Theory of tides

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) The theory of tides is the application of continuum mechanics to interpret and predict the tidal deformations of planetary and satellite bodies and their atmospheres and oceans, under the gravitational loading of another astronomical body or bodies. It commonly refers to the fluid dynamic motions for the Earth's oceans.

Contents

1 Origin of theory 2 Tidal physics o 2.1 Laplace's tidal equations 3 Tidal analysis and prediction o 3.1 Harmonic analysis o 3.2 Tidal constituents 3.2.1 Higher harmonics 3.2.2 Semi-diurnal 3.2.3 Diurnal 3.2.4 Long period 4 Dynamic theory of tides 5 See also 6 References and notes 7 External links

Origin of theory
In 1616, Galileo Galilei wrote Discourse on the Tides (in Italian: Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare),[1] a paper in which he tried to explain the occurrence of the tides as the result of the Earth's rotation around the Sun. However, Galileo's theory was, in the later Newtonian terms, an error.[1] In subsequent centuries, further analysis led to the current tidal physics.

Tidal physics

A. Lunar gravitational potential: this depicts B. This view shows same potential from the Moon directly over 30 N (or 30 S) 180 from view A. Viewed from above the viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere. Northern Hemisphere. Red up, blue down.

Laplace's tidal equations

in 1776, Pierre-Simon Laplace formulated a single set of linear partial differential equations, for tidal flow described as a barotropic two-dimensional sheet flow. Coriolis effects are introduced as well as lateral forcing by gravity. Laplace obtained these equations by simplifying the fluid dynamic equations. But they can also be derived from energy integrals via Lagrange's equation. For a fluid sheet of average thickness D, the vertical tidal elevation , as well as the horizontal velocity components u and v (in the latitude and longitude directions, respectively) satisfy Laplace's tidal equations:[2]

where is the angular frequency of the planet's rotation, g is the planet's gravitational acceleration at the mean ocean surface, a is the planetary radius, and U is the external gravitational tidal-forcing potential. William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) rewrote Laplace's momentum terms using the curl to find an equation for vorticity. Under certain conditions this can be further rewritten as a conservation of vorticity.

Tidal analysis and prediction

Harmonic analysis

Laplace's improvements in theory were substantial, but they still left prediction in an approximate state. This position changed in the 1860s when the local circumstances of tidal phenomena were more fully brought into account by William Thomson's application of Fourier analysis to the tidal motions. Thomson's work in this field was then further developed and extended by George Darwin: Darwin's work was based on the lunar theory current in his time. His symbols for the tidal harmonic constituents are still used. Darwin's harmonic developments of the tide-generating forces were later brought up to date with modern developments by A T Doodson whose development of the tide generating potential (TGP) in harmonic form was carried out and published in 1921:[3] Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies.[4] Doodson's analysis of 1921 was based on the then-latest lunar theory of E W Brown.[5] Doodson devised a practical system for specifying the different harmonic components of the tide-generating potential, the Doodson Numbers, a system still in use.[6] Since the mid-twentieth century further analysis has generated many more terms than Doodson's 388. About 62 constituents are of sufficient size to be considered for possible use in marine tide prediction, but sometimes many less even than that can predict tides to useful accuracy. The calculations of tide predictions using the harmonic constituents are laborious, and from the 1870s to about the 1960s they were carried out using a mechanical tide-predicting machine, a special-purpose form of analog computer now superseded in this work by digital electronic computers that can be programmed to carry out the same computations.

Tidal constituents
Tidal constituents combine to give an endlessly-varying aggregate because of their different and incommensurable frequencies: the effect is visualized in an animation of the American Mathematical Society

illustrating the way in which the components used to be mechanically combined in the tidepredicting machine. Amplitudes of tidal constituents are given below for the following example locations: ME Eastport,[7] MS Biloxi, PR San Juan, AK Kodiak, CA San Francisco, and HI Hilo. Higher Darw Doodson Doods Amplitude at example NOA harmoni Period Speed in coefficients on location (cm) A cs n1 n2 n3 n4 Symb numb M A C orde Species (hr) rate(/hr) (L (m (y (m ME PR HI ol er S K A r ) ) ) p) 6.210300 57.96820 455.55 Shallow M4 4 6.0 0.6 0.9 2.3 5 601 84 5 water

overtides of principal lunar Shallow water overtides of principal lunar Shallow water terdiurn al Shallow water overtides of principal solar Shallow water quarter diurnal Shallow water overtides of principal solar Lunar terdiurnal Shallow water terdiurnal Shallow water eighth diurnal Shallow water quarter diurnal Semidiurnal Species

M6

4.140200 86.95231 6 401 27

655.55 5.1 0.1 5

1.0

MK3

8.177140 44.02517 3 1 247 29

365.55 5

0.5 1.9

S4

60

4 4 -4

491.55 5

0.1

MN4

6.269173 57.42383 4 -1 724 37

445.65 2.3 5

0.3 0.9

10

S6

90

6 6 -6

0.1

12

M3

8.280400 43.47615 3 802 63

355.55 5 345.55 0.5 5 855.55 0.5 0.1 5

0.5 0.5 1.4

32 34

2"MK 8.386302 42.92713 3 -1 65 98 3 3.105150 115.9364 8 301 166

M8

36

MS4

6.103339 58.98410 4 2 -2 275 42 Speed (/hr) Doodson coefficients n1 n2 n3 n4 (L (m (y (m

473.55 1.8 5

0.6 1.0

37 NOA A orde r

Darw Period in Symb (hr) ol

Doods Amplitude at example on location (cm) numb M A C ME PR HI er S K A

) ) Principal lunar M semidiur 2 nal Principal solar S semidiur 2 nal Larger lunar elliptic N2 semidiur nal Larger lunar evectiona 2 l Variation MU2 al Lunar elliptical semidiurn 2"N2 al secondorder Smaller lunar evectiona 2 l Larger solar T2 elliptic Smaller solar R2 elliptic Shallow water 2SM2 semidiurn al Smaller lunar elliptic L2 semidiurn al Lunisolar K2 12.42060 28.98410 2 12 42

) p) 255.55 268. 15. 97. 58. 23. 3.9 1 5 7 9 3 0 0

12

30

2 2 -2

273.55 32. 13. 42.0 3.3 2.1 9.2 2 5 5 7

12.65834 28.43972 2 -1 751 95

245.65 20. 12. 54.3 1.1 3.7 4.4 3 5 1 3

12.62600 28.51258 247.45 2 -1 2 -1 12.6 0.2 0.8 3.9 2.6 0.9 11 509 31 5 12.87175 27.96820 2 -2 2 76 84 237.55 2.0 0.1 0.5 2.2 0.7 0.8 13 5

12.90537 27.89535 2 -2 297 48

235.75 6.5 0.1 0.5 2.4 1.4 0.6 14 5

12.22177 29.45562 2 1 -2 1 348 53 12.01644 29.95893 2 2 -3 934 33 11.98359 30.04106 2 2 -1 564 67 11.60695 31.01589 2 4 -4 157 58

263.65 5.3 5

0.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 16

272.55 3.7 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.9 0.6 27 5 274.55 0.9 5 291.55 0.5 5 0.2 0.1 0.1 28

31

12.19162 29.52847 2 1 085 89 11.96723 30.08213 2 2

-1

265.45 13.5 0.1 0.5 2.4 1.6 0.5 33 5 275.55 11.6 0.9 0.6 9.0 4.0 2.8 35

semidiurn al Diurnal Species Lunar diurnal Lunar diurnal Lunar diurnal Solar diurnal Smaller lunar elliptic diurnal Smaller lunar elliptic diurnal Larger lunar evectiona l diurnal Larger lunar elliptic diurnal Larger elliptic diurnal Solar diurnal Long period

606 Darw Period in Symb (hr) ol K1 O1 OO1 S1 23.93447 213 25.81933 871 22.30608 083 24

73 Speed (/hr) Doodson coefficients n1 n2 n3 n4 (L (m (y (m ) ) ) p)

5 Doods Amplitude at example NOA on location (cm) A numb M A C orde ME PR HI er S K A r 165.55 5 145.55 5 185.55 5 164.55 5 16. 39. 9.0 2 8 16. 25. 11.9 7.7 9 9 15.6 36. 16. 4 8 7 23. 9.2 6 0

15.04106 1 1 86 13.94303 1 -1 56 16.13910 1 3 17 15 1 1 -1

0.5 0.7 0.4 1.2 1.1 0.7 15 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.3 17

M1

24.84120 14.49205 1 241 21

155.55 0.6 1.2 0.5 1.4 1.1 0.5 18 5

J1

23.09848 15.58544 1 2 146 33

-1

175.45 0.9 1.3 0.6 2.3 1.9 1.1 19 5

26.72305 13.47151 137.45 1 -2 2 -1 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.3 25 326 45 5

Q1

26.86835 13.39866 1 -2 0 09 28.00621 12.85428 1 -3 204 62

135.65 2.0 3.3 1.4 4.7 4.0 1.6 26 5 125.75 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.2 29 5 163.55 12. 11. 5.2 5.4 2.9 5.1 30 5 6 6 Doods Amplitude at example NOA on location (cm) A numb M A C orde ME PR HI er S K A r 65.455 57.555 1.6 0.7 1.9 2.1 1.5 3.9 20 21

2Q1 P1

24.06588 14.95893 1 1 -2 766 14 Darw Doodson Period Speed in coefficients n1 n2 n3 n4 Symb (L (m (y (m Species (hr) (/hr) ol ) ) ) p) Lunar 661.3111 0.544374 Mm 0 1 -1 monthly 655 7 Solar 4383.076 0.082137 semiannu Ssa 0 2 325 3 al

Solar Sa annual Lunisolar synodic M fortnightl sf y Lunisolar fortnightl Mf y

8766.152 0.041068 0 65 6

56.555

5.5 7.8 3.8 4.3 22

354.3670 1.015895 0 2 -2 666 8 327.8599 1.098033 0 2 387 1

73.555

1.5

23

75.555

1.4 2.0

0.7 24

Dynamic theory of tides

While Newton explained the tides by describing the tide generating forces, and Bernoulli gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on earth to the tidal potential, the dynamic theory of tides, first introduced by Laplace, describes the ocean's real reaction to tidal forces. Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account friction, resonance and natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted amphidromic circulation (the presence of large amphidromic systems in the world's ocean basins was long ago theorized, to explain the oceanic tides that are actually observed[citation needed]). The equilibrium theory, based on the gravitational gradient from the sun and moon but ignoring the earth's rotation, the effects of continents, and other important effects, couldn't explain the real ocean tides.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Since measurements have confirmed the theory, many things have possible explanations now, like how the tides interact with deep sea ridges and chains of seamounts give rise to deep eddies that transport nutrients from the deep to the surface.[16] The equilibrium tide theory calculates the height of the tide wave of less than half a meter, while the dynamic theory explains why tides are up to 15 meters.[17] The theory was developed by Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1775.[18] Satellite data has confirmed the Dynamic theory as accurate, and the tides worldwide are now measured to within a few centimeters.[19][20] Measurements from the CHAMP satellite closely matches the models based on the TOPEX data.[21][22] Accurate models of tides worldwide are essential for research since the variations due to tides must be removed from measurements when calculating gravity and changes in sea levels.[23]

See also

Kelvin wave Tides amphidromic point

References and notes

1. ^ Jump up to: a b Rice University - Galileo's Theory of the Tides

- by Rossella Gigli, retrieved 10 March 2010

2. Jump up ^ "The Laplace Tidal Equations and Atmospheric Tides"

. 3. Jump up ^ A T Doodson (1921), "The Harmonic Development of the TideGenerating Potential", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Vol. 100, No. 704 (Dec. 1, 1921), pp. 305-329. 4. Jump up ^ S Casotto, F Biscani, "A fully analytical approach to the harmonic development of the tide-generating potential accounting for precession, nutation, and perturbations due to figure and planetary terms", AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy, April 2004, vol.36(2), 67. 5. Jump up ^ D E Cartwright, "Tides: a scientific history", Cambridge University Press 2001, at pages 163-4

. 6. Jump up ^ See e.g. T D Moyer (2003), "Formulation for observed and computed values of Deep Space Network data types for navigation", vol.3 in Deep-space communications and navigation series, Wiley (2003), e.g. at pp.126-8. 7. Jump up ^ NOAA. "Eastport, ME Tidal Constituents"

. NOAA. Retrieved 2012-05-22. 8. Jump up ^ Tidal theory

website South African Navy Hydrographic Office 9. Jump up ^ "Dynamic theory for tides"

. Oberlin.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 10. Jump up ^ "Dynamic Theory of Tides"

. 11. Jump up ^ "Dynamic Tides In contrast to "static" theory, the dynamic theory of tides recognizes that water covers only three-quarters o"

. Web.vims.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 12. Jump up ^ "The Dynamic Theory of Tides"

. Coa.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 13. Jump up ^ https://beacon.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls214/gls214_tides

14. Jump up ^ "Tides - building, river, sea, depth, oceans, effects, important, largest, system, wave, effect, marine, Pacific"

. Waterencyclopedia.com. 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 15. Jump up ^ "TIDES"

. Ocean.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 16. Jump up ^ Floor Anthoni. "Tides"

. Seafriends.org.nz. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 17. Jump up ^ "The Cause & Nature of Tides"

. 18. Jump up ^ "Shelf and Coastal Oceanography"

. Es.flinders.edu.au. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 19. Jump up ^ "Scientific Visualization Studio TOPEX/Poseidon images"

. Svs.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 20. Jump up ^ "TOPEX/Poseidon Western Hemisphere: Tide Height Model : NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"

. Archive.org. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 21. Jump up ^ http://www.geomag.us/info/Ocean/m2_CHAMP+longwave_SSH.swf

22. Jump up ^ "OSU Tidal Data Inversion"

. Volkov.oce.orst.edu. Retrieved 2012-06-02. 23. Jump up ^ "Dynamic and residual ocean tide analysis for improved GRACE dealiasing (DAROTA)"

External links

Arctic and Antarctic Barotropic Tide Models

Amphidrome

Equilibrium Theory of Tides

Dynamic Tides

Annual amphidromes: a common feature in the ocean?

http://www.aviso.oceanobs.com/en/news/idm/2000/oct-2000-sun-and-moon-shapetides-on-earth/index.html

Tides

Contributions of satellite laser ranging to the studies of Earth tides

Sun and Moon shape tides on Earth

Study of harmonic site position variations determined by very long baseline interferometry

http://www.coa.edu/stodd/oceanweb/oceanography/Oceanlectures02/Lecture8/sld01 4.htm

Dynamic Theory of Tides

Tidal Observations

Myths about Gravity and Tides

http://books.google.com/books?id=3mGZUHDuEdwC&lpg=PA150&ots=soMAFK sRkc&dq=number%20of%20amphidromes&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q=amphidrom e&f=false

Publications from NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services

Understanding Tides

150 Years of Tides on the Western Coast

Our Relentless Tides

Categories:

Geophysics Oceanography Continuum mechanics Fluid dynamics Fluid mechanics Planetary science

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