Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics: Pile Foundations
Topics: Pile Foundations
Module 8
Lecture 34
PILE FOUNDATIONS
Topics
1.1 ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF GROUP
1.2 PILES IN SATURATED CLAY
1.3 PILES IN ROCK
1.4 CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES
1.5 ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF GROUP PILES
1.6 UPLIFT CAPACITY OF GROUP PILES
() =
So
= 1 2 [9 () + ]
[8.130]
2. Determine the ultimate capacity by assuming that the pile in the group act as a
block with dimensions of . The skin resistance of the block is
= 2 +
Obtain the value of the bearing capacity factor, , from figure 8. 58. Thus the
ultimate load is
= () + 2 +
[8.131]
3. Compare the values obtained from equations (130 and 131). The lower to the two
values is () .
Figure 8.59
Solution
= 1 2 [9 () + 1 (1) 1 + 2 (2) 2 ]
(3)(4)
1000
14 2
14
(1775)(45) = 3703
=
=
9.92
7
60
7
= 1.42
= 8.57
3703
3703
4
926
=
Where
+ ( + )
[8.132]
=
, = ,
= = 0 ,
For example, in figure 8. 60 for layer 2, = 1 /2; for layer 3, = 1 + 2 /2; and for
layer 4, = 1 + 2 + 3 /2. Note, however, that there will be no stress increase in clay
layer 1 because it is above the horizontal plane ( = 0) from which the stress distribution
to the soil starts.
4. Calculate the settlement of each layer caused by the increased stress:
= 1+()
()
[8.133]
Where
=
() =
= ( )
= (: 60, 2
= 1 ; 3, = 2 ; 4, = 3 ).
5.
[8.134]
Note that consolidation settlement of piles may be initiated by fills placed nearby,
adjacent floor loads, and lowering of water tables.
Figure 8. 61
Solution
The stress distribution pattern is shown in figure 8.61. Hence
(1) =
+1 +1
(500)(1000 )
(500)(1000 )
21
2
21
2
9+ 6+
1 = 1+
(1)
(1) + (1)
(1)
= 1554 / 2
(0.3)(21)
1+0.82
(2) 2
2 = 1+
(2)
21
2
2603 +1554
2603
(2) + (2)
(2)
= 0.703 = 8.45 .
(0.2)(12)
2 =
(0.25)(6)
1+0.7
3500 +421
3500
= 0.07 = 0.84 .
4025 +265
4025
= 0.024 0.29 .
In general, the settlement of a pile group under similar working load per pile increases
with the width of the group ( ) and the center-to-center spacing of piles (d). this fact is
demonstrated in figure 8.62 obtained from the experimental results of Meyerhof (1961)
for pile groups in sand. In this figure 8., () is the settlement of the pile group and s is
the settlement of isolated piles under similar working load.
() =
[8.135]
Where
() =
=
For pile groups in sand and gravel, Meyerhof (1976) suggested the following empirical
relation for elastic settlement:
() (. ) =
Where
= /( / ) ( . . / 2 )
[8.136]
[8.137]
= ()
=
(
)
= = 1 /8 0.5
[8.138]
Similarly, the pile group settlement is related to the cone penetration resistance as
() =
Where
[8.139]
()
Where
[8.140]
() =
=
Note that
() = () (1 2 )
[8.141]
At present, few field and laboratory experimental results relating to the evaluation of
are available in the literature. Das and Azim (1985) conducted a limited number of model
tests to determine the group efficiency, , of pile groups, embedded in saturated clay.
The results of this study are shown in figure 8. 64, from which the following general
conclusions may be drawn:
Figure 8.64 Efficiency of pile groups embedded in saturated clay and subjected to
uplifting force
1. For a pile group, increases linearly with the / ratio until it reaches 100%.
The / ratio at which reaches a value of 100% is about 12(/).
2. For given / / ratios, the magnitude of decreases with the increase
of the number of piles in a group.
3. For a given / ratio and number of piles in a group, the magnitude of
decreases with the increase of /.
Figure 8.65 Efficiency of piles groups embedded in sand and subjected to uplifting force
(based on laboratory model test results of Das, 1984)