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OSE5312 Slides Class ZZ - Summary For Final - 2up
OSE5312 Slides Class ZZ - Summary For Final - 2up
= 1 + _ w
Ignored presence of atoms, assumed some dipole moment per unit volume P
Induced dipoles modify light propagation refractive index, absorption coefficient
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 3
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 5
Maxwells Equations including explicit current sources
Inside materials these quantities contain separate charge and current contributions
1. diverging E fields relate to charges (bound and free)
2. diverging magnetic flux density doesnt exist
3. rotating E fields are related to changing magnetic fields
4. rotating B relates to changing E and several currents
free current density magnetization current density polarization current density
Which of these three current densities have we described using the Lorentz model?
Scalar wave equation
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 6
Permittivity and permeability
permittivity
permeability
electrical susceptibility (~ -100-100)
- related to the polarization of the medium
magnetic susceptibility (~10
-5
)
- magnetic response of the medium
dielectric constant
- response of medium + response of vacuum
Frequency dependent polarization:
with
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 4
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 7
Complex refractive index
Complex susceptibility complex index q=n+ik, complex c
r
= c
r
'+ic
r
'' = c
1
+ic
2
Relation between q and c
r
: q = \c
r
(assuming magnetic response negligible)
( )
2 2
2 2
) 1 (
) 1 (
k
k
e
+ +
+
=
n
n
R
( )
e r
_ c c c e c + = = 1 ) (
0 0
c
e
k e o 2 ) ( =
( ) ' ) (
2
1
r r
n c c e + = ( ) ' ) (
2
1
r r
c c e k =
Permittivity:
Refractive index from dielectric function:
Dielectric function from refractive index : ) ( ) ( 2 ' ' e k e c n
r
= ) ( ) ( '
2 2
e k e c = n
r
Related optical properties:
Absorption coefficient
Reflectance
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 8
1. The phase velocity the speed at which a phase front moves through a material:
Phase velocity: In vacuum:
2. The refractive index n(w) is the reduction of the phase velocity compared to c: .
Dispersion of light inside media
Additional properties of plane wave solutions to Maxwells Equations:
with n the refractive index n~\(1+_)
3. Wave vector 4. Wavelength 5. Group velocity
with
dk
d
v
g
e
=
Why approximate?
IMPORTANT! These are the kinds of things you are asked to calculate on exams
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 5
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 9
Useful formulas
Reflection coefficient from medium 1 to medium 2 under normal incidence
R =
p
2
- p
1
p
2
+ p
1
2
=
n
2
- n
1
2
+
2
-
1
2
n
2
+ n
1
2
+
2
+
1
2
Reflection coefficient under normal incidence from air on planar surface
R =
n - 1
2
+
2
n + 1
2
+
2
Transmission through absorbing slab, ignoring multiple internal reflections
I
]Im
= I c
-uz
I = 1 - R
2
c
-uz
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 10
Broad outline
2. Kramers Kronig relations
Causal nature of _(t) _'(e) is related to _''(e) and vice versa
If you know o(e), can calculate n(e), and from there R, v
g
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 6
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 11
Using reality condition OR Cauchy, found Kramers-Kronig relations linking
- real refractive index n to an absorption spectrum o
- real susceptibility X to a spectrum of the imaginary susceptibility X
- a phase shift upon reflection to a reflectivity spectrum R
Summary - Kramers Kronig relations
Memorize these, and be able to construct a plot based on a provided X or o spectrum
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 12
Broad outline
3. Lorentz model
Classical approach: Assume electrons bound to atom with spring constant
Calculate electron displacement using classical equation of motion
Gives dipole moment per atom, convert to P (dipole per unite volume) vs. field
Gives expression for _ if you know _, can calculate opt. prop.
Works for materials with sharp optical transitions,
and approximately for materials with broad transitions (well below absorption)
Atoms, molecules
Insulators (below transition)
Semiconductors (well below bandgap)
D-band contribution to metal properties (sharp transitions within metal)
Example questions : dopants in transparent hosts, solids made up of Lorentz resonators
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 7
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 13
Course recap / context
Built classical model of isolated atoms, completely ignored quantum effects
P = -c N r m p = e
= 1 + _ w
Assumed optical response was due to electron motion r(e) in harmonic potential
Assume that all atoms in a solid (or gas) act independently (no coupling effects)
(Added anharmonic binding potential to classical model)
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 14
Equation of motion
Equation of motion:
tot
F ma
=
Illuminate atom:
Charge displacement
Average electron position: ( ) t r
= +
c
c
I +
c
c
e
e r f
F F F a m
=
or
Note: gamma here is in s
-1
whereas all omegas are radians / second
Also note: I is not defined as FWHM. In some cases the FWHM is equal to the value of I
Illuminate atom:
Charge displacement
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 16
Lorentz model: complex susceptibility
Polarization in terms of susceptibility
) ( ) ( ) ( e e o e E N P =
e e e
e _
I
|
|
.
|
\
|
e
=
i m
Ne
2 2
0 0
2
1
) (
Polarization in terms of polarizability o (=oE)
which with
| | e e e
e o
I
=
i m
e
) (
1
) (
2 2
0
2
gives
where the prefactor is related to the plasma frequency e
p
through
m
Ne
p
0
2
2
e
= e
Assumptions:
- restoring force linear in r
- damping linear in dr/dt
- averaged/macroscopic fields and local fields equal
- dipoles all point along the applied field (isotropic)
0
) (
) (
e
=
e o
e _
N
memorize
memorize
memorize
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 9
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 17
Lorentz model examples - narrow resonance
e
0
= 4 e
p
= 8 I = 0.3
reflectance from air at normal incidence
( )
2 2
2 2
) 1 (
) 1 (
k
k
e
+ +
+
=
n
n
R
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
40
20
0
20
Rec e ( )
Imc e ( )
e
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
2
4
6
n e ( )
k e ( )
2e
k e ( )
ep
e
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
0.5
1
R e ( )
e
( )
e
_ c e c + = 1 ) (
0
c
e
k e o 2 ) ( =
understand these trends
memorize
(or derive)
( ) ' ) (
2
1
r r
n c c e + =
( ) ' ) (
2
1
r r
c c e k =
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 18
Lorentz model examples - narrow resonance
Types of questions:
- Show index spectrum, calculate density of atoms
(e.g. one resonance know e
0
, know n(0), can find N)
- Show absorption spectrum of doped host material,
calculate gamma based on peak absorption and N
dopant
,
calculate N
dopant
if gamma is given
Show transmission spectrum (1-R)^2 e
-oz
,
find n(0)
Note - I may ask for an absorption cross-section o based on transmission
(see next slide)
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 10
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 19
Absorption cross-section o
Fraction of absorbed light in thin slab given by o NAz
Write in terms of differential equation:
This will result in a solution of the form
Comparing this to we find
or
Absorption cross section
- if light passes within area o
it is absorbed by the ion / atom
Note: I can ask for absorption cross-section of a Lorentz resonator!
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 20
Optical properties of insulators at visible frequencies
Now that we know the concept of band structure: revisit insulators.
Insulators: electronic prop. also described by Schodinger equation in period lattice
BUT: strong binding of valence electrons leads to relatively flat VB
Example: calculated LiF band structure => well defined E
VB
, sharp onset of k
http://www.crystal.unito.it/mssc2006_cd/tutorials/defects/defects_tut.html
DOS
VB
- - - k
___
n
LiF
LiF
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 11
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 21
Overview
4. Drude model
Same as Lorentz model, but assuming zero restoring force
Metals: large electron concentration, no restoring force large charge motion
Looks like extremely strong Lorentz resonator with zero res. frequency
Optical propeties described by TA RT
Large reflection below e
p
, skin depth
Note: doped semiconductors with large free electron or free hole concentration:
Also partly described by Drude model
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 22
Refractive index vs. frequency Gold
Metals (free charges) can be described as oscillator with zero resonance frequency :
- high absorption near resonance (at low freq)
- anomalous dispersion and n<1 at low freq
From: http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/nk
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 12
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 23
Color of metals look at frequency dependent reflectance
Ag c and R
Cu: effect of d-electrons insufficient to reach c
r
=0
Reduced reflectance at short (blue) wavelengths reddish color
Cu c and R
Ag
Ag
Cu
Cu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 24
Band structure of metals?
Now that we know band structure, revisit metals:
Electron states in metals also described by Schrdinger equation in periodic structure
metals also display electronic band structure
Difference with insulators and semiconductors: Fermi level within a band
low-energy transitions possible, DC conduction possible
Gold band structure
From thesis Pina Romaniello (page 94, online PDF)
SR=scalar relativistic, SO=including spin-orbit effects
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 13
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 25
Overview
5. Quantum mechanics
(Matter and therefore) electron motion is wave-like in nature
Need wave equation to describe behavior of charges
QM model of charge position and motion QM description of _(e)
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 26
Course recap / context
Started modeling electron motion quantum mechanically using square wells
P = -c z N p = e
= 1 + _ w o
12
= N w
12
l
I
Limited basis set method: DC charge displacement z dipole moment, _(0)
Time dependent perturbation: dipole moment _(e), transition rates o(e)
All electrons / quantum systems assumed to behave independently, no coupling
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 14
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 27
Time-independent Schrodinger equation
If p=mv is the electron momentum, then p
2
/2m = mv
2
is the kinetic energy
write wave equation in terms of kinetic energy = total energy E - potential energy V
Where V is the position dependent potential energy of the electron
(warning: V is not the electric potential ! Notation potentially confusing.. )
Alternative notation:
This is the Time-independent Schrdinger equation.
Left part is the energy operator, called the Hamiltonian H
light: affected by n, electrons: affected by V
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 28
Confined electron modes in infinite potential well
Depending on n, wavefunctions have different symmetry
Note: in sketch energy of +
n
indicated by dotted line, and + shown as solid line
Lowest order solution (n=1)
is symmetric (even), whereas n=2
solution is antisymmetric (odd)
(unfortunately the odd solutions are
represented by even numbers n)
Terminology:
+
1
has even parity and
+
2
has odd parity
Note increasing
level spacing
Solutions are called Eigensolutions or Eigenfunctions, and the
allowed energies are called Eigenvalues
Remember shape of
allowed modes
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 15
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 29
Corresponding wavefunctions of finite well
First three Eigenmodes in finite well with depth of 8 energy units
Second even mode
First odd mode
First even mode
[ Slightly lower energy than E
1
]
Note:
- at higher energy, wavefunction enters further into high-V region
- Energy level spacing increases as energy goes up, just as in inf. well case
- Finite number of bound modes
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 30
Linear applied field
Finite well with small applied field : perturbed system
Ground state will deform, and have slightly different energy
Wavefunction will still look similar to
n
, but not exactly
1
is no longer an Eigenfunction of
the perturbed system
Question: how can we find solutions to our perturbed system?
Looking for solutions to H+ = E+ (E=energy) with the Hamiltonian now given by
[ Warning: here E
z
is electric field magnitude ]
Concept of a perturbed Hamiltonian, notion of a perturbed wavefunction
Realize that weak perturbation new Eigenfunctions, look similar to unperturbed
n
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 16
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 31
Modified ground state in infinite well with applied electric field
Example: new lowest energy Eigenfunction has c
1
= 0.985, c
2
=0.174, c
3
=0.013
Corresponding to
Field has pulled wavefunction
to the left as expected
Exact solution (solid line) lies
close to result using limited
basis set (dashed line)
The dotted line indicates
first order perturbation theory,
which we will cover next
Energies close to inf. square well:
compared to 1, 4, and 9
Understand physical result of perturbing field
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 32
Pulsed perturbation with oscillatory field
To calculate time dependent polarization in response to oscillatory EM wave:
(note: electric field amplitude here is 2E
0
)
Describe H
p
(t) as with
To see how our system (e.g. atom) responds to perturbation:
- start with unperturbed system in one state (e.g. ground state)
- turn on perturbation at t=0
- turn off perturbation at t=t
0
Integrate amplitude in another state (e.g. 1
st
excited state) over time
Assume that amplitude in initial state does not change much (low power limit)
We will calculate the resulting amplitude in the excited state after the pulse
Functional form of time dependent perturbation due to incident field
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 17
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 33
Polarization under steady state illumination
Polarization
with
Which with leads to prediction of susceptibility
Question: Describe meaning of a
3
(1)
n1
2
-
2
n
Transition rates (Fermis Golden Rule):
Absorption coefficient: or
Optical cross-section o
m]
=
4n
ncs
0
]
c z
m
2
g
]
(l) stimulated em/abs
o =
4n
nce
0
N g
]
l p
]m
2
Dipole matrix element
]
-c z
m
Joint density of states per atom / quantum system
Volume per absorber (here: V
-1
= N
e
= e
-
per unit volume)
o =
4n
nce
0
p
]
l p
]m
2
Joint density of states per volume
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 18
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 35
Blackbody model
Hot objects radiate due to thermal motion of charges (atom cores and electrons)
In an idealized object (perfect blackbody radiator), the emission spectrum is a
direct measure of energy present in the system
Perfect blackbody: reflectivity = transmission = 0 emissivity = 1
Model: aperture in large box that is at some equilibrium temperature
[Based on Verdeyen, Chapter 7]
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 36
Allowed modes
Like e
-
in semiconductors, optical modes in finite rectangular volume described by
grid of allowed k-vectors count allowed k-values find photon density of states
k
x
k
y
m=2, p=1
m=3, p=1
m=4, p=1
m=1, p=1
m=2, p=2
m=4, p=2
Result: states in frequency range
dv per unit volume given by p(v)dv =
p v =
8an
3
c
3
v
2
dv
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 19
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 37
Bose-Einstein distribution function:
BL
E =
1
c
EkT
-1
(valid for Bosons indistinguishable particles with integer spin)
Analytical solution for blackbody radiation
Photons are Bosons, thermal population (probability to be occupied) given by
Energy density of blackbody emitter at a given frequency v :
This is the Planck blackbody radiation formula
number of modes
energy of photon
average number of photons in mode with energy hv
Spectrum = modes x energy per photon x times photons per mode
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 38
Blackbody Radiation
Short wavelength behavior:
Result of quantum nature of light
mode density thermal population
Long wavelength behavior:
Result of the wave nature of light
(density of states / modes)
photon energy
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 20
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 39
Spontaneous emission
Excited atoms can spontaneously relax to a lower lying energy level:
Energy level diagram:
sp sp
N
AN
dt
dN
t
2
2
2
= = |
.
|
\
|
Rate equation
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 40
Absorption (stimulated absorption)
Electromagnetic field induces electronic transition from level 1 to level 2
Energy conservation requires phonon energy
Energy level diagram:
) (
12 1
2
v B N
dt
dN
abs
= |
.
|
\
|
v
v o
v
h
I
N
dt
dN
abs
) (
12 1
2
= |
.
|
\
|
or
Rate equations:
Understand applicability:
atom in broad spectrum, or atom in narrowband light field)
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 21
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 41
Stimulated emission
Electromagnetic wave can induce transition from excited state to lower lying level
Energy level diagram:
Rate equations
) (
21 2
2
v B N
dt
dN
st
= |
.
|
\
|
v
v o
v
h
I
N
dt
dN
st
) (
21 2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
or
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 42
Rate equations spontaneous emission
Suppose you can bring atoms in the excited state by some energy input
look at time dependence of N
2
after the energy input is turned off at t=0:
( ) ( )
sp
t
sp sp
e N t N
N
dt
dN t
t
/
2 2
2 2
0
= = |
.
|
\
|
Note that the N
2
drops to 1/e of its original value when t=t
sp
.
We have solved our first rate equation to calculate the time dependent
concentration of excited atoms (congratulations!)
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 22
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 43
Simplified rate equations for three-level system
The simplified rate equations for this quasi three level system become
Steady state solution can be found by setting dN
2
/dt = 0
This can easily be shown to result in
Question: can this system provide population inversion? (N
2
> N
1
, or AN
21
> 0)
Be able to solve a simple
steady state rate equation
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 44
Overview
6. Vibrations
Charged atoms can move under influence of E
Large mass low frequency resonances
Molecules: eigenmodes of Harmonic oscillator, well defined absorption energy
Polar solids: phonon dispersion relation: strong interaction with light at eT
Absorption peak, reflection band, high index at low freq.
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 23
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 45
EM interaction with polar di-atomic molecule
Electromagnetic waves can interact directly with molecular vibrations on
molecules with built-in dipoles
Assume slightly positive atom A and slightly negative atom B
coupling to rotation
coupling to vibration
E
E
Realize that charge separation is necessary to excite phonons with light
- Permanent dipole moment: far IR rotational absorption possible
- No permanent dipole, but dipole active vibrations: expect combined rot+vib trans.
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 46
EM interaction with tri-atomic molecule
E
E
Dipole inactive modes (due to symmetry of charge distribution)
Dipole active modes (dipole moment changes during vibration)
Understand what dipole active means
For this particular charge distribution, these modes cannot be directly excited
Requirement for activity: dipole moment needs to be changing during oscillation
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 24
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 47
Course recap / context
Started taking into account atom cores (positive charge)
P u = N
p
0
2
SkI
E u _ =
Np
0
2
SkIe
0
1
(1 -i)
Consider field-induced alignment of polar molecules in liquid (Debye model)
Molecule-molecule interaction considered classically (statistical mechanics)
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 48
Molecular rotation in polar liquids low frequency susceptibility
Liquids: molecules can rotate, but many collisions between molecules
Polar molecules can be (partially) aligned by an applied field:
Field induced polarization dipolar molecules have a susceptibility
Amount of alignment depends on dipole moment and collisional reorientation
In gases: few collisions per second - sharp lines
In liquids: many collisions per second - mostly broad features
1
.
10
8
1
.
10
9
1
.
10
10
1
.
10
11
1
.
10
12
1
1.2
1.4
n e ( )
e
-
+
+
O
H
H
Microwave oven: ~122mm
Debye model
Index of water
http://www.philiplaven.com/p20.html
Good news! Your eyeball is transparent
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 25
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 49
Debye relaxation model
Time constant t implies: takes finite time to change polarization.
Time dependence of polarization can be empirically described by :
) (
3
2
0
t E
kT
Np
P
dt
P d
= + t
Debye relaxation equation
Be prepared to give physically reasonable
explanations for the various features in the
refractive index of water
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 50
Course recap / context
Considered sustained molecule vibrations classically and quantum mechanically
P =. o =.
Ignored molecule-molecule interactions (assumed gas phase, dilute, few collisions)
Ignored quantum mechanical nature of electron states
Phenomenically considered electron-atom core interaction (Stokes shift)
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 26
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 51
Vibrations on a diatomic molecule 3/3
M m
1 1 1
+ =
reduced mass
remember frequency of stretch mode
m
m
1
X
2
X
K
Solve equation of motion:
and m K / 2
2
= e
Substitute into equation of motion
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
m
K
Kx t
m
K
Kx t
m
K
x
m
K
m
2
cos
2
cos
2
cos
2
22 12 12
gives
22 12 22 12 12
2 x x Kx Kx Kx = + = : equal and opposite motion
) (
2 1 1
X X K X m =
1 12 12
2
cos ) ( X t
m
K
x t X
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 22 22
2
cos ) ( X t
m
K
x t X
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
X
K m
1 +
X
o
m
m
K K
a
Equation of motion can be rewritten as ) 2 (
1 1 +
=
o o o o
X X X K X m
ka i ikz
e x e x X
o
o 0 0
= =
Phase and amplitude at atom o
Look for solutions of the form e
ikz-iet
: propagating waves and correlated atom motion
with oscillation phase difference between neighboring atoms given by wave vector k
Remember the approach
Understand meaning of k
Note difference with Bloch waves (see semiconductor part):
- Phonons: wave amplitude only has meaning on discrete points in space
(around equilibrium positions NOT in between atoms)
- Bloch waves: (x) has physical meaning everywhere in crystal
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 30
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 59
Vibrations on an infinite chain
Coupled motion: { }
ka i ka i ka i ka i
e e e Kx e x m
o o o o
e 2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
0 0
2
+ =
+
| |
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
=
2
sin 2
2
sin 2
2
) cos( 1
2
) cos( 1
2
2
ka
m
K ka
m
K
ka
m
K
ka
m
K
e e
e
k
|
e
|
0
m
K
2
- t/a
+ t/a
+
t i iska
s
t i iska
s
e e u u e e
e e
= =
0 0
, v v
Note that in this case the unit cell of length a contains 2 atoms, in other words
the unit cell has an internal degree of freedom (this will become useful later)
Acceleration now depends on neighbor positions, but different for M and m
As before, substitute harmonic waves in the equations of motion,
but this time distinguishable atoms v and u can have different amplitude and phase:
s counts unit cells
understand unit cell (and realize that a large cell means t/a has a smaller value)
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 62
Phonons in di-atomic (or poly atomic) solids
Discuss vibrations on molecules and in solids
Model dispersion of vibration modes (phonons) in a linear chain of atoms
Atom-atom coupling results in mechanical modes with well defined e and k
Animations from: http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm729/Phonons/optmovie.htm
k
e
0
+
t
/a
m
2K
M
2K
K 2
) (
=
c
e
ck
transverse optical phonon
transverse acoustic phonon
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 32
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 63
Low-k amplitude solutions and resulting polarization
Define v in terms of u, and substitute in one of the simplified equations of motion:
2 2
0
0 2 2
0
0
/
,
/
e e e e
+
=
T T
m qE
v
M qE
u
e
K
T
2
=
Large mass small amplitude
Opposite charge opposite motion
Excitation near e
T
(natural frequency of optical k=0 branch) large amplitude
with
Lattice contribution to the polarization ) (
0 0
v u Ne P =
+
c
c
= ) (
Hamiltonian, giving the energy density of the wave function
where the probability of finding matter at position x scales with |+|
2
or ++*
Compare: probability of detecting light scales with |E(x,t)|
2
or EE*
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 68
Effective mass
In case of periodic potential with finite potential fluctuations,
level repulsion occurs at the zone boundary:
E
0
t/a -t/a
Bands no longer periodic, but
approximately parabolic near k=0
Can describe energy vs. k as before,
but use effective mass m*:
* 2
2 2
m
k
E
e
=
Note: high curvature m* must be small
sharp parabola = low effective mass
Key point: even though the electron binding energies can be large,
the energy differences caused by interactions with neighbors are on the order of eVs
Remember relation of near-gap
band structure to effective mass
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 35
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 69
Interband absorption in indirect gap semiconductors
Indirect-gap semiconductor: highest occupied and lowest unoccupied state have Ak0
Direct transitions possible for Ak~0
strong direct interband absorption
occurs at E > E
gap
Other possibility: momentum and
energy can be conserved by photon
absorption and simultaneous absorption or
emission of a phonon:
Indirect transitions possible with
assistance of a phonon
Shown here are optically induced transitions
- during phonon emission
a phonon is generated in the process
- during phonon absorption
a phonon is generated in the process
E
gap
E
gap
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 70
Free carrier absorption (1/2)
At RT, predominant dopant related absorption is free carrier absorption
in which a photon excites an electron into a higher lying state
Example: p-type semiconductors: filled states in the conduction band:
optical transitions possible at E
phot
< E
gap
!
Note: free carrier absorption can be described by a Drude-like model with m the
effective electron or hole mass.
Free holes can make direct transitions
form the heavy-hole band
to the light-hole band
holes cause stronger free carrier
absorption than electrons
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 36
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 71
Counting allowed k-vectors in 2D systems
Density of states: how many states in energy interval {E,E+dE}
Two-dimensional system:
- look at energy interval dE around
a given |k|
- Find corresponding k-interval dk
- Look at k-area Ak : area taken up by
each allowed wavevector point
- Divide area of 2tkdk by Ak to
find number of k values within dE
Area of ring: 2tk dk
Note: assumed parabolic and isotropic conduction band around k=0 analysis
only valid near the band edge, and for isotropic direct gap semiconductors
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 72
Density of states for electrons and holes
Setting energy of the top of the valence band
to E=0 gives D(E) in conduction band as:
( )
2
1
2
3
2 2
* 2
2
1
) (
g e
E E
m
E |
.
|
\
|
=
t
( )
2
1
2
3
2 2
* 2
2
1
) ( E
m
E
LH
LH
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
\
|
=
t
k
E
* 2
) (
2 2
e
g
m
k
E k E
+ =
* 2
) (
2 2
h
m
k
k E
=
Be able to draw DOS for holes and electrons (in parabolic band assumption)
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 37
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 73
Inter-band transitions - requirements
Light absorption from initial state (i) to final state (f) requires
- energy conservation :
- momentum conservation :
which due to small k
phot
becomes
Transitions from heavy holes to the conduction band:
k
E
E
i
E
f
e
E
f
= E
i
+ e
k
f
= k
i
+ k
k
f
~ k
i
g
e
c f
HH
V i
E
m
k
E E
m
k
E E + = = = =
*
2 2 2 2
2
,
2
HH
g V C
k
E E E
e
2
2 2
+ = =
HH
e
HH
m
m
1 1 1
*
+ =
The allowed k-dependent transition energy is thus given by: (for light holes replace HH by LH)
with
Joint density of states:
Initial energy
final energy
( )
2
1
2
3
2 2
2
2
1
) (
g J
E E E |
.
|
\
|
=
( ) ( )
2
1
2
3
) (
g
E e e o
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 74
Free carrier absorption (2/2)
Free charges? Use Drude model to approximate optical response
Carrier concentrations in semiconductors ~10
14
-10
18
/cm
3
(metals ~10
8
10
6
higher)
Plasma frequency of doped semiconductors 10
4
- 10
3
lower than of metals: IR
3
2
2
2
) ( " , 1 ) ( '
e
e
e c
e
e
e c
I
~ ~
p
r
p
r 2
2
2
2
) ( " ) (
p
p
c c c
e
e
e c
e
e o
I
=
I
~ ~
Electron FCA up for lower energies
Free hole absorption less well defined
3
2
2
2
) ( " , ) ( '
e
e
e c
e
e
c e c
I
~ ~
p
r
p
r 2
2
0
) ( " ) (
p
nc nc
e c
e
e o
I
~ ~
Drude model:
n
host
+ Drude:
Warning: in the second model,
c
r
does not become zero at
p
=
Nc
2
s
0
m
c
= m
c
E
k
E
b
k-space sketch of new energy levels
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 76
Excitonic absorption
Light can excite an electron from the valence band and generate an exciton
at energies slightly below the bandgap
absorption observed at E
phot
= E
gap
E
b
(slightly below E
gap
)
Exciton binding energy on the order of a few meV (depends on semiconductor)
Thermal energy at room temperature: kT ~ 25 meV
exciton rapidly dissociates at room temperature, short lifetime = large I
absorption lines broaden / disappear at room temperature
E
k
E
b
GaAs
Note: T-dependent band gap
294 K
186 K
90 K
21 K
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 39
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 77
Dopant related transitions
Possible dopant-related transitions at low temperature:
Low temperature processes: sharp lines
High temperature (room temperature) : broad lines / shoulders
D + A
and high T
Donors only
Low T
Acceptors only
Low T
D + A
and high T
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 78
Optical absorption processes in semiconductors summary
Energy
k
Interband
absorption
*
2 2
0
2
e
C
m
k
E E
+ =
*
2 2
2
HH
m
k
E
=
*
2 2
2
LH
m
k
E
=
FHA
FCA
Midgap states
Excitons / Donor states
Acceptor states
tor:
CB
HH
LH
SO
OSE5312 Spring 2013 - Summary for Final Exam 40
College of Optics & Photonics, University of Central Florida www.creol.ucf.edu
Light Matter Interaction Spring 2013 Summary for Final slide 79
The usual tips
- Read carefully. If I ask for the dielectric function, dont give me n !
- Give units
- Use acceptable significant digits: if I provide c
r
=9.1, dont tell me n=3.0166206
- show your work = spell out your logical steps
- Write something, anything for partial credit
Good luck studying!