
Rabi
Rang Dong
Rainbow
Ras Laffan (Summer)
Ras Laffan (Winter)
Ratawi
Rincon
Ruby
San Sebastian
Santa Cruz
Sepinggan
Shaybah Blend
Saharan Blend
Sirri
SLEB
Stag
Sudanese Blend
Swift
Tantawan
Tapis (Pulai)
Tapis LSWR
Tchatamba Blend
Tengiz
Thevenard
Ukpokiti
Umm Shaif
Upper Zakum
Varanus
Vityaz
Walio
Widuri Blend
COUNTRY
S.G.
POUR
DENSITY POINT
API
(C)
(C)
(C)
CST
API
METHOD
50
147
83
30
38
20
3.5
5.6
4.3
-0.5
63.6
-1.6
40
12.2
144.0
29.5
10
20
10
60
40
20
20
20
40
9.6
0.8
31.8
206.9
13.5
7.5
2.0
4.3
5.0
-38.0
-46.5
8.3
148.0
29.8
0.5
-36.7
-21.2
-1.6
40
3.4
40
40
40
40
16
40
40
50
38
40
40
10
21
20
10
15
40
20
40
4.8
1.3
13.9
9.0
8.1
0.9
0.9
22.8
4.9
8.7
3.4
3.0
4.6
5.3
4.0
18.0
2.5
124.0
32.8
-4.0
-46.7
15.9
-33.9
47.2
5.5
-3.1
-46.6
-47.6
25.0
18.2
7.5
-46.3
-44.9
20.1
5.9
40
40
60
16
20
20
16
10
10
38
40
10
60
2.2
2.0
17.8
4.6
2.1
3.8
5.8
8.1
15.0
2.8
2.4
32.5
19.0
Indonesia
Abu Dhabi
0.82
0.84
0.83
40.98
37.29
39.81
-30
27
-9
China
New Zealand
New Zealand
Congo
Australia
Oman
Oman
Equador
Norway
Nigeria
Qatar
Halul Island
0.92
0.83
0.84
0.87
0.79
0.74
0.86
0.93
0.88
0.84
0.79
0.82
0.85
22.30
39.08
37.21
30.90
46.60
59.72
33.61
20.81
28.93
36.07
46.89
41.27
35.96
28
24
27
-9
-48
-30
6
-3
-3
18
-9
-15
0.84
0.73
0.82
0.79
0.84
0.84
0.83
0.75
0.75
0.91
0.84
0.84
0.82
0.79
0.87
0.83
0.80
0.87
0.85
0.94
0.85
0.80
0.79
0.80
0.88
0.81
0.79
0.83
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.80
0.85
0.85
0.86
36.21
61.41
41.21
46.71
36.63
37.76
40.02
57.19
57.80
24.29
36.19
37.39
40.43
48.18
30.77
38.20
45.75
30.77
35.36
18.30
34.46
44.36
47.64
45.82
30.03
44.08
46.71
39.77
41.89
36.85
34.37
46.04
34.58
35.17
32.88
15
-54
24
21
24
30
-17
-35
-35
-33
-3
24
-60
-21
-7
-25
-15
-12
9
-30
33
27
6
6
45
2
-15
-24
2
-18
-30
9
<-45
0
42
Nigeria
Indonesia
Thailand
New Zealand
Gabon
Unknown
Canada
Unknown
Unknown
Neutral Zone
Argentina
Vitenam
Argentina
Argentina
Unknown
Saudi Arabia
Algeria
Iran
Brunei
Australia
Egypt
New Zealand
Thailand
Malaysia
Gabon
Kazahkstan
Australia
Nigeria
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi
Australia
Sakhalin
Indonesia
Indonesia
383
96
77
150
29
50
73
71
43
52
31
48
65
45
98
50
95
72
40
43
45
56
67
101
37
47
103
84
42
93
286
151
54
53
70
49
65
76
82
60
36
5
85
77
157
3.8
5.1
107.1
72.4
-29.6
-3.2
0.8
148.4
-43.2
-19.6
3.7
1.1
-2.6
-8.2
-45.3
3.6
0.5
89.9
Page 5 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
CRUDE
COUNTRY
S.G.
POUR
DENSITY POINT
API
(C)
(C)
(C)
CST
API
METHOD
Wollybutt
Xi-Jiang
Yetagun
Australia
China
Australia ?
0.78
0.85
0.75
49.12
35.23
56.64
-45
36
<-30
97
192
38
40
50
40
1.2
10.8
0.7
-0.6
73.5
-43.6
Yoho
Nigeria
0.83
39.60
18
67
40
3.0
-3.5
Page 6 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
WEIGHTE
D
AVERAGE
APPEARANCE AT 20C
PASSES
TEST
Colour, Saybolt
30
RANGE
MIN - MAX
SPECIFICATION
CLEAR, BRIGHT
WITH NO VISUAL
CONTAMINATION
30 -- 30
Total Acidity
mgKOH/g
0.0031
0.0012 -- 0.0062
max. 0.015
Aromatics
% Vol.
17.1
15.3 -- 18.2
8.0 -22.0
Olefins
% Vol.
0.8
max. 5.0
Total Sulphur
% mass
0.03
0.00 -- 0.05
max. 0.30
or Mercaptan, Sulphur
% mass
0.0006
0.0001 -- 0.0007
max. 0.002
Flash Point
40.5
39.0 -- 44.5
min. 38
Density @ 15C
kg/l
0.8003
0.7990 -- 0.8033
0.775 - 0.840
Freezing Point
-58.2
-63.0 -- -56.5
max. -47
Viscosity @ -20C
cS(mm2/s)
3.519
3.339 -- 3.606
max. 8.0
Smoke Point
mm
25
23 -- 25
min. 19
Napthalenes
% Vol.
0.04
0.00 -- 1.31
max. 3.0
Water reaction
(interface)
Doctor test
negative
max. 1b
86
74 -- 99
min 70
253
200 -- 310
50 -450
PROPERTY
WEIGHTE
D
AVERAGE
RANGE
MIN - MAX
SPECIFICATION
APPEARANCE AT 20C
PASSES
TEST
pS/m
30
30 -- 30
CLEAR, BRIGHT
WITH NO VISUAL
CONTAMINATION
min. 23
Total Acidity
mgKOH/g
0.0024
0.0024 -- 0.0024
max. 0.015
Aromatics
% Vol.
19.4
19.4 -- 19.4
8.0 -22.0
Olefins
% Vol.
0.6
0.6 -- 0.6
max. 5.0
Total Sulphur
% mass
0.00
0.00 -- 0.00
max. 0.02
Colour, Saybolt
Doctor test
negative
or Mercaptan, Sulphur
% mass
0.0000
0.0000 -- 0.0000
max. 0.002
Flash Point
44.5
44.5 -- 44.5
min. 43
Density @ 15C
kg/l
0.8023
0.8023 -- 0.8023
0.775 - 0.840
Freezing Point
-51.5
-51.5 -- -51.5
max. -47
Viscosity @ -20C
cS(mm /s)
3.989
3.989 -- 3.989
max. 8.0
Smoke Point
mm
24
24 -- 24
min. 25
Napthalenes
% Vol.
0.04
0.00 -- 1.31
Water reaction
(interface)
pS/m
max. 3.0
max. 1b
75
75 -- 75
min 70
380
380 -- 380
50 -450
Page 7 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
Density @ 15C
WEIGHTE
D
AVERAGE
0.9489
kg/l
RANGE
MIN - MAX
SPECIFICATION
0.947 -- 0.952
max. 0.991
Flash Point
109
107 -- 111
min. 63
MJ/kg
43.22
43.1 -- 43.3
min. 41.9
Total Sulphur
% mass
2.25
2.16 -- 2.48
max. 3.5
cSt
171.4
154 -- 176
90 - 180
Pour Point
-3 -- 3
max. 24
% mass
15.1
14.3 -- 15.9
max. 18.0
Vanadium Content
mg/kg
80
63 -- 102
max. 150
22 -- 34
max. 70
Sodium Content
mg/kg
28
Ash
% mass
0.03
max. 0.01
Water by Distillation
% Vol.
<0.05
max. 0.75
Sediment by Extraction
% mass
0.01
max. 0.15
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
kg/l
0.8428
RANGE
MIN - MAX
0.834 -- 0.854
319.4
309 -- 330
mm Hg
755.5
736 -- 766
Colour
L 0.5
SPECIFICATION
0.810 - 0.860
max. 350
max. 3.0
79
Total Sulphur
% mass
0.20
0.09 -- 0.29
max. 0.30
cSt
7 - 13
0.855 - 0.865
-6.1
-7 -- -6
max. -6
-9.0
Cloud Point
Cloud Point
Cetane Index
50.7
Passes test
Appearance @ 8C
Corrosion Copper Strip
71 -- 87
min. 63
-9 -- -9
max. -9
0 -- 0
max. 4
0 -- 0
max. 0
48.6 -- 52.4
min. 47
Clear and bright
Ash
3h @
100C
mg
KOH/g
% mass
max. 0.01
Water by Distillation
% Vol.
max. 0.05
Sediment by Extraction
% mass
max. 0.01
% mass
mg/100m
l
0.00
max. 0.20
max. 1.5
Page 8 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
Density @ 15C
kg/l
WEIGHTE
D
AVERAGE
0.9101
RANGE
MIN - MAX
SPECIFICATION
0.908 -- 0.911
max. 0.974
Flash Point
113
107 -- 117
min. 63
Total Sulphur
% mass
1.47
1.41 -- 1.66
max. 2.0
cSt
30.5
29.8 -- 32.2
14 -- 33
Pour Point
-13
-18 -- -12
max. -6
% mass
10.7
10.1 -- 11.6
max. 12.0
Vanadium Content
mg/kg
69
51 -- 103
max. 150
Sodium Content
mg/kg
19
17 -- 22
max. 50
Ash
% mass
max. 0.01
Water by Distillation
% Vol.
max. 0.5
Sediment by Extraction
% mass
max. 0.12
Density @ 15C
85% Recovery @
Barometer
kg/l
WEIGHTE
D
AVERAGE
0.8472
340.2
335 -- 345
mm Hg
753.5
743 -- 761
Colour
RANGE
MIN - MAX
SPECIFICATION
0.845 -- 0.852
0.810 - 0.860
max. 370
L 0.5
max. 3.0
92
74 -- 107
min. 63
Total Sulphur
% mass
0.26
0.22 -- 0.30
max. 0.30
cSt
13
0.854
Cloud Point
-1.2
-2 -- 0
max. 0
Cloud Point
Pour Point
0.00
0 -- 0
51.9
48.6 -- 53.0
Cetane Index
Passes test
Appearance @ 8C
Corrosion Copper Strip
Total Acid No.
max. 6
3h @
100C
mg KOH/g
min. 40
Clear and bright
max. No. 1 strip
max. 0.5
Ash
% mass
max. 0.01
Water by Distillation
% Vol.
max. 0.05
Sediment by Extraction
% mass
% mass
max. 0.01
0.00
mg/100ml
max. 0.20
max. 1.5
Miscellaneous Products
Premium Unleaded Petrol
PROPERTY
Density @ 15C
VALUE
0.735
0.750 approx.
Pour Point C
-29 approx.
Page 9 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
1.0 approx.
VALUE
0.756
Density @ 15C
Specific Gravity @ 15C
0.739 approx.
Pour Point C
-18 approx.
3.0 approx.
VALUE
solid
Kinematic viscosity @
130C
Specific Gravity @ 15C
236 cSt
Pour Point C
+40 +80
0.99 1.2
20000
V
i
s
c
o
s
i
t
y
200
5000
2000
Boscan
1000
500
Heavy Fuel
Oil
Medium Fuel
Oil
100
50
30
Duri
20
15
C
e
n
t
i
s
t
o
k
e
s
10
Cabinda
7
5
Kuwait
4
3
Arabian
Light
Brega
Gas Oil
0
20
10
40
20
Degrees Centigrade
60
80
Degrees Fahrenheit
30
40
100
50
120
60
140
Notes
National Marine Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Chapter 4 Oil Types and Characteristics
Page 10 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006
1
2
3
4
5
Other oils can be plotted by entering a known viscosity value at the relevant temperature and
drawing a line parallel to existing ones.
Oils with viscosities exceeding 2000 centistokes at ambient temperature (for example Medium
Fuel Oil colder than 20C) are unlikely to be amenable to dispersants, except when Corexit
9500 (or higher than normal doses of other dispersants) is to be used.
Gas oil is also known as Light Diesel or No. 2 Fuel Oil (ASTM nomenclature) and ranges from
7-9 Centistokes at 38C.
Medium Fuel Oil is also known as No. 4 Fuel Oil (ASTM nomenclature) and ranges from 225400 Centistokes at 38C.
Heavy Fuel Oil is also known as Bunker C or No. 6 Fuel Oil (ASTM nomenclature) and ranges
from 900-2500 Centistokes at 38C.
Page 11 of 11
Issue 1 April 2006