Theoprastus

Wallace, Alfred

Egyptian American chemist Ahmed Zewail won the 1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in studying chemical reactions. Zewail developed a technique for taking snapshots of atoms and molecules as the particles come together and break apart in chemical reactions.

Ahmed Zewail

George Palade Romanian-born American cell biologist George Palade won the 1974 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. He made groundbreaking discoveries in understanding the structure and function of living cells.

Benjamin Franklin
American scientist Benjamin Franklin theorized that electricity is a kind of fluid. According to Franklins theory, when two objects are rubbed together, electric fluid flows from one object to the other. The object that gains electric fluid acquires a vitreous charge, which Franklin called positive charge. The object that loses electric fluid acquires a resinous charge, which Franklin called negative charge.

Daniel Nathans
American biologist Daniel Nathans won the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Nathans created the first detailed map of genes within deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecular building block of genetic material.

Robert Holley
American biochemist Robert Holley won the 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Holley was the first person to uncover the internal structure of nucleic acid, a basic constituent of genetic material.

R. Bruce Merrifield
American biochemist R. Bruce Merrifield won the 1984 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Merrifield improved the method of synthesizing proteins in a laboratory, leading to the development of many synthetic antibodies and vaccines.

The Nobel Foundation

Marshall Nirenberg United States biochemist Marshall Nirenberg won the 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. His independent investigation into the genetic code revealed how different combinations of bases within amino acids instruct cells to build protein.

Severo Ochoa Unites States biochemist Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. Ochoa was the first person to synthesize a nucleic acid.

Rodney Porter British biochemist Rodney Porter won the 1972 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. He made significant breakthroughs in research on the chemical structure and nature of antibodies.

Martin Rodbell United States biochemist Martin Rodbell won the 1994 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. His research revealed the mechanism of how cells receive, interpret, and respond to hormonal signals.

Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur made important contributions to the field of organic chemistry during the mid-1800s, developing various vaccines, including one for rabies, and disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. He is considered the founder of the field of microbiology, working with the germ theory of disease to establish and explain the causes for many diseases.

Sir Ronald Ross In the late 1890s British physician Ronald Ross conducted experiments that proved malaria was transmitted by mosquitoes. He won the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1902.

Sir Richard Owen In the 19th century British anatomist and palaeontologist Sir Richard Owen was a leading authority on fossil remains and their reconstruction. Although he strongly opposed the evolutionary concepts of British naturalists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, many of Owen's scientific advances have stood the test of time. He also published many scholarly papers on extinct animals, including dodos, moas, and various dinosaurs, that are still consulted today.