MANUSCRIPT

When provided with a manuscript, you need to deliver it exactly as written. It is the original author's ideas and not your own that you are presenting to the audience. One important form of manuscript is a proclamation. When you read the proclamation, you create a distinct speech act that puts the statements into effect. After the speaker reads the manuscript and understands the meaning, he or she can practice creating a conversational delivery by emphasi ing important words, creating vocal phrases with the right words together, and varying the pace and emphasis.

MEMORIZED

!emori ed delivery takes two basic forms" the total speech or manuscript is committed to memory, or standard parts of the message are memori ed and woven into each speech. !emori ing your speech allows you to stay in touch with your audience. One of the main problems of delivering a speech from memory is that it sounds like you are reading since you are focusing your attention on remembering the words. When writing your speech, write as if you were speaking naturally, directly to an audience.

IMPROMPTU

#emember that you are generally in control of the content, so you can decide what you are going to talk about and include topics you want to talk about. $our delivery will naturally be more conversational and spontaneous. %ince you are not well&prepared, you may overlook some significant information, but audience 'uestions can often help fill in the gaps. (ecome familiar with common organi ational patterns so you can apply them in any situation using the three part speech outline of an Introduction, (ody, and Conclusion.

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+here are two popular methods for organi ing ideas to create a graphical representation for speaker notes&&outlining and mind or concept mapping. An outline is a list of items with each item divided into additional sub& items. )ach level in an outline has at least two subcategories. +here are three basic types of hierarchical outlines&&sentence, topic and phrase. +opic and phrase are the most useful for speaker notes since they allow the speaker to 'uickly glance at the notes while maintaining eye contact with the audience. !ind mapping and concept mapping are visual representation of ideas and concepts. (oth mind maps and concept maps can be used to graphically show the relationship between ideas for a speech and as speaker notes for delivery. A mind map diagram starts with a single word as a central branch node and lesser categories as sub&branches going off from the central node. A concept maps can have multiple hubs or nodes with clusters of concepts labeled to show the kind of relationship. While extemporaneous speaking may be free of the constraints of memori ation and manuscript speaking, it is not careless talk/ the speaker prepares notes in advance in order to deliver an organi ed speech.

Presenting from memory

Unless you have had training and practice memorizing long passages of text, the memorized mode is the hardest to pull off. Freed from a manuscript or notes, you are likely to have the added anxiety of forgetting what you wanted to say. A memorized speech can also sound "canned" and lacking in spontaneity. After many months of campaigning, a politician's talk will ecome a memorized talk. !ome speakers are extremely skillful at memorizing. "thers, who have presented the same ideas a num er of times, will memorize their lines whether they intended to or not. #ach time they speak on that or a similar topic, they can draw from memory. $his is true for many preachers and teachers. %ecall &artin 'uther (ing, )r's "* have a dream speech"+ *n August ,-./, (ing presented a five0minute speech for the &arch on 1ashington. *ndeed, the first part of the speech was written out to fulfill that expectation. For the second half of the speech, (ing a andoned his text and drew from his memory

Speaking from a manuscript

According to communication expert $errence 2oyle, reading from a manuscript is the most

formal type of delivery. *t is also an effective choice when you want to have the greatest control of the wording of your speech. 3ou will pro a ly use a manuscript when speaking on a highly sensitive topic for which it is important to have precise wording. "r, if you have spent special effort em ellishing your speech with stylistic elements, reading from the manuscript will ensure that you speak the phrases 4ust as you wrote them. "ften, however, reading your speech will ro the presentation of spontaneity and the conversational dynamics that effective speakers strive to achieve. $o compensate for that, you will need to practice your reading to give it the feeling of eing spoken for the first time. !killful manuscript readers will also make spontaneous changes in their speech at the moment of delivery. #ach year the 5resident of the United !tates delivers a !tate of the Union Address to 6ongress. $hese talks are manuscript ecause the wording is so sensitive. 3ou'll notice that they will e reading from a teleprompter to ena le them to look up and appear to e speaking extemporaneously.

Speaking extemporaneously
1hen you speak extemporaneously you are literally making up the words of your speech as you go. $hat does not mean that you do no preparation. %ather, as you rehearse you work from an outline or speaker notes that remind you of the progression of ideas in your speech. 7ecause you are developing the words on the fly, an extemporaneous speech is likely to e very dynamic and sound spontaneous and fresh. An excellent example of an extemporaneous speech is %o ert F. (ennedy's #ulogy to &artin 'uther (ing, )r. "n April 8, ,-.9, &artin 'uther (ing, )r. was assassinated in &emphis. %o ert (ennedy, then a candidate in the 5residential primary in *ndiana, learned a out (ing's assassination while air orne. :e was scheduled to address a group of people at the airport upon his arrival in *ndianapolis. $he audience for that speech had assem led on the airport runway, unaware of the assassination of (ing. (ennedy delivered his elo;uent remarks extemporaneously. Extemporaneous and memorized speaking are two ways of delivering a speech or making a presentation. Extemporaneous speaking works well for most academic and business settings, whereas memorized speaking is often used for brief, formal speeches at weddings, funerals and similar occasions.

Advantages

)xtemporaneous speaking enables a speaker to remain flexible during a speech and to respond to audience feedback. !emori ed speaking allows a speaker to carefully plan and ensure the exact wording of a speech.

Preparation

)xtemporaneous speaking re'uires thorough preparation and ade'uate rehearsal, including a full speech or presentation outline. %imilarly, memori ed speaking necessitates careful planning, with word&for&word memori ation of a full speech manuscript.

Materials

When delivering an extemporaneous speech, a speaker will use brief, unobtrusive notes, which identify the main points of the presentation. In contrast, a speaker delivering a memori ed speech will not use an outline or any notes.

Drawbacks

Without sufficient rehearsal, a speaker can stumble during the delivery of an extemporaneous speech. With memori ed speaking, a speaker may sound unnatural or lose his or her place in the speech.

Considerations

)xtemporaneous and memori ed speaking e'ually re'uire ade'uate rehearsal for smooth and effective delivery. (oth types of speaking work best when the speaker uses a natural, conversational style.