Prof. L.

Yaroslavsky
BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE
DIGITAL PROCESSING
(Course 055-355-5501)
LECTURE NOTES
Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University
MURPHYS HANDY GUIDE TO MODERN
SCIENCE:
If its green or it wriggles, its biology
If it stinks, its chemistry
If it doesnt work, its physics
To err is human, but to really fool things
requires a computer
What is, then, digital signal and image processing?
DIGITAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING:
SOLVING a GIGO PROBLEM
DIGITAL
SIGNAL/IMAGE
PROCESSOR
Garbage IN Gold OUT
Main tasks of signal and image
processing:
Conversion of signals form( signal display,
image formation ( reconstruction))
Correcting sensors; signal calibration,
standardization; image restoration
Measuring quantitative data and signal
detection
and parameter estimation
Interactive signal and image processing (image
preparation and enhancement)
Automated signal and image analysis and
understanding
Signal and image data coding for storage
transmission
Mathematical simulation: design of signal
sensors and imaging devices; testing signal and
image processing methods; biological growth
models, etc.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
Processing ECG, EEG and similar signal
Diagnostic imaging:
X-ray, CT, NMR, PET, SPECT, US video
Brain and heart cartography
Digital radiology and mammography
Digital and video microscopy, cell analysis and
cytometry
Processing of electron micrographs
Virtual endo- and broncho- scopy
Telemedicine and telesurgery
Augmented reality surgery
Digital image and signal archiving
BIOMEDICAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE
PROCESSING
Syllabus:
Signals, signal representations and mathematical models
Digital representation of physiological signals: one-, two- and multi-dimensional
discretization and element wise quantization.
Fundamentals of signal and image data compression.
Signal transformations. Convolution, Fourier and Radon Transforms
Discrete representation and efficient computational algorithms of signal
transformations.
Signal and image interpolation, resampling and geometrical transforms.
Signal measurements and parameter estimation.
Signal/image reconstruction, restoration, enhancement: linear and nonlinear filters
Prerequisites
Elements of linear algebra.
Elements of the probability theory and random processes.
Signal theory.
References:
1. L. Yaroslavsky. Lecture notes. http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~yaro
2. L. Yaroslavsky, M. Eden. Fundamentals of Digital Optics. Birkhauser, Boston,
1996
3. L. Yaroslavsky. Digital Picture Processing. An Introduction. Springer Verlag,
Heidelberg, New York, 1985
4. R. C. Gonzalez, R. E. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 2-nd Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2002
5. R. N. Bracewell, Two-Dimensional Imaging, Prentice-Hall, 1995
6. A. Cohen, Biomedical Signal Processing, v. 1. Time and Frequency Domains
Analysis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.,1986
Biomedical signal and image processing (Course 055-355-5501)
Lecture 1. Introduction. Mathematical models of signals
Biomedical information systems and signal processing.
Signals and images in biology and medicine. Sensors and imaging devices.
Main tasks of signal and image processing:
- conversion of signals form( signal display, image formation ( reconstruction));
- correcting sensors; signal standardization; image restoration;
- measuring quantitative data and signal detection and parameter estimation;
- interactive signal and image processing (image preparation and enhancement);
- automated signal and image understanding ( pattern recognition, image analysis);
- signal and image data coding for storage and long distance transmission.
- mathematical simulation: design of signal sensors and imaging devices; testing signal and
image processing methods; biological growth models, etc.
Digital versus analog signal and image processing: advantages and disadvantages
Mathematical models of signals. Signal space and bases definitions
Classification of signals: analogue (continuous), discrete, quantized, digital. Examples. Relationship
between continuous, discrete and digital signals in terms of signal space.
Signal space. Linear signal space. Linear representation of signals. Bases. Scalar product.
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )dx r x x a r x x a
X
r
r
r

, ; ,
Orthogonal bases. Kronecker delta and Dirac delta-function as bases orthogonality symbols.
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
s r
X
s r dx s x r x



0 , , ,
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) d x a x a x r r x
X
r
, : , , ,



Integral transforms: ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ; , dx f x x a f
X

( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )df f x f x a
F

, ; ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )df f f x x
F

, , ,
Signal space metrics and processing quality criteria
Discrete signals
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )




1
0
1
:
N
k
k b k a L ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
2 / 1
1
0
2
2
:


, ,
_ _







N
k
k b k a L
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
p
N
k
p
p
k b k a L
/ 1
1
0
:


, ,
_ _








( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) { { } } k b k a M max :
Continuous signals
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )


X
dx x b x a L :
1 ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
2 / 1
2
2
:


, ,
_ _






X
dx x b x a L ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
P
X
P
P
dx x b x a L
/ 1
:


, ,
_ _






( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ); sup :
1
x b x a L
X

Deterministic and statistical treatment of signals
Euclidean metric and its statistical justification in signal processing.
{ { } } { { } } ( ( ) )
( ( ) )
( ( ) ) metric Euclidean of function monotonic
2
1 - N
0 k
2
1
0
2
2

1 1
1 1
] ]
1 1





+ +




k k
N
k
n
k k
k k k k
a b
a b
n P n a b

exp ;
Local criteria: signal local approximation
( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

; ;


' '



n m
n m a n m a LOSS l k a n m LOC AV l k AVLOSS
,
) , (

, , , ; , ,
Problems:
1. Give examples of different continuous, discrete, quantized and digital signals and describe their
relationships in terms of signal space.
2. What is linear signal space and bases .
3. What are orthogonal basis and delta-functions.
4. Explain and compare deterministic and statistical approaches to signal processing and analysis.
5. Give examples of signal approximation metrics. Justify MSE error metric.
6. Explain the principle of signal local approximation.
Classification of signal and mathematical models
Signals as mathematical functions
Function value
Function arguments
Scalar
(single
component)
signals
Vectorial
(multi-
component)
signals
One-
dimensional
(1-D
signals)
Multi-
dimensional
(2-D, 3-D, 4-
D, etc.
signals)
Quantized
in values
(quantized)
signals
Continuous
in
values
Continuous
in
arguments
Discrete in
arguments
(Discrete)
signals
Continuous signals
Digital signals
Signal
digitization
Signal
reconstruction
Signal space
Signal space Equivalency cell
Representative
signal