Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

High-Speed Digital Access Cable:

DSL, Cable Modem
(Host-to-Network or Router-to-Router Connection Line) Using PPP

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL):

In Dial-up network, a traditional modem that links a host to an Internet Service Provided (ISP) limits the data rate available when access the Internet via the telephone lines. Many other technologies that surpass the limit of traditional modems, including; DSL, Cable Modem and SONET. (1) Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Technology: Supporting high-speed data rate over the existing telephone line. It is called asymmetric, because it provides higher speed in the downstream direction (from Internet to subscriber), than in upstream (from subscriber to the Internet). Typically, an available bandwidth of 1.104 MHz is divided into 256 channels. Each channel uses bandwidth of 4.312 KHz. The figure on the left shows the bandwidth division; Upstream: uses 25 channels, 1 channel for control, and 24 channels for data transfer. Downstream: uses 225 channels; 1 channel for control, and 224 channels for data transfer. Actual Bit Rate: Upstream between 64 Kbps to1 Mbps, Downstream: 500 Kbps to 8 Mbps.

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Cable Modem: Cable TV network

(2) CABLE Modem:
DSL uses the UTP (cat 3) telephone cable which is susceptible to interference, and limits the data rate. Another solution is the use of the cable TV network, such as the HFC, of type Fiber optics-tothe-Node (Check for FTTN and FTTH broadband connections). Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial (HFC): Uses both fiber-optic and coaxial cables. The Regional Cable Head (RCH) serves up-to 400,000 subscribers. The Distribution Hub (each serves 40,000 subscribers) modulates and distributes the signals that then fed into the fiber-optic cables. A Fiber Node splits the signals, so that the same signal is sent to each coaxial cable. Each coaxial cable serves up to 1000 subscribers. The HFC infrastructure provides bidirectional communications (full duplex). HFC Bandwidth: The part between the fiber node and the subscriber is a coaxial cable (5-750 MHz). The cable company divided this bandwidth into 3 bands; video, downstream data, upstream data. Data Rates: Provides downstream data between 10-30 Mbps, and upstream data up to 12 Mbps. (3) Synchronous Optical Network (SONET): It supports a high speed data rate ranging from 51.8 Mbps to 2.4 Gbps. that are transmitted using optical signals over fiber. Suitable for todays high data rate technology (e.g., video conferencing).

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Point-to-Point:
PPP

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP):

Point-to-Point protocol (PPP) is a WAN network protocol. It works with the TCP/IP protocol, and provides router-to-router and host-to-network connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Devices using PPP can be connected by a dedicated line, such as a traditional modem, a DSL, a cable TV or a SONET fiber-optics cable.

PPP protocol provides several functions,

Defines Defines Defines Defines

the format of the frame to be exchanged between devices. how both devices can negotiate the establishment on the link and the exchange of data. how two devices can authenticate each other. how network layer data packets are encapsulated in the PPP data link frame.

PPP Frame Format: PPP uses ISO High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) protocol. The description of each field follows;

Flag field: binary value 01111110, defines the frame boundary (end and start). Address field: PPP uses the broadcast address 11111111 (as for a broadcast). Control field: In HDLC environment this field used for sequencing. In PPP, this field is not used, and hence it doesnt support flow control. Protocol field: defines the type of the protocol (if a protocol and not data packet is in the data field). Data field: carries either the data packet or the information protocol. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field: is either 2 or 4 bytes CRC.

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): State Diagram

Transition States: PPP goes through different phases, as follows;
Idle state: means that the link is not being used. Establishment state: One end starts negotiating. If the negotiation is succeeded the system then goes to the authenticating state, or directly to networking state. Authenticating state: It is optional (dial up). Both use special packets for authentication. Networking state: They both exchange the network layer data packet until one end point wants to terminate. Termination state: several packets for closing the link are exchanged between both points.

21-Dec-13

Compiled by Dr. M Samaka, Qatar Univ.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP):

PPP Stack: PPP uses three sets of protocols; (1) to establish, maintain and terminate links, (2) to authenticate the parties involved, and (3) to carry the network layer data packets. These protocols are;
1. Link Control Protocol (LCP): It is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating links. All LCP packets are carried in the data field of the PPP field. When PPP is carrying an LCP packet, it is either in the establishing state or in the terminating state. No user data packets are carried during these states. 2. Authentication Protocol: It validates the user identity over the dial-up links only, such as the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP). These protocols are used during authentication state. During this state, no user data packets are exchanged. 3. Network Control protocol (NCP): Is a set of control protocols to allow the encapsulation of data packets coming from network layer protocols into PPP frame.

21-Dec-13