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From Galileo To Hubble: Important Discoveries in Astronomy Over The Centuries
From Galileo To Hubble: Important Discoveries in Astronomy Over The Centuries
The centuries leading up to modern times were especially pivotal in helping astronomers understand the movement of planets, their satellites, and the cosmos at large.
Following are highlights of some of the key inventions and discoveries of the last several centuries that have helped shape our understanding of the universe.
The invention of the telescope began a revolution in astronomy, and the device spread rapidly around Europe.
Interestingly, the patent Lippershey filed in 1608 was never actually issued, as other spectacle-makers claimed to have invented the telescope.
1. Planets have an elliptical orbit with the Sun at one of the two foci.
2. A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. 3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
Keplers scientific works would later become the foundation of Isaac Newtons theory of universal gravitation.
In the 2,000 years preceding Galileos discoveries the long-accepted theory was an Earth-centered one in which the sun and planets in our solar system revolved around the Earth.
Among Galileos observations were craters on the moon, spots on the Sun and four of Jupiters satellites. Galileos findings were published in the pamphlet Sidereus Nuncius.
In 1687 he established the theory of gravitation and laws of motion, as outlined in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.
Newton explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion in Principia, shedding light on the forces acting between the Sun, planets and their satellites.
It is said that Newton was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation after watching an apple fall from a tree. Although this has become something of a myth, accounts from Newtons friends suggest there may be some truth behind the claim.
The comet returned in 1758 as Halley predicted it would, and was later named in his honor.
Halleys Comet is visible with the naked eye and reappears every 75-76 years; it is the only comet that a person may see twice in a lifetime.
Herschel initially mistook the planet for a comet. Uranus was the first planet discovered beyond Saturn up to that point.
Among Herschels other accomplishments was his discovery of infrared radiation an important contribution considering that half of the total energy Earth received from the Sun arrives in the form of infrared.
According to Big Bang Theory, all the matter in the Universe was once compressed into an infinitely dense and hot point, which began expanding approximately 13.7 billion years ago.
Big Bang Theory holds that space and time did not exist before the expansion of the universe, but rather came into existence after the expansion began.
Once the universe cooled sufficiently, elements formed, leading to the formation of stars, planets and other celestial objects.
Einsteins theory of general relativity was pivotal in the development of the Big Bang theory. The theory is broadly accepted in the scientific community and was even pronounced to be in accordance with the Bible by the Catholic Church in 1951.
The telescope was named after American astronomer Edwin Hubble, who discovered the expanding universe and determined that Andromeda is actually a galaxy rather than a nebula, as previously thought.
Among the most common methods of locating exoplanets is the transit method, whereby astronomers look for dimming on the surface of a star to indicate the passing of a planet in front of the star from the perspective of the observer.
In 2011 Adam Riess, Brian Schmidt, and Saul Perlmutter were awarded to
the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.
The scientists discovered that the expansion rate of the universe is a timescale, not a speed, and that the universe expands at a fixed rate, which essentially means that it takes a fixed amount of time for the universe to double in size.
In ten billion years, for example, any particular galaxy observed will be twice as far away; in twenty billion years it will be four times as far away, and in thirty billion years it will be eight times that far away, thus indicating that the acceleration of the universe is expanding.
The acceleration discovery is significant, as it changes our understanding of what the universe will look like billions of years from now.
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