NovJtMBBB 28, 1930

SUPPLEMENT TO

THE AIRCRAFT
taken by the axle and radius rod depends on their relative stiffness and typs of fixation, one with the other, and with the rigid structure. Dealing with the problem in as general a manner as possible, assume the undercarriage to be stressed by a combination of the following loads at the tyre centre : (a) an up load perpendicular to the ground ; (b) a backwards load parallel to the ground ; and (c) a side load perpsndicular to the plane containing (a) and (b). In each of the different cases considered for stressing, th- appropriate loads at the tyre centre are resolved into the axes of the machine.

ENGINEER

FLIGHT

If a, P, y> be the co-ordinates of the top axle joint, the equation to the line A C is x a. y - P
T

If 6 is the angle between the hinge line and the axle Cos 6 = l3lt + m3w nzni

A Kussrti

General Layout of Structure (Fig. 1) : AB is the axle. BC in the radius rod. DB is the oleo leg. The oleo leg may be offset in side elevation to partly balance brake torque. AC is the hinge line about which B rotates. Loads to be considered (in axes of machine). X Backwards at tyre centre. Y inwards at tyre centre. Z Upwards at tyre centre. If in opposite direction consider negative. These loads may be replaced by parallel forces X, Y and Z acting at B plus couples Gr, Cy, Cz about the .r, y and z axes respectively. Let llm1nl be the direction cosines of the oleo leg. Z2wi2w2 ,, ,, ,, ., radius rod.
'itfv'tft"* %y * uy 9^ uz.A-.lvr

The above diagram (Fig. 2) may be drawn to scale. The position of E is given by the calculated length of AEAE = AB cos 6 = L3(Z3Z4 + m3mt + w3n4) Whence the co-ordinate of E may be found from the known co-ordinates of A and C and the ratio AE/AC = AE/L 4 . The direction cosines of BE. /5m63 may now be found and its equation will be

The angles between the Force vector and AC and BE are cos- 1 (IJi + m,.m4 + n,.nt) cos- 1 (lrk + w,.m3 + ,.?!-,) respectively. Hence the components along these axes are R (/ li 4- ml.mi -\- w,.w4)
and R (l,.l-a + m r w a -j- nrnb).

Z4m,w4 ,, .., .. ,, hinge line. Lst P o be the end load in the oleo leg. PE ,, ,, ,, radius rod. irA ,, ,, ,, axie. bending moment in the axle at B. ,, ,, ,, radius rod at B. MK Torsion in the axle. TA ,, ,, radius rod. With B as origin and axes parallel to the axes of machine, the resultant load of X, Y and Z may be represented by the vector given by the equation
= = and of magnitude R lr m,. w,.
x y z

(1)

R = J X2 Y2 + Z2 Zr= X/R. mr= Y/R. nr= Z/R. Similarly, the resultant couple C may be represented by the vector given by the equation = = and of magnitude c c = J Cz2 + 4 = CxjG. mc= CyfC. n . = Cz/C.
(2)

The component perpendicular to this plane ABC may be found by the difference in squares. Similarly, the couples about AC and BE are C ( y 4 4- mrml + nrn4) and C (IJ5 4 memb + ncns) and the couple about the perpendicular axis may again be found by the difference in squares. The angles a and p may be measured or calculated. Having thus resolved the couples and loads into the plane ABC, we will consider how they will be balanced by the structure. Referring to Fig. 2 : Let G'x be the couple parallel to BF , BE C'y perpendicular to ABC C'z R'a; load parallel to BF B'y R'z ., perpendicular to ABC The balance of couples may be shown most conveniently by a vector diagram. Remembering that a couple or moment vector is represented by a line along the axis of the couple. and direction such that a clockwise rotation produces a, forward motion. The resultant couple of the bending moments and torsions of the axle and radius rod must balance the resultant of C'x and C'y. Two equations may be found by resolving along V'x and Q'y (Fig. 3) : taking positive couples as shown by the arrows. MA cos a - TA sin a + TR sin p + MR cos p = G'x (5 MA sin a 4- TA cos a + TR cos (J MR sin p = C'y (8>