Cities and Resilience:

Progress and challenges in addressing urban adaptation in Asia

September 28-29, 2009, UN/ESCAP Office, Bangkok

Surat Municipal Corporation and The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry

Agenda
Topics of Discussion

Urban Governance in India About Surat Results to-date

o o

Climate Hazards Apparent Areas of Climate Vulnerability and Likely Future Issues Cross sectoral Impacts Cross-sectoral Organizations Involved Activities undertaken so far Methods Used for Analysis

Activities and Methods

o o o o

Urban Climate Resilience Pil Projects Pilot P j Challenges and Questions N t Steps Next St

Urban Governance in India

Cities are administered by Urban Local Body vested with powers devolved as per the 74th Amendment in the delineated municipal area ULB vested mainly with maintaining the infrastructure, collects taxes Devolution of funds, functions and functionaries diverse across states ULB has two separate bodies Elected representatives headed by Mayor Provides strategic direction and city level policy Constitutes and manages Standing committees and Special committees Executive body manages Potable Water Supply, pp y Underground g Sewage, g Roads, Solid Waste Primary education, libraries and Community health Upgradation of the amenities in slums and alternative homes Places of healthy entertainment and recreation Fire Service Urban Planning and Development Revenue (House tax, professional taxes, Entertainment tax etc Urban Development authority develops infrastructure in peripheral and municipal areas

Role of National Government in City Resilience

Ministry of Urban development Shapes the policies and programmes of the country Lays down guidelines for urban development Provides funds to cities under various centrally sponsored schemes with matching grants from the state/city, JNURM Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Provides loans/funds for urban development projects/programmes Created Housing and Urban Development Corporation

(HUDCO) & Building Materials Technology Council

Ministry of Environment & Forests Nodal Agency for International Negotiations on Climate Change Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change National Action Plan on Climate Change (8 missions) Ministry Mi i of f Home H affairs ff i Disaster Management and Relief NDMA, NIDM Central Government develops Urban Development and reform policies, determines fund flow, action and reforms at city level

Key Principles for Urban Resilience

Be multi-sectoral and integrated with ongoing decisionmaking and planning processes Be incremental, emphasizing mechanisms for ongoing learning, evaluation, and adjustment of strategies Focus not only hard investments and policy/regulatory changes, but also soft soft actions to strengthen adaptive capacity Be embedded within local and regional development priorities, and focus on the most vulnerable sectors Involve stakeholder groups in a constructive and collaborative environment Frame adaptation/resilience as a new lens on governance, rather than a new program or interest

Urban U ba C Climate ate Resilience es e ce

Large gray literature on need for cities to evaluate climate change h vulnerability l bilit and d take t k steps t t to i increase resilience ili Globally: many cities now starting to plan, although efforts more advanced on climate mitigation agenda than adaptation d t ti so f far India: very few cities have climate change plans. Most climate li t adaptation d t ti work kh has f focused d on rural/agricultural l/ i lt l sectors Surat: S t initiatives i iti ti are underway d t to create t CC plan. l S Sectors t study-groups and action groups formed. Projects planned.

About Surat
Historical Centre for Trade & Commerce English, Dutch, Armenian & Moguls Settled Leading di City i of f Gujarat j 9th Largest City of India Home to Textile and Diamond Industries 60% of Nations Man Made Fabric Production 600,000 Power Looms and 450 Process Houses Traditional Zari and Zardosi Work 70% of Worlds Diamond Cutting and Polishing Spin-offs from Hazira,Largest Industrial Hub Peace-loving, Resilient and Harmonious Environment

Growth of Surat
Development of Zari, silk ,and other small ll and d medium industries

Emergence of Diamond, Textiles and other manuff.

Trade Centre of British India Continues to be major port Chief port of Mughal Empire

Decline of mercantile trade regional trade centre

Emergence of Petrochemicals Re-emergence as major port, transport node Consolidation of diamond and textiles

Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2001* 2009

Area in Sq. Km 8.18 8.18 33.85 55.56 111.16 112.27 326.51 326.51

Population 223,182 288,026 471,656 776,583 1,498,817 2,433,785 2,877,241 ~ 4 million

 Both Scenarios indicate significant rise in precipitation after 2020 (14% rise) Country level Models indicate high frequency of dry spells & extreme rainfall events Life & siltation rate of Ukai as well as upstream usage and consequence of
emergency releases

Uncertainty is high given the location of Surat at the junction of per-humid south
and d arid id north th and d also l near the th Tropic T i of f Cancer. C

Shift in rainy season towards July

Flood and SLR Risks at Surat

City extended up to coast in 2006 Sea level rise likely to impact part as well as saline western p water intrusion in to aquifers Ukai dam floods inundate core and northern parts of the city at least once a decade Khadi(creek) floods are more common (once in at least three years) and affect poorest parts of the city

Temperature Scenarios

cccma_cgcm3_1 futurea

Csiro_mk3_5.fu turea Csiro_mk3_5.c ontrol

cccma_cgcm3_1 futurea ccma_cgcm3_1.co ntrol

Csiro_mk3_5.f uturea

Csiro_mk3_5.co ntrol

ccma_cgcm3_1. ccma cgcm3 1. control

Surat: Daily Min and Max Temperature Control & Future A (CCCMA_ CGCM3, CSIRO_mk3_5 )

Source:CCE1.0

Impactsofheatislandsnotknown,actualtempraisemaybehigher HumidtropicalCoastalenvironment Temperatureincreaselikelytoincreasediscomfortlevels Majorincreaseinpercapitaenergyconsumptionexpected Malaria M l i is i endemic d i in i Surat. S t Possible P ibl changes h in i incidence i id of fvector t borne b diseases di is i unknown. k Highhumidityrelateddiseasesreportedduringrainyseason

Cross Sectoral Impacts

Floods Risktoinfrastructure,productiveassets,householdslikelytoincrease Healthrisksduringandafterfloods(Lepto,Rheumaticfever,Malaria,Gastro) DelayedmonsoonProlongedsummers Currentsummerwaterdemandsnearingtheallocatedwaterresources Increaseddemandforwaterandenergy gywouldneeddevelopment p ofalternatesources WaterqualityissuesAlgaeandweedgrowthinriversourceduringsummersexpectedto increaseduringpeaksummers Increasedconcentrationofpollutantsduringleanseasons Urbangrowth Pushandpullmigrationwouldnecessitatefocusonaffordablehousinginsafe areas/floodresistanthousinginlessriskproneareas areas. Sealevelrise Landwardintrusionofseaandsaltwaterintrusionintoaquifers SeasonalInundationofKhadiareasduringannualhightideperiods IncreasedinundationrisktoinformalsettlementslocatedalongKhadi Changesincyclonefrequencynotknown C exacerbate Can b seal level lrise i i impactsalong l Khadi h diflood fl dplains l i in i westernpartof fthe h city i

OrganisationsInvolved
SuratMunicipalCorporation,www.suratmunicipal.org GujaratStateDisasterManagementAuthority,www.gsdma.org TheSouthernGujaratChamberofCommerceandIndustry,www.sgcci.in IndustrialRepresentatives HaziraIndustrialArea VeerNarmadSouthGujaratUniversity, www.sgu.ernet.in C t for Centre f Social S i lStudies, St di www.css.ac.in i SarvajanikCollegeofEngineeringandTechnology,www.scet.ac.in TIFACCOREinEnvironmentalEngineering,www.tifaccorescet.org UrbanandSocialHealthAdvocacyandAlliance(NIWCD (NIWCD,Surat) GovernmentMedicalCollege,Surat SuratCitizensCouncilTrust,Surat NGOsandConcernedindividuals

Activities So Far Series of meetings held to include various stakeholders in the process (SMC, ( , Industry, y, Academia, , Civil society, y, Media etc) ) City Advisory Committee formed and regular meetings held Vulnerability Survey Phase-I completed- Results being discussed and Data distributed to Sector study groups SLD Phase S ase -I o organized ga ed Five Sectoral study groups formed (Flood,Water,Energy,Env.,Health) CC Awareness & CC Watch group formed to supervise the activities Linkage with GSDMA established Pilot il project j id identification ifi i process i initiated ii d Two Vision sheets released ( Surat 2025, Energy Vision) Climate Change Website released, www.suratclimatechange.org

GIS Enabled Vulnerability Analysis

Provides ward/neighborhood level analysis of vulnerability Analyses Anal ses causes ca ses of vulnerability lnerabilit Enables analysis of different Socio economic groups in spatially explicit manner Provides ward/city level statistics based on different facets of vulnerability Informs decision making process based on specific needs of communities Cross validation of results from secondary data possible

Vulnerability y Analysis y Process

Pre eparation n
DataAcquisition&initial visualanalysis GPSreconnoiter Identifyclassification parameters p

Delineationof homogeneousareas

SelectSamplesizeand Geopsylocations

Designoftools (Questions/checklists)

Asses ssment

CommunityandHH surveys

Geopsysurveys

Coding,dataentryandtransfer ofGPSdata

An nalysis

HHandCommunityVul Vul. Analysis GeopsyCommunity aggregation

Aggregation/Validation

Outputs
Maps Statistics Graphs

Ward
City

Water supply/drainage zones

Capacity and Vulnerability Across Communities

Capacity
Income stability Social Grouping Education

Vulnerability
Loan/ Insurance Drainage/ Sewerage Housing

Surat Response to Climate Change: f from Reactive R i to P Proactive i action i

Reactive (driven by actual perceived climate variability)
Proactive P i (driven (d i b by climate li forecasting / future scenarios)

Disaster mitigation/ response (post extreme event)

Disaster preparedness measures (based on current variability)

Hazard management agencies

Climate proofing at project level

Mainstreaming climate forecasts into sectoral policies and processes

Strategic multistakeholder adaptation planning

Key actors:
Households, community i groups, relief organizations and institutions Private d developers, l insurers, development NGOs Sectoral agencies ( (environment, i water, housing, etc.) Centralized unit (climate czar) with strategic planning p g authority

Learning from Recurrent Experiences

(Climate Proof Infrastructure, Quick Recovery)

6th August 2006

9th August 2006

Katrina 05 Population Affected Evacuation Deaths Shooting & violence Restoration R t ti of f Normalcy 480,000 Entire New-Orleans 100 Countless M th Months

Surat Flood 06 3,500,000 (90%) 20,000 45, Vector-borne Diseases None 15 d days, G Gas Uninterrupted

Candidate Projects
Architectural & Urban Designers Competition
Will be organized at national level Focus on flood resistant design for various buildings Affordability and availability of building materials Innovative concept & proposal for urban planning To integrate contour and water ways in spatial planning Id ifi i of Identification f appropriate i l land d usage Topographical survey of creeks Restoration of flood caring capacity Planning for appropriate use of creek side land Identification of sustainable usage zones Household survey to identify location of vulnerable individuals/groups Public consultation / open registration of individuals requiring support Creation of database management system for maintaining / updating and sharing Establishing protocol for providing pro iding support s pport to vulnerable lnerable individual indi id al during d ring flood Identification agencies, resources and support groups Communication system

Khadi Risk Zoning & Development Planning

Database & Online Flood Support pp System y

Asset bank system for saving valuables Near real-time Emergency management system

Barriers and Challenges at Surat Veryhighurbangrowthandriseinpercapitademandstraining infrastructureinvestmentsandresourceavailability

Waterandenergyresourceconstraints Transportinfrastructureoverburdened Risk kf freel land dconstraints

ManagementofUkaimultipurposedamwithconflictingobjectives under u de e extreme t e ee event e tdo dominated atedp precipitation ec p tat o patte pattern Monitoringandmanagementofepidemicsandcommunityhealth Finance,Capacity&Roles DependencyonState/Central,TaxReforms CapacityBuilding OverlappingRoles(Sewage&Stromwatermanagement)

Growingboundaries&meetingdemandsofperiphery Pushandpullmigrationfromhinterland Creatingawarenessamongstpopulationwithveryhighdiversityin knowledge skillsandworldviews knowledge, especiallynewimmigrants

Needs of Surat to Address CC Issues

National level
1. Understanding of Urban Dynamics and CC Impacts 1 2. State and Central Government Funding to Meet Current & Future Urban b Services Demand 3. Empowering of City (Tax Reforms/Policy/Legislation) 4. Decision Support 4 pp System y (No Over-doing g or Under-doing) g

International level
1. Scientific Inputs p from IPCC/ / UNFCCC 2. International Experience Sharing and Knowledge of Best Practices 3. Availability of Technology (Solar PV, IT) and Technical Assistance f Climate for l Proof f and d Hardened d d Infrastructure f 4. Focused technical Inputs from Donors 5. Supplementary S l t Fi Finance 6. Micro Insurance, Micro Finance for Vulnerable 7 Planning Inputs 7.

Cities and National Action Plan

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. National CC adaptation policy that addresses diversity across the Indian urban landscape Create experience and knowledge bank based on vulnerabilities or creation of Champion p City y or Role Model Central-State relationship to build resilience Implementation of Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 in true spirit which empowers Urban Local Bodies to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units of self-government Empowering cities to provide pro-active inputs in forming National Agenda Develop local political consensus regard to CC from city level upwards Scale, Funds and selection process of Pilot projects to increase resilience Cross learning g between current partners p and other cities National level Platform for information/technologies/processes exchange

Next Steps
Discussions on vulnerability and sectoral studies outputs Developing Surat city specific adaptation options with state of the art technologies and best practices
Use of f IT enabled bl d advance d warning i and d di disaster management Involvement of variety of city stakeholders

Engagement with national and international agencies involved with Climate Change adaptation/resilience Creating C ti awareness amongst t city it population l ti about b t CC adaptation d t ti issues Engagement with media on
Awareness generation E bli Ad Enabling Advance warning i systems t and d emergency i information f ti Communication plan for Disaster management

We commit to protect Earth

Thank You
Khorb Koon Dhanyawaad