By NPR Staff

September 17, 2013 4:59 PM

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED. I'm Audie Cornish.
ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:
And I'm Robert Siegel. A few years ago, Brown University commissioned a study of its own
historical connection to the Atlantic slave trade. The Brown family - the Rhode Island merchants
whose contributions are memorialized by the university's name - were, as the report found, not
major slave traders. But they were not strangers to the business, either. That report followed
demands at Brown for reparations or for renaming.
So when I started reading "Ebony and Ivy," historian Craig Steven Wilder's new book, which is
subtitled "Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities," I assumed that I
would be reading plenty about Brown - or the College of Rhode Island, as it was known in the
early days. Well, Brown does figure somewhat in "Ebony and Ivy." So do Harvard, Princeton,
Columbia, Yale, Dartmouth, the University of Pennsylvania, William and Mary. You get the
picture.
Professor Wilder, who is chairman of the History Department at MIT, is not lacking for material.
He joins us now from Boston. Welcome to the program.
CRAIG STEVEN WILDER: Thank you.
SIEGEL: The first fact we should recognize here is that while mid-19th century slavery, the
system the Civil War ended, was a Southern institution, 17th, 18th slavery in the colonies was
also Northern. How common was slavery in, say, New England or the mid-Atlantic colonies?
WILDER: Slaveholding is relatively common. And the New Englanders, the mid-Atlantic
residents were actually heavily involved in both the slave trade and also, provisioning the slave

colonies to the South, both in what's now the Southern part of the United States and also in the
West Indies.
SIEGEL: As a source of wealth in, say, New England or in New York, slave trading?
WILDER: Yeah, the provisioning trade actually is the real beginning of this connection. It's
actually taking New England and mid-Atlantic ships, and bringing the things that the West
Indians needed to run their plantations and to maintain their colonies. That trade then expands
into their participation in the African slave trade and also, provisioning people.
SIEGEL: You write of American colleges - and I'm quoting now - "The academy never stood
apart from American slavery. In fact, it stood beside church and state as the third pillar of a
civilization built on bondage." How so?
WILDER: I think the long story of the book - for me, actually, as a historian - was my own
struggle, actually, to wrestle with the role of college in this early period. The evidence
increasingly forced me to realize that the emergence of African slavery in the Americas required,
in fact, the participation of colleges. It required the participation of the primary social institutions
of American society. And that was actually a kind of, you know, real struggle for me, as a
historian. It's not easy to see the institutions that I see as particularly benevolent as actually
having this very sort of troubling role.
SIEGEL: You write about American colleges going to where the rich were, trying to both raise
money and also, find wealthy students who might be sent there. And that means the West Indies,
at one point, in the 18th century. It's already, in effect, they were living off of foreign students
that could pay high tuitions.
WILDER: Yeah, absolutely, the colonial colleges struggled for students and money. And that
often brought them to the West Indies because the West Indies had Barbados, for instance, could
boast the wealthiest men in the Americas - in the British Americas. They had money. They had
sons who needed an education. And the North American mainland colleges were particularly
good at advertising themselves to the West Indies - so good, actually, that if we think about the
history of this, the West Indies actually only established a single college on their own.

SIEGEL: There is one moment that you cite: A broadside - a flier, I guess we would say, was
published announcing the swearing-in ceremony of the trustees of King's College, which became
Columbia University. And the advertisement on that flier - the one advertisement is, "Two Likely
Negro Boys and a Girl to be Sold, Inquire of William Griffith, Opposite Beekman Slip." That
was the advertisement that paid for the flier announcing the beginning of the college.
WILDER: And this extraordinary, intimate relationship between the founding of these colleges,
and both the presence of enslaved people and the centrality of the emerging slave economy,
repeats - over and over again.
SIEGEL: You also write about ideas that thrive in late 18th century and early 19th century
American universities. And you would argue a connection between slavery, racism and the
American academy.
WILDER: By the middle of the 18th century, the emergence of scientific racism on both sides of
the Atlantic - and what I mean by that is a new science that sought to establish the provable
inferiority of specific populations of people - and academies are critical to it. They actually
participate in it fully, and in a number of different ways. You know, I have a chapter on students
from the American colonies heading to Europe. And what happens to them when they get to
Europe?
You know, when you leave Virginia as the son of a planter - or when you leave Barbados as the
son of a planter - and you head to Scotland or England to study, you emerge on the other side of
the Atlantic as an expert on Native Americans and Africans. And often, these young men were
actually giving lectures, and writing dissertations, on the bodily and mental inferiority of these
various populations of people.
SIEGEL: At some point, the attitudes you describe toward race and slavery are quite confusing. I
think it's a Yale event you describe, when honorary degrees are given - one to an abolitionist, and
the other to a slaveholder.
WILDER: (Laughter)
SIEGEL: It's on the same day, on the same platform.

WILDER: There were real struggles about this. There were lots of people on campus in the late
18th century who argued vehemently against the expansion of the slave trade, and the expansion
of slavery. They get defeated. And one of the things that defeats them is the emerging intellectual
defense of slavery that was rooted in racial science. The perverse irony of that is they're defeated
by, actually, a body of ideas that are emerging on campus itself.
And so you often have, especially in the late 18th century, this odd juxtaposition of people who
oppose slavery and slaveholders, sitting simultaneously at these college graduations. You know,
it's a body of slaveholders at what's now Columbia University, institute a medal for the best essay
each year opposing a slave trade.
SIEGEL: I'm trying to think which is more remarkable - the extensive relations between the
colleges of New England and the mid-Atlantic states and slave money; or the remarkable job of
clearing up the record that those institutions have done over the years, to make one think that
these were all the bastions of abolition, and support for the Union, and opposition to slavery.
WILDER: Yeah, it's a difficult story. And I think one of the things I found really quite
interesting, in doing this work, was when I looked at published histories of these colleges, it's not
actually that they never mention slavery. From time to time, they do. And they're more honest actually, to be perfectly honest, the Southern universities have to mention it because it's so, you
know, central to the region, the economy, etc.
The Northern colleges, the old ones, actually tend to skirt around it. But enslaved people show
up. But they tend to show up through a kind of caricature that makes it palatable. By
dehumanizing them, they were sort of barbaric figures who no one needed to take all that
seriously and certainly, whose lives didn't matter in the history of the institutions themselves.
SIEGEL: Professor Craig Steven Wilder, thank you very much for talking with us today.
WILDER: Thank you, it's been a pleasure.
SIEGEL: Craig Steven Wilder's book is called "Ebony & Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled
History of America's Universities."

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CORNISH: This is NPR News.