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) =FHAIA J=

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FH ?AII @A HAI K

@=I FAHCK J=I IAH

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= FAHCK J=  FHAA ?D= GK=@H=@ ? V K F ?=I =I = H = AI IA = LAH@=@AEH=I K B= I=I HAIFA?JEL= A JA = FAHCK J= ? F AJA = HAIF IJ= @A B H = = >JAH K = = H = LAH@=@AEH= = HAI K @A ?=@= K = @=I FAHCK J=I ! = # @ALAH J @=I =I HAIF IJ=I A @A EH J @ I I =? JA?E A J I
KIJE ?=H ?KE@=@ I= A IK?E J= A JA

  # L= HAI 5A = A J = > ?

) A * =? JA?E A J I J=EI GKA 2) I I E @AFA @A JAI AN? KIEL I

1 2

A 2*

1 3

5A P (A B ) =

2 3

I =? JA?E A J I A A B I =? JA?E A J I A A B
P (A|B ) = P (A)

" L= HAI 5A = X K = L=HE LA = A=J HE= @EI?HAJ= ?

0 0.2 F (x) = 0.6 1

BK

@A @EIJHE>KE

x<0 0x<1 1x<3 x 3.

= - J F @A I ? ? KEH GKA E P (X 0) = EE P (X = 2) = EEE P (0 < X 3) = EL P (X 3) =

. . . . .

L P ({0 X < 3}|{X > 0}) = 

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F AJA

GK=@H @A B H = = GKA AIIA HAFHAIA JA = BK

x f (x)

@A FH >=>E E@=@A @A :

? += ?K A L= H AIFAH=@ A = L=HE ?E= @= L=HE LA = A=J HE= X E @E?= @ =I ANFHAII AI KI=@=I F=H= = HAI K
E (X ) = = ; V (X ) = =

! # L= HAI K = ANFAHE ?E= @A =FHA @E =CA K E @EL @K HA= E = @K=I LA AI IACKE@=I K = @AJAH E =@= J=HAB= F @A @ B= D=H K IAH >A IK?A@E@ A ?=@= K = @A =I ) FH >=>E E@=@A @A B= D=H = FHE AEH= JA J=JEL= @A  ! 5A B= D=H = FHE AEH= = FH >=>E E@=@A @A IAH >A IK?A@E@ = IACK @= @A  $ 5A B H >A IK?A@E@ = FHE AEH= = FH >=>E E@=@A @A B= D=H = IACK @= @A   = ,AJAH E A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A K E @EL @K B= D=H = IACK @= JA J=JEL=

> ,AJAH E A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A K

E @EL @K B= D=H A

= CK = @=I JA J=JEL=I

? 5KF D= GKA K ? K J @A  E @EL @K I EH HA= E =H F H H@A = B=> JE?= @ I IAKI AI = ANFAHE ?E= @A =FHA @E =CA ,AJAH E A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A IAH EJ=L E @EL @K FHE AEH = B= D=H A DK = @=I JA J=JEL=I

" # L= HAI ,= FH @K @ABAEJ

@E HE= @A K = ?AHJ=

GKE = % @=I FA =I FH @K E@=I =FHAIA J= A? HAF IE D=LAH

= += ?K A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A A  FA =I AI? DE@=I = =?=I NE K = FA = ? @ABAEJ

>

K = = IJH= @A  FA =I AI? DE@=I = =?=I ? HAF IE E += ?K A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A D=LAH FA A I # FA =I IA

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> += ?K A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A FA A I $ ? EA JAI ?DAC=HA IKFAH AH?=@ A JHA =I " A =I %D

= K = @=I ?=EN=I @A

J @ I -IJ=J IJE? I 

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