to bathe to be happy to be surprised to break (arm, leg) to brush (hair, teeth) to burn (oneself, one's body) to calm down

to cheer up to comb (hair) to cut (hair, nails) to fall (down) to fall asleep to get a job to get angry to get bored to get dressed to get ready to get scared to get sick to get tired Spanish adjectives absolutely active bad badly beautiful best better bitter cheerful clearly clever correctly difficult easily easy fat friendly

Spanish Reflexive Verbs to get up baarse to go to bed alegrarse sorprenderse to have a good time to hurt oneself quebrarse to make up one's mind cepillarse to put on (clothes) quemarse calmarse animarse peinarse cortarse caerse dormirse colocarse enojarse aburrirse vestirse arreglarse asustarse enfermarse cansarse to put on makeup to put on makeup to say goodbye to to shave to sit down to stay, remain to take a shower to take off (clothes) to tear (clothes) to break (arm, leg) to try on to wake up to wash (up) to worry

levantarse acostarse divertirse lastimarse decidirse ponerse maquillarse pintarse despedirse afeitarse sentarse quedarse ducharse quitarse romperse probarse despertarse lavarse preocuparse

absolutamente activo malo mal hermoso el mejor mejor amargo alegre claramente listo correctamente difcil fcilmente fcil gordo amable

more most much narrow nice polite poor pretty punctual rapidly rich sensitive serious short shy small soft

ms el ms mucho estrecho simptico correcto pobre lindo, bonito puntual rpidamente rico sensible serio corto tmido pequeo blando

good good great greater hard heavy high, tall large least less light little long loving low, short

bueno bueno grande mayor duro pesado alto grande el menos menos ligero poco largo carioso bajo

sour strong sweet the best the greatest the least the worst thin ugly weak well wide witty worse worst

agrio fuerte dulce el mejor el mayor el menor el peor delgado feo dbil bien ancho gracioso peor el peor

Making Questions in Spanish In Spanish there are 4 ways of asking a question to get a yes or no answer, and they are the following: -Verb + pronoun: Unlike English, the auxiliaries do and does are not used. Tiene ella tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?) Note: The interrogative questions have an opening () question mark, Spanish is unique in using that symbol and, also a closing one (?). -Pronoun + verb: Only the intonation makes the sentence interrogative: Ella tiene tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?) -Verb +...+ pronoun. The pronoun goes last Tiene tiempo libre ella? (Does she have free time?) -Finally you can also make a question by adding a tag question to the end of a statement. Ella tiene tiempo libre no? Ella tiene tiempo libre, verdad? (She has free time, doesnt she) Possible answer would be S, Ella tienes tiempo libre. (or) No, Ella no tiene tiempo libre. Note that when only part of a sentence is a question, the question marks are placed around only the portion that's a question starting with (): Y eso, no te gusta? (And this one, you don't like it?).

Interrogative pronouns are usually used to form a question. Note that these words are always graphically accentuated, whether they are used to formulate a direct or indirect question:Qu hora es? (What time is it?) Qu es la capital de Marruecos? (What is the capital of Morocco?) (Direct). Dime qu hora es. Tell me what time it is. (Indirect).

Spanish Interrogative A qu hora...? (What time...?) Dnde? (Where?) De dnde? (From where?) Por dnde? (Which direction?) A dnde? (To where?) Cmo? (How?) Cul/-es? (Which one/-s?) Cundo? (When?) Cunto/-a? (How much?) Cuntos/-as? (How many?) Qu? (What?) Para qu? (For what reason?) Por qu? (Why?) Quin/-es? (Who?) A quin? (To whom?) Para quin? (For whom) De quin/-es? (Whose?).

As you may have noticed in these examples several of them can be preceded by prepositions: de dnde (from where), de qu (of what), a quen (to whom), de quin (of whom), para quin? Etc. Note that Spanish doesn't require auxiliary verbs the way that English does to form questions. The same verb forms as are used in questions as in statements. Don't confuse between por qu? (why?) and porque (because).

Negation in Spanish:

Negation can be made simply by placing "No" before the main verb in Spanish. However sometimes it's not that easy, because sometimes a double negative is required. "No" is the most common negative, used either as an adverb or adjective. When it's used as an adverb, it should be placed before the verb. No quiero hacerlo (I don't like to do it). No tienes nada que hacer (this example is Spanish double negative, you don't have anything to do). No lo quiero (I don't like it) When used as an adjective or as an adverb modifying an adjective or other adverb it comes immediately before the word it modifies. Boletos cancelados o no usados (Canceled or unused tickets). Se trata de la guerra o de la no guerra (It's about war or non-war). Spanish also has many other negative words that are used along with "No" or without it, like nada (nothing), nadie (nobody, no one), ninguno (none), nunca (never), and jams (never). Ninguno (no one).

Nadie entiende. (Nobody understands.) Ninguna tienda tiene lo que quiero. (No store has what I want.) Nunca beb la cerveza. (We never drink beer). Jams te olvidar. (I will never forget you.) The use of the double negative is an aspect unusual to English speakers, but it exists in Spanish. If one of the negative words listed above is used after the verb, a negative (often no) also must be used before the verb. Here is a list of double negatives:

Double Negative in Spanish no... nunca/no... jams (never). no... nunca ms (never again). no... tampoco (neither, not either). no... nada (nothing). no... nadie (no one). no... en/por ninguna parte (nowhere). No s nada. (I don't know anything, or I know nothing.) No conozco a nadie aqu. (I don't know anybody here, or I know nobody here.).

Note how these pronouns change from the affirmative to the negative form:

Affirmative alguien (someone)

Spanish Negation Negative nadie (no one) ninguno, -a (no one) nada (nothing) nunca (never) jams (never) tampoco (neither) ningn (no, none) ya no (no longer) todava no (not yet) ni (nor)

alguno, -a (someone, some) algo (something) siempre (always) alguna vez (ever) tambin (also) algn (some, something) todava, an (still) ya (already) o (or)

oo (eitheror)

nini (neithernor)

Double No: when the answer to a question is negative, the word no appears twice. It appears at the beginning of the sentence and also in front of the verb. hablas Ingls? No, no hablo Ingls, solo Espaol (Do you speak English. I Dont speak English, only Spanish).

Exclamation in Spanish

Exclamatory words (exclamaciones) as well as interrogative expressions have written accents. The most common one is (!) and Qu...! Used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun: Caramba! (My goodness!) Claro! (Of course!) Socorro! (Help!) Qu delicioso! (How delicious!) Lo siento mucho! (I'm so sorry!) Qu casa! (What a house!) Qu barbaridad! (How aweful!) Qu lstima! (What a shame!) Qu lo! (What a mess!) Qu fcilmente lo haces t! (How easily you do it!) In literary usage, Cun...! may replace Qu...!: Cun fcilmente lo haces t! When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it is preceded by ms (most) or tan (so): Qu casa ms bonita! (What a pretty house!) Qu nios tan alegres! (What happy children!)

Summary:

Making Questions: You can make a question in Spanish in 4 ways: -Verb + pronoun ... Tiene ella tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?) -Pronoun + verb... Ella tiene tiempo libre? (Does she have free time?)

-Verb +...+ pronoun. Tiene tiempo libre ella? (Does she have free time?) -Add a tag question... Ella tiene tiempo libre, no? Ella tiene tiempo libre verdad? (She has free time, doesnt she) Possible answer would be S, Ella tienes tiempo libre. (or) No, Ella no tiene tiempo libre.

Interrogative pronouns are usually used to form a question: Qu hora es? (What time is it?) Qu es la capital de Marruecos? (What is the capital of Morocco?) A qu hora...? (What time...?) Dnde? (Where?) De dnde? (From where?) Por dnde? (Which direction?) A dnde? (To where?) Cmo? (How?)

Negation: Negation can be made by placing "No" before the main verb, there are other words that are used along with "No" or without it to form negation in Spanish, like nada (nothing), nadie (nobody, no one), ninguno (none), nunca (never), and jams (never). Ninguno (no one). Nadie entiende. (Nobody understands). No conozco a nadie aqu. (I don't know anybody here.)

Exclamation: Exclamatory words in Spanish also have written accents. The most common one is Qu...! Used in front of an adjective, adverb or noun: Qu delicioso! (How delicious!). When an adjective follows a noun in this construction, it is preceded by ms (most) or tan (so): Qu mujer tan guapa! (What a beautiful woman!) qu chico ms amable! (What a nice (kind) guy!).
Spanish adverbs

List of Adverbs:

MANNER ADVERBS (adjective)+mente alto bajo bien mal mejor peor

SPANISH ADVERBS QUANTITY ADVERBS apenas bastante casi demasiado ms menos mucho muy poco tanto TIME ADVERBS actualmente currently hardly, barely quite, enough almost too much more less a lot very few, little so/as much/many

(adjective)+ly loudly softly well poorly better worse

FREQUENCY ADVERBS a veces frecuentemente nunca raramente sometimes often never rarely

siempre

always

ahora anteayer ayer cuando despus entonces hoy luego maana mientras por fin pronto tarde temprano todava ya

PLACE ADVERBS abajo ac adentro afuera alguna parte all all aqu arriba cerca delante detrs donde encima enfrente fuera todas partes below, downstairs here, over here in, inside outside somewhere over there there here above, upstairs nearby ahead behind where above, on top in front of outside everywhere

now the day before yesterday yesterday when after next, then today soon tomorrow while finally soon late early still, yet already

POINT OF VIEW ADVERBS personalmente quizs evidentemente personally perhaps obviously

NEGATION ADVERBS INTERROGATION ADVERBS jams ni no nunca tampoco never neither no nunca neither adnde? cmo? cundo? cunto? dnde? porque? To where? How? When? How much/many? Where? Why?

INCLUSION ADVERBS adems an tambien moreover still, yet also, too

Prepositions

List of Spanish Prepositions

a (to, at) al (upon) al lado de (beside) ante (before) antes de (before) bajo (under) cerca de (near) como (like) con (with) contra (against) de (from, of, about) debajo de (under, beneath) delante de (in front of) dentro de (inside) desde (since) despus de (after) detrs de (behind)
SPANISH SPORTS

en vez de (instead of) en (in, at) encima de (above, on top) enfrente de (in front of) entre (between, among) fuera de (outside) hacia (towards) hasta (until) lejos de (far from) menos (except) para (for) por (for, on account of) salvo (except) segn (according to) sin (without) sobre (about, above/on) tras (after)

Below you will find some words that you should try to memorize, to help build your Spanish vocabulary; we have here some countries names, and sports vocabulary.

Argentina Australia bakery ball ball (small) bank baseball basketball basketball hoop

List of Countries, Places and some Sports garden Argentina Germany Australia grocery store la panadera gulf la pelota/ el baln hockey una pelota house el banco ice cream shop el bisbol India el baloncesto island una canasta

el jardn Alemania la tienda de ultramarinos el golfo el hockey la casa le heladera India la isla

bat bay beach Bolivia bookstore boots boxing bread shop butcher by bicycle by boat by bus

un bate la baha la playa Bolivia la librera unas botas el boxeo la panadera la carnicera en bicicleta en barco en autobs

Italy Japan jungle lake laundromat library match meat shop Mexico mountain movies net

Italia Japn la selva el lago la lavandera la biblioteca el partido la carnicera Mxico la montaa el cine una red

by car by motorcycle by plane by subway by taxi by train cafe Canada candy store candy store Chile China cleats clothing store coast Columbia concert continent Costa Rica country Cuba dairy department store desert drugstore dry cleaner Ecuador Egypt England

en coche en motocicleta en avin en metro en taxi en tren el caf Canad la confitera la dulcera Chile China unos zapatos de ftbol la ropera la costa Colombia el concierto el continente Costa Rica el campo Cuba la lechera los grandes almacenes el desierto la droguera la tintorera Ecuador Egipto Inglaterra

ocean office on foot outdoor market paper store pastry shop peninsula pharmacy plain player Poland pool pork butcher Portugal racket restaurant river rose Russia sea ski poles skis soccer South Africa Spain supermarket swimming swimming pool team

el ocano la oficina a pie el mercado la papelera la pastelera la pennsula la farmaca la llanura el jugador Polonia la piscina la chacinera Portugal una raqueta el restaurante el ro la rosa Rusia el mar unos bastones unos esqus el ftbol Sudfrica Espaa el supermercado la natacin la piscina el equipo

fish market fish shop flower flower shop football forest France fruit shop game alligator antler bear bird bison bull cat cow deer dog donkey eagle elephant fish fox giraffe goat hippopotamus hog

tennis la pescadera theater la pescadera tobacco shop la flor tree la floristera United States el ftbol americano valley el bosque volleyball Francia wrestling la frutera el juego List of Animals horse el caimn lion el cuerno llama el oso monkey el pjaro moose el bisonte mouse el toro parrot el gato pig la vaca rabbit el venado rhinoceros el perro sheep el burro snake el guila tiger el elefante trunk (part of animal) el pez turtle el zorro tusk (part of animal) la jirafa whale el chivo wolf el hipoptamo zebra el cerdo

el tenis el teatro el estanco (informal) el rbol los Estados Unidos el valle el voleibol la lucha

el caballo el len la llama el mono el alce el ratn el loro el cerdo el conejo el rinoceronte la oveja la serpiente el tigre la trompa la tortuga el colmillo la ballena el lobo la cebra

algebra architect art backpack banker barber book botany carpenter chemistry

School words and Occupations music el lgebra musician el arquitecto newspaper el arte notebook la mochila novel el banquero nurse el barbero painter el libro painting la botnica paper el carpintero pen la qumica

la msica el msico el peridico el cuaderno la novela la enfermera el pintor la pintura el papel la pluma

dentist dictionary doctor drawing electrician engineer eraser geography geometry history ink journalist languages lawyer letter linguistics map math mechanic

el dentista el diccionario el mdico el dibujo el electricista el ingeniero la goma la geografa la geometra la historia la tinta el periodista los idiomas el abogado la carta la lingstica el mapa las matemticas el mecnico

pencil pharmacist physics pilot policeman postman professor salesman science scissors secretary soldier stapler tape (audio) teacher typist writer zoology

el lpiz el farmacutico la fisica el piloto el agente de polica el cartero el profesor el vendedor la ciencia unas tijeras la secretaria el soldado la grapadora la cinta el maestro la mecangrafo el escritor la zoologa

Type of Pronouns Subject Possessive

Use

Spanish Pronouns Examples in Spanish (English) Yo (I), t (you), l (he), ella (she), nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas (they) Mo (mine), ma (mine), mos (mine), mas (mine), tuyo/a (yours), suyo/a (his, hers, theirs), nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a (yours) Me (myself), te (yourself), se (himself, herself, themselves), nos (ourselves), os (yourselves) Algo (something), alguien (anybody), nadie (nobody), todo (all), todas (all), uno (one), unos (some), ninguno (none), mucho (many), poco (little) Que (that, which, who, whom), quien (who, whom), el cual (which, that which) cuyo (whose), cuyas (whose),

Replaces the subject of a sentence Refers to something owned or possessed by someone. usually preceded by el/la/los/las Used when the direct object and indirect object of a verb refer to the same person. Used more often in Spanish. Used to refer to nonspecific people or things

Reflexive

Indefinite

Relative

Introduces a clause that gives more information about a noun or pronoun

Interrogative

Used in questions

Demonstrative Replaces a noun while also pointing to it Function as the object of a verb or preposition, used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace Theyre words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person.

Prepositional Indirect Object Pronoun

donde (where), el que (that, which) Qu (what), quin (what), cundo (when), cunto (when) ste (this one), sta (this one), sa (that one), aqullos (those ones), aqul (that one over there) Mi (me), ti(you), l, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns) Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te quiero (I love you)

Subject pronouns: Subject pronouns replace the subject of the sentence, they're very easy to use, and this is a complete list of them with their English equivalent: Subject Pronoun in Spanish Singular yo - I , t - you (familiar), l - he, ella - she, usted - you (formal),

Plural nosotros We (masculine or mixed gender), nosotras we (feminine), vosotros you-all (familiar, Spain, masculine or mixed gender) vosotras you-all (familiar, Spain, feminine), ellos they (masculine or mixed gender), ellas they (feminine) ustedes you-all (formal in Spain, formal and familiar in Latin America)

Spanish Possessive Pronouns: Possessive pronouns refer to something owned or possessed by someone. Usually preceded by el/la/los/las, used the same way in both languages: Mine= el mo / la ma /los mos / las mas.

Yours (familiar) = el tuyo / la tuya /los tuyos / las tuyas. Yours (formal), his, hers= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas. Ours= el nuestro / la nuestra/ los nuestros / las nuestras. Yours (familiar) = el vuestro / la vuestra / los vuestros / las vuestras. Yours (formal), theirs= el suyo / la suya /los suyos / las suyas

Possessive pronouns Mine Yours (t) His/hers/its yours (Ud.) Ours Yours (vosotros) Theirs yours (Uds.)

Possessive Pronouns in Spanish Masculine el (los) mo(s) el (los) tuyo(s) el (los) suyo(s) el (los) nuestro(s) el (los) vuestro(s) el (los) suyo(s)

Feminine la(s) ma(s) la(s) tuya(s) la(s) suya(s) la(s) nuestra(s) la(s) vuestra(s) la(s) suya(s)

Below, are examples of pronoun adjectives, compare them to the possessive pronoun shown on the table above, mi(s)= my, mi coche (my car) mis amigas (my friends), tu(s)= your (singular) tu hermano (your brother) tus amigos, su(s)= his, her, your (formal), their su dinero (his money), sus plumas nuestro(-a, -os, -as)= our, nuestro plato (our plate), nuestras casas, vuestro(-a, -os, -as)= your (fam. pl.), vuestro radio, vuestras plumas . Note: dont confuse between the three forms of possessive: Possessive adjective (short/unstressed form): mi, tu, su, nuestro/a, vuesto/a , nuestra casa (our house). Possessive adjective (long/stressed form): mo, tuyo , es un amigo tuyo ( he is a friend of yours). Possessive pronoun: el mo, el tuyo, es el mo (its mine)

Prepositional Pronouns in Spanish

Spanish prepositional pronouns are used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace. There are 11 forms of prepositional pronouns, the only difference between prepositional pronouns and subject pronouns is the first and second person in the singular, (m and ti instead of yo and t), plus we have a neuter form ello in the prepositional pronoun.

Singular Me You Him, it Her, it You It

Prepositional Pronouns Plural m Us nosotros ti You vosotros l Them ellos ella Them ellas Ud. You Uds. ello

Examples:

A mi, no me gusta el carne de cerdo = me (to me), I don't like pork. Quiero estudiar con ellos = I want to study with them. Tengo un regalo para ti = I have a gift for you. But we also have ello which is for neuter, No tengo tiempo para ello = I don't have time for that. estoy ocupado, y por ello no puedo ir al cine= I'm busy, that's why I can't go to the movies. Exceptions: We use subject pronouns after the prepositions como (like), entre (between), excepto (except), incluso (including), menos (except), salvo (except), and segn (according to). Example: Necesito un amigo como t = I need a friend like you. And also when paired with another pronoun: - para l y ella - por t o yo.

Spanish Reflexive Pronouns:

Reflexive pronouns in Spanish are closely related to direct and indirect pronouns, by following the same rules of word order and using almost the same pronouns. I wash myself: Me bao. Whats your name? (What do you call yourself?) Cmo te llamas. So all pronouns ending in -self (-selves) are considered reflexive pronouns, in Spanish there are (me, te, se, nos, os, se), see table below for more detail.

Person First-person singular Second-person singular familiar Second-person singular formal, third-person singular First-person plural Second-person plural familiar Second-person plural formal, third-person plural

Spanish Reflexive Pronouns Spanish English equivalent me myself te yourself se yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself ourselves yourselves yourselves, themselves

Example Me bao, I wash myself. Te baas, you wash yourself. Ella se baa, she washes herself. Nos baamos, we wash ourselves. Os baais, you wash yourselves. Se baan, they wash themselves.

nos os se

Indefinite Pronouns in Spanish

Indefinite pronouns are those pronouns that typically refer to no particular person or thing. In Spanish as in English, most of the words used as indefinite pronouns sometimes they function as other parts of speech, often as adjectives and sometimes as adverbs. In Spanish, some of the indefinite pronouns exist in both masculine and feminine forms as well as singular and plural forms, so they must agree with the nouns they refer to. Here is a list of the most common Spanish indefinite pronouns:

Spanish alguien (someone,

Spanish Indefinite Pronouns Examples Necesito a alguien que pueda hablar ingls. (I need someone who

somebody, anyone, anybody) alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas (one, some things or people) algo (something)

can speak English.) Voy a salir con algunas de las chicas. (I'm going out with one of the girls.) Algunos quieren bailar. (Some want to dance.) Quieres alguno ms? (Do you want some more?) Busco algo grande y barato. (Im looking for something big and cheap.) Escuchaste algo esta tarde? (Did you hear something this afternoon?) Cualquiera puede jugar el ftbol. (Anyone can play soccer.) El sitio web tiene mucho que ofrecer. (The website has much to offer.) Hay muchos. (There are many problems.) Nos queda mucho por hacer. (We have much left to do.) No tengo nada para ti. (I have nothing for you.) (When nada follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form) No conocemos a nadie. (We don't know anybody.) Nadie te crees. (No one believes you.) Note that when nadie follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Ninguna de ellas tiene dinero. (None of them have money) (When ninguno follows a verb, the part of the sentence preceding the verb typically is also put in negative form. Me puedes traer otro? (Can you bring me another one?) Los otros estan judando con el perro. (The others are playing with the dog). (Un otro and una otra are not used for "another one) Tengo un poco de hambre. (Im a little bit hungry.) Pocos van a la playa (A few are going to the beach.) T comes todo. (You eat everything.) Todos piensan en su futuro. (All are thinking about their future) Uno no puede creer sin ver. (One cannot believe without seeing.) Unos libros son aburridos. (Some books are boring.) Quiero ir contigo, pero no tengo tanto tiempo (I want to go with you but I dont have much time)

cualquiera (anybody, anyone) mucho, mucha, muchos, muchas (much, many) nada (nothing)

nadie (nobody, no one)

ninguno, ninguna (none, nobody, no one) Otro/a, otros/as (another, other one, another one, other ones, others) Poco/a, pocos/as (little, little bit, few, a few) todo, todos, todas (everything, all, everyone) uno, una, unos/as (one, some) Tanto (as much)

Spanish Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to refer to another expression or concept that preceded it. In English we have (that, which, or who). In Spanish we find (que, quien, quienes, el que, el cual) Note that these pronouns are not accents like the interrogative ones. So relative pronouns are pronouns that are used to introduce a clause that provides more information about a noun. Thus in the

sentence "The lady who is talking is my teacher," the relative pronoun is "who"; the clause "who is talking" provides more information about the sentence's subject, "the lady." In the Spanish equivalent, la mujer que habla es mi profesora, the relative pronoun is que.

Pronouns Que (who)

Quien, quienes (who, whom)

el que, la que, lo que, los que, las que (which, who, whom) el cual, la cual, lo cual, los cuales, las cuales (which, who, whom) cuyo, cuya,cuyos, cuyas (whose)

Spanish Relative Pronouns Examples Me gusta la cancin que estas cantando. (I like the song that you're singing) Que must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two. Conoces a Juan, quien habla ocho idiomas. (Do you know John, who speaks 8 languages.) Es la profesora de quien te dije. (She is the teacher I told you about.) Dont confuse between Quien and Que. Quien is used after a preposition. Or separated by commas from the noun it describes, Mario es el muchacho con el que vas a estudiar. (Mario is the student with whom you will study) This pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is often interchangeable with el cual but is somewhat more informal in usage. Ese era el tema sobre el cual yo estaba hablando (This was the subject which I was talking about) This pronoun must match the noun it refers to in both number and gender. It is used in formal writing more often than in speech Conozco personalmente a ese autor cuyos libros me brindan tanto placer (I know this author personally, whose books are a lot of fun) This pronoun must match the noun it modifies in both number and gender. It is used more in writing than in speech. Not used in questions, where de quin is used instead, as in De quin es esta camiseta? (Whose shirt is this?) Voy a Espaa donde se habla espaol. (I'm going to Spain where Spanish is spoken.)

Donde (where)

Not only can we omit relative pronouns in English, but also in Spanish: I like the song (that) youre singing, (that) is not necessary in this sentence, but in Spanish it cannot be omitted: Me gusta la cancin que estas cantando. Que = that, which, who. Quien = who, or whom after a preposition. El que = that, which, who, whom.

El cual = that, which, who, whom. It seems that they all mean the same thing!! So how do we know which one in specific cases? A general rule is the longer the distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun, the longer is the relative pronoun to be used, knowing that the shortest one is (que) with three characters and longest is el cual (6 characters). Que: must be used when the relative pronoun comes immediately after the antecedent, when there is nothing between the two. Me gusta la casa que tienes. (I like the house that you have). Quien: is used when the antecedent is a person and there is some distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun (a comma or a short (one- or two-syllable) preposition): Roberto es el hombre con quien salgo. (Robert is the person who Im going out with).

El que and the other forms (la que, los que, las que): are typically used when there is some distance between the relative pronoun and the antecedent, for example after a comma or a oneword preposition. This includes one-syllable prepositions often used with que (like en) and especially those which que might cause confusion if used with que, for example: El pueblo en el que nac (the village where I was born). El cual and the accompanying forms la cual, los cuales, and las cuales, are used when there is greater distance between the antecedent and the relative pronoun. The most typical examples is after compound prepositions such as acerca de (about, concerning), al lado de (beside), antes de (before), cerca de (near), debajo de (underneath), delante de (in front of), dentro de (inside), despus de (after), detrs de (behind), and por encima de (on top of). As with el que, the numerous forms for el cual make it useful to distinguish between more than one possible antecedent. La violencia domstica es un mal sobre el cual es difcil hablar.

Spanish Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are quin, qu, cul, and cunto . A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, and interrogative means questioning, so interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask the questions like who, what, which, and how much/many. Note that all of these words have accents.

Spanish Interrogative Pronouns Quin (who, whom) plural Quines. Quin can also follow a preposition. Qu (what) Cul (what, which) plural cules Quin est aqu? Who is here? Quin viene conmigo? Who's coming with me? Quines han ganado? Who won? A quin hablis? To whom are you speaking? De quin es este libro? Whose book is this? Qu quiere? What does he want? Qu piensas del libro? What do you think of the book? Qu es eso? What is this? Cul quieres - la pluma o el lpiz? Which do you want the pen or the pencil? Hay muchas ideas. Cules prefieres? There are a lot of ideas. Which ones do you prefer? Tienes dinero? Cunto? Do you have any money? How much? Cuntos estn en el coche? How many are in the car?

Cunto (how much) plural cuntos (how many).

Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns

Spanish has three demonstrative pronouns where English only has two. In English, we say "this" or "that" depending upon whether the object is close to us or not. In Spanish, we also say "this" and "that," but there is another extra word used to mean "that one over there." This form is used when the object is more than just a short distance away, for example, on the other side of the room. Here are the three forms for "this" "that" and "that one over there". este (this) - ese (that) -aquel (that one over there). Remember, the demonstrative pronouns are the same as the demonstrative adjectives, except that the pronouns have a written accent.

Spanish Demonstrative Pronouns this (este: adjective) (ste: pronoun) se (that one - masculine) that (ese: adjective) (se: pronoun) sos (those ones - masculine) that one over there (aquel: adjective) sa (that one - feminine) (aqul: pronoun) sas (those ones - feminine) ste (this one - masculine) aqul (that one over there - masc.)

stos (these ones - masculine) sta (this one - feminine) stas (these ones - feminine)

aqullos (those ones over there - masc.) aqulla (that one over there - fem.) aqullas (those ones over there - fem.)

Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, they do not have a written accent, and they are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object. esto (this matter, this thing) eso (that matter, that thing) aquello (that matter/thing over there)

Spanish Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person. The Spanish indirect object pronouns are as follows: 1st person 2nd person 3rd person me te le me you him, her, you, it nos os les us you them, you

Like direct object pronouns, Spanish indirect object pronouns are placed in front of the verb. I'm telling you about him. - Te hablo de l. She sings to them - Les canta. We lend you people our car. - Os prestamos nuestro coche. He asked us - l nos pregunt. Pronouns can get attached to the end in the case of infinitives, present participles, and affirmative commands: Le voy a preguntar (or) Voy a preguntarle - I'm going to tell him. Les quiero enviar una tarjeta (or) Quiero enviarles una tarjeta - I want to send them a letter.

Summary:

This is mainly what you need to remember about Pronouns in general:

Type of Pronouns Subject Possessive

Use

Spanish Pronouns Examples in Spanish (English) Yo (I), t (you), l (he), ella (she), nosotros (we), ellos (they), ellas (they) Mo (mine), ma (mine), mos (mine), mas (mine), tuyo/a (yours), suyo/a (his, hers, theirs), nuestro/a (ours), Vuestro/a (yours) Me (myself), te (yourself), se (himself, herself, themselves), nos (ourselves), os (yourselves) Algo (something), alguien (anybody), nadie (nobody), todo (all), todas (all), uno (one), unos (some), ninguno (none), mucho (many), poco (little) Que (that, which, who, whom), quien (who, whom), el cual (which, that which) cuyo (whose), cuyas (whose), donde (where), el que (that, which) Qu (what), quin (what), cundo (when), cunto (when) ste (this one), sta (this one), sa (that one), aqullos (those ones), aqul (that one over there) Mi (me), ti(you), l, nosotros, vosotros...(except mi and ti, the rest is the same as in subject pronouns) Me (me), te(you), le (him, her, you (formal), nos (us), vos (you), les (them) Me da gusto ( it gives me pleasure). Te quiero (I love yo

Replaces the subject of a sentence Refers to something owned or possessed by someone. usually preceded by el/la/los/las Used when the direct object and indirect object of a verb refer to the same person. Used more often in Spanish. Used to refer to nonspecific people or things

Reflexive

Indefinite

Relative

Introduces a clause that gives more information about a noun or pronoun Used in questions

Interrogative

Demonstrative Replaces a noun while also pointing to it Function as the object of a verb or preposition, used after prepositions, often in order to emphasize the noun they replace Theyre words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person.

Prepositional Indirect Object Pronoun