Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wiring and Grounding For Safety
Wiring and Grounding For Safety
2. Performance
control stray currents ? create equal-potential plane ? reduce communication noise
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1. 2.
Telephone G Cable TV
Ground Rod
Building Steel Underground Water Pipe Ground Ring Concrete Encased Electrode
NEC2002 HB, Exhibit 250.15, Page189 Common GEC sized based on total secondary cross-sectional area and table 250.66
250.58 Use one common grounding electrode for all enclosures and equipment within a building. 250.50 Bond all elements of grounding electrode system. water pipe, building steel, ground ring. 250.56 A grounding electrode of more than 25 ohms shall be augmented by one additional electrode.
Exhibit 250.30
10
Exhibit 250.31
KAUFMAN EXPERIMENT
Steel Building Columns
IAC
S
11
G A B C H
100 Feet
2.5-inch Steel Conduit
1 foot
B vs. C: ? C vs. H: ? C vs. G:
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Classic Kaufman Experiment in 1954 led to NEC 250.91, thou shall run the equipment grounding conductor with or enclosing the circuit conductors Ground Fault Return Conductor
Exhibit 250.36 A threaded grounding bushing with set screws used to ensure electrical and mechanical connection. (Courtesy of Thomas & Betts Corp.)
Bonding Jumper Sizing Service same as GEC Branch Circuit same as EGC
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d)
? Grounded Wye
480Y/277 V 3, 4W 208Y/120 V 3, 4W
Delta
480 V 3, 3W 240 V 3, 3W
Single-Phase
120/240 V 1, 3W
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A B C
N Grounding Impedance G
Telephone Cable TV
Building Steel
Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe Ground Ring Concrete Encased Electrode
Telephone G Cable TV
Corner Ground
Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe
Building Steel
N Telephone G Cable TV
Center-Tap Ground
Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe
Building Steel
L2
N Telephone G Cable TV
Center-Tap Ground
Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe
Building Steel
Telephone G Cable TV
Ungrounded
Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe
Building Steel
General Notes: 1. 2. 3. Ungrounded systems typically consist of a 3-phase 3-Wire 480 Volt or a 240 Volt Delta system. An ungrounded system is a system which does not contain a grounded conductor (neutral) . An ungrounded system is generally considered more reliable than a grounded system because short circuit faults involving only one phase and ground will not cause the overcurrent protection to operate. The system will continue to operate with no problems and the fault can be located at a convenient time. The grounding electrode conductor provides a low impedance path which can carry lighting currents into the earth and is connected between the equipment grounding conductor and the grounding electrode system (NEC 250.24). The grounding electrode conductor keeps all equipment and utilities at a common ground potential by connecting the equipment grounding conductors and the service equipment enclosures to the grounding electrodes in the earth {NEC 250.24, .28}.
4.
5.
Telephone Cable TV
Ground Rod
Notes: 1. The proper use of suitable ground fault detectors (GFDs) on ungrounded systems can indicated when a single ground fault has occurred so it can be cleared before a second ground fault occurs on another phase. Ground faults on more than one phase can cause damage arcing overvoltages, equipment brownouts, and building fires [(NEC 250.21(3)(d)]
Building Steel
A B C
Telephone
G
Cable TV
Building Steel Ground Rod Underground Water Pipe Ground Ring Concrete Encased Electrode
Ungrounded
GFDs
A B C
Telephone
Ungrounded
Cable TV Ground Rod Building Steel Underground Water Pipe Ground Ring Concrete Encased Electrode
~0 Volts
Im ok
age only k a le rent cur
HOT
NEUTRAL
23
Source
Ground Fault
Load
Grounding Conductor
A low impedance path for the return of fault current to trip the circuit breaker.
Bonded
24
Source
20 A
Phase A
120 V
Ground Fault
Load
10 ohms
25
Ground Fault
Load Current
~ 120V
NEUTRAL
Unknown earth resistance
0Volts
26
Improper N-G bonds can cause unsafe situations as well as performance problems, violates 250-24
Distribution Panel Load Equipment
Receptacle
?A
N N G
N G
Conduit Ground Equipment Ground
Service Ground
27
Neutral to ground bonds are required at main service (NEC 250-24) and at any separately derived power sources (NEC 250-30) and shall not be made at any grounded circuit conductor (neutral) on the load side of the service disconnect.
Transformer Ground
Distribution Panel
Computer System
Hot
Grounded Conductor (Neutral)
N G
N G
Ground Wire
Load
3-Wire Input
Neutral Ground
Ground
A neutral to ground bond between the source and the first disconnect.
Per 250.50 form a common premises grounding electrode system by connecting to nearest effectively grounded: 1. Building Steel 2. Metal Water Pipe, or 3. Other Electrode
30
Load
Phase B Phase C
Ground
Neutral Ground
Grounded
Load
Fault
3-Wire Input
Neutral Ground
Phase B Phase C
Ground
Grounded
Exhibit 250.13, NEC Handbook, Page 187, Neutral-ground bond established at transformer 33
Exhibit 250.14, NEC Handbook, Page 187, Neutral-ground bond established at first disconnecting means
Service Entrance
Generator
N G G
N G
Grounding Electrode
3W+G Load
Incorrect Grounding with Standby Gen, 4-Wire Load and 3-Pole ATS
Service Entrance
Generator
N G
N G
N G
Grounding Electrode
4W+G Load
Correct Grounding with Standby Gen, 4-Wire Load and 4-Pole ATS
Service Entrance
Generator
N G G
N G
Grounding Electrode
4W+G Load
37
DETAILS, DETAILS
Where Is the Grounding Electrode Connection?
CASE #1
3-Wire Input
Neutral Ground
38
GROUND, THERE IT IS !
3-Wire Input
Neutral Ground
39
N N G N IG IG
Grounding Electrode
Problem: Four separate nearby buildings contained control for chemical processing. There were interconnecting data cables between buildings. Each of the four computer systems was separately grounded to its respective buildings grounding system. Operation of the computer systems was erratic. Solution: The interconnecting data lines were replaced with fiber-optic communication links in buried plastic conduits.
Supplemental Ground Rod Properly Installed May Still Invite Stray Ground Currents
Service Transformer
CNC Machine
Attempts To Isolate
Frame Create an Unknown Resistance Path Back to Service
0A 0B 0C
N G
G
Grounding Electrodes
PVC Isolator
Service Transformer
CNC Machine
0A 0B 0C
SAFETY FIRST!
46
?s
47