Cu 1: Anh ch hy trnh by v khi lng th tch v khi lng ring: 1.

Khi lng th tch -Kn: Khi lng th tch ca vt liu (o ) l khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi t nhin (k c l rng) o=m/ Vo m l khi lng ca mu vt liu (g); Vo l th tch t nhin ca mu (cm3) - hng !h! "c nh: #$i vi nh%m vt liu c% h&nh 'ng h&nh hc r( rng -) "c nh m *ng cch +, nhit -./o0 1 --.o0-) lm ngui +au % c2n + "c nh c m -) "c nh th tch Vo'3ng thc 't ha, thc k! c% con ch, o cc kch thc h&nh hc ch ,u ri +au % tnh ton th tch t nhin Vo *ng c4ng thc h&nh hc #$i vi nh%m vt liu ko c% h&nh 'ng h&nh hc r( rng -) "c nh m *ng cch +, nhit -./o0 1 --.o0-) lm ngui +au % c2n + "c nh c m -) "c nh Vo *c * mt mu vt *ng - l! +! !ara5in mng ri + 'ng ng o th tch o=m-/ (V6 7 V- 7 V! ) V! =(m6-m-)/.893 #$i vi nh%m vt liu 'ng ht ri rc + 'ng ca ong th tch :-: 02n ca#vliu-)m:6: 02n ca -) m6 :3: 02n ca#nc ct -) m3 Khi %: o=(m--m6)/((m3-m6);nc ) 0h< =: iu ch nh khong cch gi!a ming ca v ming cung !h "u = -..mm m *o vl kh4ng * !h2n l! -> ngh?a: #$nh gi + * - + tnh cht khc ca vl nh rng8 h<t n c8 tnh tru,n nhit8 cng @; #$c + 'ng khi tnh ton thnh !h#n :ABC8 trong *i ton vn chu,n vl v c tnh ton kt cu "2, 'ng #D3ng trc ti! tnh mc ca vl cch nhit 2.Khi lng ring: -Kn: Khi lng ring ca vt liu () l khi lng ca mt n v th tch vt liu trng thi hon ton c (kh4ng c% l rng); =m/ Va m : Khi lng ca vt liu trng thi kh48 g8 kg Va : Ah tch hon ton c ca vt liu8 cm38 l8 m3; - hng !h! "c nh #Vi nh!ng vl c "Em l hon ton c (nh thF!8 knh @) gia c4ng t o ra mu c% h&nh 'ng h&nh hc +au % o kch thc h&nh h c c a m u ri '3ng c4ng thc ton hc tnh th tch c Va #Vi nh!ng vl c% cu tr<c rng: nghin nh thnh nh!ng ht c% ng knh G.86mm v th tch c Va <ng *ng th tch lng ri ch khi cho *t vl vo *&nh t$ trng

#Khi lng: +, kh4 vl nhit -..--./o0 n khi lng con+t -) +au % c2n "c nh m (chnh lch m l .8-6) -> ngh?a #$ !h2n *it nh!ng vl c% h&nh 'ng *n ngoi ging nhau #Khi lng ring c3ng vi khi lng th tch '3ng tnh ton r ng8 c c< vl #Anh ton thnh !h#n cc vl thch h! Cu 2: Trnh by v c v rng ca vt liu. Xy dng c ng thc tnh c v rng th!" khi lng ring v khi lng th tch ca vl 1. rng: - rng r (+ th! !h2n8 H) l th tch rng cha trong mt n v th tch t nhin ca vt liu r= Vr / Vo th tch rng l Vr v th tch t nhin ca vt liu l Vo -> ngh?a: #$nh gi tnh cht vt l= ca vl: cng 8 h<t nc8 tnh ch ng th m8 tnh tru,n nhit8 kh nIng chng In mJn #D3ng tnh ton c! !hi * t4ng -0c loi l rng: #K rng kn: 6 #u l rng ko ti! "<c vi * mt thong ca vl #K rng h: - trong 6 #u l rng ti! "<c vi * mt thong ca vl 2. c: - c () l mc cha #, th tch vt liu *ng cht r%n: = 3.Xy dng cng thc tnh rng ca vl theo khi lng V v khi lng ring Aa c%: Vr = Vo - Va trong % Va l th tch ca vl trng thi hon ton c r=( Vo - Va )/ Vo =--( Va / Vo)=--( o /) Do % o =m/Vo =m/Va o /= Va / Vo V, r=--( o /) ha, r=(--( o /))"-..H Arong %: o : khi lng th tch ca vl; : khi lng ring ca vl Cu # : Trnh by v cng ca vl$d -Kn : 0ng l kh nIng ca vt liu chng li + !h hoi ca ng +ut "ut hin trong vt liu 'o ngoi lc hoc iu kin m4i trng g2, ra v c "c nh *ng ng +ut ti hn khi mu Vl * !h hoi -$n v o : 'aC/cm38 C a -> ngh?a: #l ch tiu k& thut Luan trng c *n nh gi cht l ng c a nh !ng VK '3ng cho cc *! chu lc ca c4ng tr&nh 'o % c '3ng lm cIn c ch , u nh ra mc ca cc Vl +au n, - hng !h! "c nh: #!hng !h! !h hoi mu vt #!hng !h! ko !h hoi mu vt 1.!hng "h#" "h# hoi $% vt: t cc mu vl M c ch to thEo tiu chu 'n ln m, th nghim8 tIng ti ln khi mu * !h hoi -0ng chu nFn: Nn = NO ma"/

NO ma": Ai trng nFn !h hoi mu PO: Ait 'in chu nFn ca mu vt (cm6 hoc mm6) -0ng chu kFo: Nk= k ma" / Ph k ma" :Ai trng kFo !h hot mu Ph :Din tch chu kFo ca mu -0ng chu un ca vl c th nghim trn mu '#m: Nu=C/Q Q: momEm chng un ca tit 'in chu un C: momEm !h hoi 'aOcm ha, Omm 0c ,u t nh hng n !hng !h! !h hoi mu #R&nh 'ng ca mu Vl: c3ng - loi vl8 h&nh 'ng mu khc nhau th& cho k t Lu th nghim khc nhau #Kch thc ca mu vl: mu kch thc nh + c% cng nFn l n hn m u kch thc ln #$c im * mt mu th nghim: mu c% * mt trn cho kt Lu th nghim th! hn mu c% * mt nhm #Ac tIng ti trng th nghim: nu tc tIng ti ln8 tc *in 'ng ca mu + chm thi gian +o vi tc tIng ti trng nn tr + c ng + cao hn 2.!hng "h#" khng "h# hoi $%: -Oh%m ngu,n t%c c hc gm cc !hng !h! mang tn 'ng c o nh *<a *i8 *<a c% thanh chu'n8 +<ng *t n',8@ Ogu,n t%c: '3ng cc ' ng c trn th c hin tc ng c hc ln * mt vl m ko g2, ra !h hoi "' cc th4ng + o; Sau % Em cc th4ng + o c n, i chiu vi th chu'n t ng ng c a 'ng c +u, ra cng -Oh%m ngu,n t%c vt l= *ao gm cc !hng !h! cng ngrm !h%ng " v "ung +iu 2m; Ogu,n t%c + 'ng cc 'ng c o tc ng ln vl - tc ng chu'n8 ta o c th4ng + ng " ca Vl; 0In c vo th Lh gi!a cng c#n "c nh vi th4ng + ng " o c "c nh cng ca vl 0c h + lin Luan n cng -R + an ton l i lng c "c nh *ng t$ + gi!a c ng vl v i c ng cho !hF! tnh ton ca vl % K=N/ N tt )- !h thuc vo mc chnh "c ca tnh ton8 tr&nh nm ch%c tnh cht ca vl8 mc thnh tho trong thi c4ng v tu(i th ca c4ng tr&nh -R + !h'm cht l ch tiu c '3ng nh gi ng thi trn 6 !h ng 'i n: cng tiu chu'n v khi lng th tch K!c = Ntc / o Ntc : cng tiu chu'n ca vl o :Khi lng th tch ca vl Cu %:Trnh by v cng chu n&n ca vliu' 0ng chu nFn: Nn = NO ma"/ NO ma": Ai trng nFn !h hoi mu PO: Ait 'in chu nFn ca mu vt (cm6 hoc mm6) Khi + 'ng trong c4ng tr&nh8 thch cao c% th chu nFn ho c ch u kFo8 v;v;;; Au, nhin cng chu nFn vn l ch , u v n% c tr ng cho c ng c a thch cao8 cng nFn l mt ch tiu nh gi !h'm cht c a th ch cao; Do % Lu,nh cng nFn +au -8/ gi i vi thch cao lo i - kh4ng nh h n T/ kU/cm6 v i vi thch cao loi 6 kh4ng nh hn 3/ kU/cm6;

Cu (: trnh by tnh bin dng ca vliu: -Kn:AVnh *in 'ng ca vl l tnh cht ca vl c% th tha, (i h&nh 'ng v kch thc khi chu tc 'ng ca ngoi lc - h2n loi: #:in 'ng n hi: l *in 'ng "ut hin khi c% tc ' ng t i tr ng v m t i hon ton khi * tc 'ng ti trng; :in 'ng n h(i thng ", ra khi t i trng nh v tc 'ng ng%n hn #:in 'ng 'Wo l *in 'ng "ut hin khi c% tc 'ng ti trng v kh4ng m t i hon ton khi * tc 'ng ca ti trng -Anh n ca vl c c trng *ng moo'un n hi Xh= )/ Y ): ng +ut giai on n hi 'aO/cm6 ha, C a Y: *in 'ng n hi tng ng H -0c ch tiu nh gi tnh *in 'ng cu vl #*in 'ng tu,t i thEo-!hng l l= l--l. l- ; l. l#n lt l kch thc *an #u v +au khi *' ca vl #*in 'ng tng i Y= l/ lo )"-..H ha, Y= l/ lo -0In c vo hin tng *in 'ng ti trc l<c !h hoi8 vl chia ra lm 6 loi: vl '*o v vl giJn #vt liu '*o trc khi !h hoi c% *in 'ng '*o rt r( rt8 chu kFo tt #vt liu giJn trc khi !h hoi vn kh4ng c% hin tng *in 'ng '*o r( rt8 chu nFn tt Cu ): trnh by v cng v *+c ca vliu' Kh#i ni$ ch%ng -0ng l kh nIng ca vt liu chng li + !h hoi c a ng +u t "ut hin trong vt liu 'o ngoi lc hoc iu kin m4i trng; -0ng ca vt liu !h thuc vo nhiu ,u t: Ahnh !h#n c u tr<c8 !hng !h! th nghim8 iu kin m4i trng8 h&nh 'ng kch th c m u v;v;;; Do % +o +nh kh nIng chu lc ca vt liu ta !hi ti n hnh th nghi m trong iu kin tiu chu'n; Khi % 'a vo cng gii hn nh ra mc ca vt liu "2, 'ng; -Cc ca vt liu (thEo cng ) l gii hn kh nIng ch u l c c a v t li u c th nghim trong iu kin tiu chu'n nh: kch thc mu8 cch ch t o mu8 !hng !h! v thi gian *o '+ng trc khi th !hng "h#" &#c nh 0% hai !hng !h! "c nh cng ca vt liu: hng !h! !h hoi v !hng !h! kh4ng !h hoi; !hng "h#" "h# hoi: 0ng ca vt liu c "c nh *ng cch cho ngoi lc tc 'ng vo mu c% kch thc tiu chu 'n (t3, thu c vo t ,ng lo i vt liu) cho n khi mu * !h hoi ri tnh thEo c4ng thc; V& vt liu c% cu to kh4ng ng nht nn c ng c a n% c "c nh *ng cng trung *&nh ca mt nh%m mu ( thng kh4ng t hn 3 mu) ; R&nh 'ng8 kch thc8 trng thi * mt mu c% nh hng ln n kt Lu th nghim8 v& v, cc mu th nghim !hi c ch to v gia c4ng <ng thEo tiu chu'n Lui nh; Ac tIng ti cZng c% nh hng n cng mu8 nu t c

 tIng ti nhanh hn tiu chu'n th& kt Lu th nghim + tIng ln v& *in 'ng '*o kh4ng tIng k! vi + tIng ti trng; !hng "h#" khng "h# hoi : K !hng !h! cho ta "c nh c cng ca vt liu m kh4ng c#n !hi !h hoi mu; hng !h! n, rt tin li cho vic "c nh cng cu kin hoc cng kt cu trong c4ng tr&nh; Arong cc !hng !h! kh4ng !h hoi8 !hng !h! 2m hc c '3ng rng rMi nht8 cng vt liu c nh gi gin ti! th4ng Lua tc tru, n +%ng +iu 2m Lua n%; Cu ,: trnh by ha" *-n v *i *-n ca vl 1. hao $'n: -Kn: $ hao mJn [(H) c trng cho hao ht vt liu v,a 'o c mJn v,a 'o va chm; $ hao mJn l - ch tiu gin ti! nh gi cng ca vl - hng !h! "c nh: #c2n /kg cl cho vo th3ng #AhE! '=T\8]mm; m=39.^T/. g/vin #m, Lua, 3/ vJng/!h<t8 /.. vJng vi c+ ht 83_8/mm; -... vJng vi c ht )3_8/mm #+ng v c2n lng cJn +%t li trn +ng -8_mm -04ng thc ": [=((m--m6)/m-)"-..H trong % m-: khi lng vl *an #u; m6: khi lng cJn +%t li trn +ng -8_mm 2. $ i $'n: -Kn: $ mi mJn l mc hao ht khi lng trn - v 'i n tch m u * mi mJn -$ mi mJn ca vl !h thuc vo cng8 cng v cu to ni * ca vl -04ng thc ": Cn = (m--m6)/P trong % m-: khi lng mu trc khi th nghim; m6: khi lng mu +au th nghim; P: 'in tch chu mi mJn - hng !h! ": #mu vl c gia c4ng thnh h&nh tr c% ng knh 68/cm v chi u cao /cm v c g%i vo * !hn k! mu 6 t` ln mu Lua, 3 #m2m Lua, -... vJng mi mu #r%c ct thch anh c% ng knh .83-.8\ mm vi + lng 68/ lt ln m2m Lua, tIng ma +t -> ngh?a i vi vl lm ng8 lt +n8 lt c#u thang Cu .:Trnh by kh+i ni*/ 0hn l"i v 0h* vi 1dng ca cht kt dnh v c: -Kn: 0ht kt 'nh v4 c l cc cht v4 c 'ng *t mn ho c l ng khi no trn vi nc to thnh h '*o; Sau cc Lu tr&nh h%a l= h tr nn r %n ch %c v chu,n thnh ; 0ht kt 'nh v4 c c% kh nIng kt 'nh cc lo i vl r i r c thnh - khi ng nht nh * t4ng8 gch +ilicat8 v,a "2, 'ng v cc +! amiang -!hn loi: #cht kt 'nh v4 + r%n ch%c trong kh4ng kh8 ko *n trong m4i trng nc8 c% kh nIng t%n ch%c v !ht trin cng trong kh4ng kh; Arong ,hanh5 !h #n h%a hc chia lm T nh%m: v4i r%n trong kh4ng kh (0aa)8 cht kt 'nh manhE (Cga)G cht kt 'nh thch cao (0aSaT) v th, tinh lng-+ilicat natri hoc kal, (Oa6;nSia6 ha, K6;nSia6)

#0ht kt 'nh r%n trong nc c% kh nIng r%n ch%c v !ht tri n c ng trong nc v kh4ng kh; Khi r%n ch%c th& c% th *n trong m4i trng nc; thnh !h#n khong vt ca n% gm ch ,u cc lin kt T khong 0aa-Sia6bl6a3-PE6a3 (V': v4i thu,rm "i mIng Ka mM8 "i mIng !ooc lIng;;) #0Rt kt 'nh r%n trong hi nc Lu nhit gm nh!ng cht kt 'nh c% kh nIng r%n ch%c trong m4i trng hi nc *Mo hJa; 0ht kt 'nh n, g m 6 thnh !h#n ch ,u l 0aa-Sia6 (V': cht kt 'nh v4i-+ilicat8 v4i-tro8 v4i-" @) - hm vi + 'ng: Cu 2: Trnh by thnh 0hn kh"+ng vt ca $i*ang 3""c l4ng: -Ahnh !h#n khong vt ca clinkE gm c% T loi khong vt chnh: Silicat trican"i (03S) T/-\.H (blit) Silicat *ican"i (06S) -/-3/H (:Elit) bluminat trican"it (03b) T--TH PEroaluminat tEtracan"it (0TbP) -.--]H #blit (03S) 30aa;Sia6 l 'ung 'ch r%n ca Silicat trican"i v - 'ung 'ch ko l n cc o"it Cga8 bl6a38 6a/8 0r6a3 v cc t! cht khc c% th k t tinh \ h&nh 'ng khc nhau; K khong Luan trng nht ca clinkE8 n% Lu, t nh c ng 8 tc r%n ch%c nhanh v cc tnh cht khc ca "i mIng #:Elit: 60aa;Sia6 c% tinh th 'ng trJn8 kch thc t, 6.-/. 8 l khong +ilicat lm cho "i mIng !ht trin cng 'i ng,8 n% r%n ch%c ch m nh ng t cng cao tu(i mun # bluminat trican"it: 30aa;bl6a3: 03b chim khong T--6H; Ainh th c% 'ng h&nh l! !hng kch thc -.--/ 8 khi lng ring 38.T g/cm38 tc th , h%a v r%n ch%c rt nhanh8 nhng cng kh4ng ln; O% '" * In mJn +un5at nn !hi khng ch hm lng 03b ( nh hn /H) # PEroaluminat tEtracan"it: T0aa;bl6a3;PE6a3: 0TbP8 c% khi l ng ring ln nht trong cc khong clinkE8 n% l 'ung 'ch r%n ch%c ca 5Eroaluminat can"i; 0% tc r%n ch%c trung gian gi!a alit v *Elit; Cu 15: 6ii thch 7u+ trnh rn chc ca $i *4ng . C+ch iu chnh 7u+ trnh rn chc ca $i *4ng 3""clang ' 1.(%# tr)nh rn chc ca &i $*ng "ooc l*ng Khi "i mIng r%n ch%c8 cc Lu tr&nh vt l= v ho l= !hc t ! i kWm thEo cc !hn ng ho hc c% mt = ngh?a rt ln v to ra + *in (i t (ng h!8 khi n cho "i mIng khi nho trn vi nc8 l<c #u ch l h '*o v +au *i n thnh cng c% cng ; At c cc Lu tr&nh tc 'ng tng h c a t ,ng khong v i nc to ra nh!ng +n !h'm mi ", ra ng thi8 "En k v nh hng ln nhau; 0c +n !h'm mi cZng c% th tc 'ng tng h vi nhau v vi cc khong khc ca clinkE h&nh thnh nh!ng lin kt mi; Do % h "i mIng l mt h rt !hc t! c v cu tr<c thnh !h#n cZng nh + *in (i; $ gii thch Lu tr&nh r%n ch%c ngi ta thng '3ng thu,t ca :aikov-NE*in'Er;AhEo thu,t n,8 Lu tr&nh r%n ch%c ca "i mIng c chia lm 3 giai on: -+iai on ho tan : Khi nho trn "i mIng vi nc cc thnh !h#n khong ca clinkE + tc 'ng vi nc nga, trn * mt ht "i mIng; Oh!ng +n !h'm mi tan c c0a(aR)6; 30aa;bl6a3;\R6ad + tan ra; Ohng v& tan ca n% kh4ng ln v lng nc c% hn nn 'ung 'ch nhanh ch%ng tr nn Lu *Mo ho;

-+iai on ho# keo : Arong 'ung 'ch Lu *Mo ho8 cc +n !h'm 0a(aR)6; 30aa;bl6a3;\R6a mi to thnh + kh4ng tan n!a m tn ti trng thi kEo; 0Jn cc +n !h'm Etringit8 0SR vn kh4ng tan nn vn t n t i th kEo !h2n tn; Oc vn ti! tc mt i (*a, hi8 !hn ng vi "i mIng)8 cc +n !h'm mi ti! tc to thnh8 t$ l r%n/lng ng, mt tIng8 hn h! m t '#n tnh '*o8 cc +n !h'm th kEo lin kt vi nhau thnh th ngng kEo; -+iai on kt tinh : Oc th ngng kEo vn ti! tc mt i 8 cc +n !h'm mi ng, cng nhiu; 0h<ng kt tinh li thnh tinh th ri chu, n +ang th lin tinh lm cho c h thng ho cng v cng tIng; Cu 11: Trnh by v lng nc tiu chun ca $i *4ng -Kn: Kng nc tiu chu'n ca "i mIng l lng nc c#n thit '3ng nho trn "i mIng h "i mIng t '*o tiu chu'n; Kng nc tiu chu'n c "c nh c "c nh thEo 6 +o vi khi lng "i mIng -> ngh?a: lng nc tiu chu'n c '3ng th nghim "c nh thi gian 4ng kt ca "i mIng - hng !h! "c nh: '*o tiu chu'n c "c nh *ng 'ng c vica; R "i mIng m *o +2u ca kim vica (c% ng knh kim -.mm) t, 3.-3/mm th& h % l h c% '*o tiu chu'n v lng nc % l l ng n c tiu chu 'n ca "i mIng -0c ,u t nh hng: l thnh !h#n khong vt ca "i mIng v mn ca n% v thng 'ao ng trong khong 66-6]H; Ou "i mIng c% !h gia v4 c hot tnh th& lng nc tiu chu'n c% th ln ti 36-3_H Cu 12: Trnh by v thi gian bt u ninh kt/ thi gian n8t th8c ninh kt ca $i *4ng -Ahi gian *%t #u ninh kt ca "i mIng l khong thi gian l kho ng thi gian t, khi *%t #u nho trn vi nc tiu chu'n n khi h "i mIng *%t #u m t tnh '*o (gi l A-) -Ahi gian kt th<c ninh kt ca "i mIng l khong thi gian t, khi *%t #u nho trn vi nc tiu chuaanr n khi h "i mIng mt tnh '*o hon ton (gi l A6) -> ngh?a cuat hi gian ninh kt: #l ch tiu k& thut Luan trng nh hng n c4ng tc thi c4ng cc c4ng tr&nh c% + 'ng "i mIng #A- !hi ln ta tin hnh cc c4ng vic nho tr n8 v n chu, n8 ( khu4n v #m cht #A6 ko c Lu ln m *o tin thi c4ng - hng !h! "c nh thi gian 4ng kt: #A- l thi gian t, khi nho trn "i mIng vi l ng nc tiu chu 'n n khi kim vica c%m +2u vo trong mu h "i mIng - khong 3\-3_mm #A6 l thi gian tnh t, khi nho ln "i mIng vi lng nc tiu chu'n n khi kim vica c%m +2u vo mu h .8/mm -0c ,u t nh hng n thi gian ninh kt: #cc cht !hot!hat nitratcan"i8 natri v nh4m8 ng l nh!ng cht lm ch m ninh kt; $ng tc 'ng vi 0a(aR)6 to tra cht "accrat can"i '" tan; S hi n 'in ca cht n, + lm tIng cng ca ion can"i8 c ch Lu tr&nh !h2n h, ca 03S8 Lu tr&nh ninh kt * chm li #0c cac*onmat v clorua kim loi kim l nh!ng cht l tIng nhanh ninh kt

0a0.3 l cht t tan8 0a(aR)6 * tch ra lm cho Lu tr&nh th , !h2n 03S c tIng cng; 0lorua can"i c% tc 'ng lm tIng nhanh Lu tr&nh ninh kt Cu 1#: Trnh by v cng v *+c ca $i *4ng 0""c l4ng. 3hng 0h+0 $+c nh *+c ca $i *4ng 0""c l4ng th!" TC9: 1.,ng ca &i $*ng "ooc l*ng:#0ng chu kFo khi un #0ng chu nFn - hng !h! "c nh: #0hu'n * mu 'ng '#m: e Kch thc mu "c nh cng chu kFo khi un: T."T."-\. mm; e Cu c <c thnh t,ng t( (- t( = 3 mu); e BC#0t tiu chu'n: B:0 =-:3; e O/B = .8/; # D+ng h mu: Q ) 9.H; to= 6_f6o0 #Anh ton kt Lu th nghim: Nku = =3 K /6*h6 trong %:

C 7 m4 mEn un !h hoi8 O;mm8 'aO;cm; Q 7 m4 mEn chng un ca tit 'in chu un8 mm38 cm3; - ti trng un !h hoi mu8 O8 'aO; *8 h - chiu rng v chiu cao tit 'in chu un8 mm8 cm; Nin = ima" / Pin trong %: Nn cng chu nFn mu th i8C a8 'aO/cm6 ; ma" - lc nFn mu th i8 O8 'aO; Pn- 'in tch mu th chu nFn th i8mm68 cm6 .2 -#c ca &i$*ng "oocl*ng - Cc ca BC l mt + hiu kh4ng th ngu,n *iu th chtlng c a "imIng; Cc ca "imIng c "c l! 'a trn tr+ cng chu nFn ca "i mIng 3 ng,8 6] ng, tu(iv mt + ch tiu k& thut khc ca "i mIng (thi gian 4ng kt8 mn8 hm lng Sa38 Cga8 CKO8 0KA); - AhEo A0VO 6\]6-99: BimIng c% cc mc 03.; 0T. v 0/.; AhEo A0VO \6\.-9_ "imIng !ooclIng hn h! c% ccmc 0:3.; 0:T.; 0 7 ortlan' 0EmEnt ("imIng !ooclIng); 0: 7 :lEn'E' ortlan' 0EmEnt ("imIng !ooclIng hn h!); 0c + 3.8 T.8 /. 7 gi tr cng chu nFn ca "imIng 6] ng, tu(i8 n v l C a; Cu 1%:Trnh by kn/ 0hn l"i v 0h* vi 1d ca cht kt dnh hu c' 1.kn: cht kt 'nh h!u c gm :*itum8 gu'4ng8 nhZ tng8 nha mu; Ahnh !h#n ch ,u l hir4cac*on cao !h2n t (0nR6n8 0nR6n-\8 0nR6n-6) v cc 'n +ut; Khi gia nhit tr nn lng8 c% kh nIng trn ln v 'nh kt ccv t liu khong8 to thnh VK nh2n to c% nh!ng tnh ch t v t l v c h c !h3 h! "2, 'ng ng 4t4; Arng thi 'ng cng8 Lunh nhit thng 8 lng 2.!hn loi cht kt dnh h% c

-thEo thnh !h#n ho hc: *itum v gur4ng -thEo ngun gc ngu,n liu: #*itum '#u m #*itum '#u #*itum thin nhin #gur4ng than #gur4ng than *3n #gur4ng g -thEo tnh cht "2, 'ng:#*itum v gur4ng r%n8 Lunh8 lng 3.!h$ vi . dng -0ht kt 'nh h!u c loi *itum c% tnh Lunh (nht) cng cao th& cng t t8 nhng tnh nht cng cao th& *itum cng c8 'o % *itum + giJn v kh% thi c4ng; -:itum v gur4ng cJn c '3ng ch to vt liu l! v vt liu cch nc; OhZ tng '3ng cht nhZ h%a anion hot tnh ch to nhZ t ng thu n c + 'ng rng rMi nht trong "2, 'ng ng; -Khi *o Lun cht kt 'nh h!u c c#n trnh cho ch<ng kh4ng * *'n v l n nc8 *itum lng v +t *o Lun trong nh!ng th3ng kn; :itum r%n c% th thnh ng trong kho; Cu 1(:Trnh by v tnh 7u+nh v tnh d" ca bitu* du * 7u+nh l* ng' -Kn: tnh Lunh l t/c chng li + 'ch chu,n c a cc h t *itum ' i tc ' ng ca ngoi lc8 *iu th mlh ni ti ca *itum -0h tiu k? thut c trng cho tnh Lunh c%m +2u ca kim l<n gi l kim l<n 6/ trong % l kim l<n8 6/ l nhit th nghim - hng !h "c nh: lim l<n l c%m +2u ca kim tiu chu'n c% '=-mm8 m=-..g v *itum nhit 6/g0 trong /+ -> ngh?a: #nh hng Fn cc tnh cht ca VK c% +' *itum #Lu,t nh n c4ng ngh ch to v thi c4ng vt liu c% +' *itum #'a vo ch tiu kim l<n "nh ra mc ca *itum Lunh -- + ,u t nh hng:#hm lng t! cht #nhit m4i trng 6;Anh '*o: -ch tiu k? thut 'c trng cho th '*o l kFo ' *o K6/; Anh ' *o cng l n th& kFo 'i cng ln; - ": kFo 'i " *ng cchkFo mu *itum h&nh + ] trong nch nhi t 6/g08 tc kFo /cm/!h<t n khi t -, ngh?a: *o cho kh nIg chng nt ca vliu c% +' *itum -,u t nh hng: thnh !h#n nh%m t v nhit Cu 1):trnh by v tnh n nh v kh n4g dnh b+* v" vliu kh"+ng "; bitu* du *' 1./nh n nhnhit ca 0it%$ d% $:

-kn: l t/c nh gi + tc ng cc tnh cht khc ca *itum khi nhit tha, (i Ac : nhit ca *itum chu,n t, trng thi Lunh +ang r %n Am: nhit ca *itum chu,n t, Lunh +ang lng A-Am-Ac: *iu th t nh (n nh v+ nhi t ca *itum Ou Ac cng ln thi tnh (n n ca *itum cng cao v ngc li -!! "nh:#Am " *i 'ng c th n nghim vJng v vin *i v *itum c gia nhit trong cht lng n khi vin *i ti! "<c *ng 'i< ca gi + khi % nhit ca cht lng trong *&nh chnh l Am #nhit ho cng: Ac c " *ng 'ng c o l ' ng c 5r a"a8 v+ ' ng c o kim l<n: Em nhit lm kim "u,n vo *itum l nhi t ho cng ca *itum --+ ,u t nh hng:thnh!h#n nh%m cht v nhit m4i trng -= ngh?a: l ch t iu k? thut Luan trng ca *itum8 *o cho + (n nh ch t lng ca *itum v ca cc vliu c% +' *itum tr nn giJn nhit th! v *in 'ng ln nhit cao; 2.tnh dnh 0#$ ca 0it%$ v. 0 $t vli% kho#ng -kn: 2, l t/c nh gi *n ca mlh gi-b *itum v+ vt liu khong: #mlh vt l: h&nh thnh 'o cc tng tc vt l gi!a *itum v+ vt liu khong #mlh ho hc: h&nh thnh Lua cc a"it h!u cc trong *itum v+ cc khong vt v4 cmang tnh *ai trn * mt khong - "nh: '3ng 6. vin 'Im c% kch thc t, 3.-T. mm r a + ch8 + , kh48 +au % nh<ng t,ng vin v *itumun n%ng ti thi gian lm vic; +au % nh c ra v trEo ngoi kh4ng kh -/!h<t8 nhc ra ngoi v Luan +t;K t Lu th nghim th hin c! 'nh *m *itum: #c! -:'nh *m r t kFm #c ! 6: 'nh *m k Fm #c! 3: 'nh *m trung * &nh #c! T: 'nh *m kh #c! /: 'inh *m tt Cu 1,:C+c ch tiu k< thut ca bitu* 7u+nh $y dng ng' c+c l"i bitu* 7u+nh thch h0 v1 kin 9n' -;cc ch tiu k? thut ca *itum Lunh "' ng - kim l<n 6/g0 l .;-mm - kFo 'i 6/g0 -nhit ho mm -nhit *%t la -lng t(n tht +au khi un /h -\3gc8 ma" l l<n kim +au khi un +o v+ *an #u -lng ho tan trong nc ko ln hn .;6 hoc .;3 6; cc loi *itum Lunh thich+ h!

Arong iu kin Vit Oam th4ng thng chn *itum c + 3 hoc + T c% cc ch tiu k& thut !h3 h! vi Lu, nh ca 66 A0O 66_ : -99/; 0ch ch n lo i *itum c% th tham kho Lu, !hm Oga 9-6] : ]T hoc bbSRAa; Cu 1.: trnh by v bin dng v cng ca th&0 $y dng 1./nh 0in dng ca th1" &y dng: -Khi chu tc ng ca ti trng8 kim loi c% 3 loi *in 'ng #:in 'ng n hi: Luan h gi!a ng +ut v *in 'ng l *c nht #:in 'ng '*o: *in 'ng tIng khi ti trng tIng ko ng k n gi i h n ch, #:in 'ng !h h,: !h h, ", ra khi ti trng t n ma" mu vt "ut hin vt nt -0c c trng ca *in 'ng #$M giMn 'i tng i: .=( l 'Mn 'i tng i +au khi kFo l 'i *an #u ca mu #$ th%t tng i: j=(( - )/ H ; l 'in tch tit 'in *an #u v khi c% *in 'ng th%t #:in 'ng n hi .=)/Xt X l momEn n hi ca thF! 2.,ng : thF! l - vl kim loi -Uii hn n hi l ng +ut ma" ng vi ti trng n h(i = / (6.-3. C a) -Uii hn ch, l ng +ut khi kim loi ch, = / (6/-3/ C a) -Uii hn *n l cng chu kFo ln nht ca thF! = / (\.-_. C a) Arong k& thut thng '3ng gii hn ch, Lu, c l -86H % l ng +u t ng vi trng thi c% *in 'ng ' =.86H chiu 'i *an #u ca mu Cu 12 : 3hn l"i th&0 cacb"n. =uy nh v *+c cuat h&0 cacb"n th!" A0VO v thEo cc tiu chu'n Luc t 1;AhF! cac*on l loi thFo c% thnh !h#n ch ,u l PE v 0 (0G.8.6) ngoi ra cJn cha - + ngu,n t khc n!a CnG=.8]H ; SiG=.8/H ; 8SG=.8./H ; 0r8 Oi8 0u8 Q8 Co8 Ai rt t (.8--.86H) 2.Rai ngu,n t Cn8 Si l 6 t! cht c% tc 'ng n2ng cao c tnh c a thF!8 8S lm gim cht lng ca thF! 3.!hn loi th1" cac0on -AhEo !hng !h! lu,n thF! #AhF! lJ Cactanh c% cht lng tt : kh 8S kh tt

#AhF! lJ th(i o"i : !hng !h! n, cho +! cao8 +ong kh 8 S kFm #AhF! cac*on c *it : c ch to trong lJ in -AhEo mc kh o"i #AhF! +4i : cha kh ht PEa #AhF! lIng : kh ht PEa #AhF! na lIng -AhEo !hm vi + 'ng : #AhF! cac*on "2, 'ng #AhF! cac*on chi tit m, #AhF! c4ng c -AhF! cht lng thF! #AhF! thng SG=.8.\H ; G.8._H #AhF! tt SG=.8.TH ; G.8.3/H #AhF! cht lng cao SG=.8.6/H ; G.8.6/H #AhF! c *it cao S v G.8.-/H 2.(%y nh v $#c ca th1" cac0on: thE! cac*on chia lm 3 loi -Koi b: l thF! cac*on thng ch Lu, nh v c tnh AhEo A0VO Lu, nh k= hiu thF! cac*on thng nh%m b *ng 6 ch ! 0A v +au % l cng chu kFo 'aO/mm6 #AhEo A0VO: 0A3-; 0A33; 0A3T; 0A3];0AT6; 0A/-; 0A\#AhEo A0 Oga: 0A.; 0A-; 0A6; 0A3; 0AT; 0A/;0A\ -Koi : l thF! cac*on thng ch Lu, nh v thnh !h#n h%a hc AhEo A0VO th& thF! c k= hiu l :A0- gi tr cng chu kFo t #AhEo A0VO: 0A3-; 0A33; 0A3T; 0A3];0AT6; 0A/-; 0A\#AhEo A0 Oga: 0A.; 0A-; 0A6; 0A3; 0AT; 0A/;0A\ -Koi 0: la thF! 0 thng Lu, nh c v c tnh ln thnh !h #n; Ko i thF! n, trong k= hiu l 00A cJn Oga thm ch! : Cu 25: >h+i ni* v 0hn l"i/ k? hiu th&0 h0 ki*: -ARF! h! kim l loi thF! ngoi thnh !h#n PE8 0 t ! ch t 'o ch t o cJn c% cc ngu,n t c *it c a vo vi lng nht nh tha, (i cu tr<c v tnh cht ca thF! Cn8 0r8 Oi8 Si8 Q8 Co8 Ai8 0u8 : #Cn lm tIng *n v cng #0r lm tIng *n chng In mJn8 tIng cng trong v3ng chu nh hng ca nhit #Oi lm tIng *n v chu va chm #0u lm tIng kh nIng chng In mJn ca thF! h! kim Sun5ua - h2n loi thF! h! kim : #R! kim th! thnh !h#n cc ngu,n t h! kim trong thF! th! hn 68/H #R! kim trung *&nh thnh !h#n cc ngu,n t h! kim trong thF! chi m t , 68/-.H #R! kim cao thnh !h#n cc ngu,n t h! kim trong thF! cao hn -.H