Solved with COMSOL Multiphysics 4.

Primary Creep Under Nonconstant Load

Introduction
In this model example, you will study the creep behavior of material under non-constant loading. You will model the primary creep using a Norton-Bailey law and study the difference between the time hardening and the strain hardening methods available in COMSOL Multiphysics. The time hardening assumes that the creep strain rate depends on the current stress and on the time passed from the start of the test. The strain hardening assumes that the creep strain rate depends on the current stress and the accumulated creep strain. Therefore once stress level changes, in time hardening the material will follow the new behavior form point where the times are equal, strain-time relation shifts vertically, and in strain hardening the material will follow the new behavior form point where the strains are equal, strain-time behavior shifts horizontally. This is illustrated in Figure 1

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below. ( 1 ) c ( 2 )
c

2 1

Time hardening

Strain hardening

Figure 1: Strain versus time curve for different primary creep formulations: time hardening in blue(+), strain hardening in green (o). The load case is represented in the thumbnail in the top-left corner. The time hardening formulation is easier to use, while the strain hardening is usually considered to be more accurate. The model is taken from NAFEMS Understanding Non-Linear Finite Analysis Through Illustrative Benchmarks (Ref. 1). The load consist of a uniaxial and a biaxial stepped load. The step in the load occurs at after a half of the full study time. The value of interest is the creep strain variation along the time. The computed solutions are compared with analytical solution given in the reference. Additionally, a short discussion describes how to avoid non-physical creep strains that can appear at the initial time step when a singular load condition is applied at early time.

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Model Definition
The problem consists of a 100mm length square plate under uniaxial and biaxial load cases. Different boundary constraints for each load case ensure uniaxial stress. After 100 hours, the applied load jump from 200MPa to 250MPa. The thickness of the plate is assumed to be small enough to use the 2D plane stress assumption. The Norton-Bailey that model the creep behavior is represented with the following creep strain definition: = A t
c n m

The material constant are listed in the table below:

E nu A n m 2e5[MPa] 0.3 3.125e-14[1/h] 5 0.5

Both the time hardening and strain hardening are used to represent the step load response versus time.

Results and Discussion

The problem has analytical results for both uniaxial and biaxial load cases, and for both the time and strain hardening formulation. For the uniaxial load case, the x-component of the strain rate is represented by the following expression: 0 . 01 t 0.5 = 0 . 013052 t 0.5 0 . 2052 0 . 03052 ( t 89 . 262 ) 0.5

t < 100h t > 100h, time hardening t > 100h, strain hardening (1)

c xx

The target solution for the biaxial load case is represented by the following expression:

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c xx

0 . 005 t 0.5 = 0 . 01529 t 0.5 0.1028 0 . 01529 ( t 89 . 262 ) 0.5

t < 100h t > 100h, time hardening t > 100h, strain hardening (2)

In Figure 2, you can see the results of the computed x-component of the creep strain for the uniaxial load case together with the target data (represented with marker).

Figure 2: The creep strain for time hardening (blue line) and strain hardening (green line) for the uniaxial load case. The reference data are represented with markers. In the Figure 3, you can see the results of the compute x-component of the creep strain for the biaxial load case together with the target data (represented with marker).

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Figure 3: The creep strain for time hardening (blue line) and strain hardening (green line) for the biaxial load case. The reference data are represented with markers. The computed solutions agree very well with the analytical target for both the uniaxial and the biaxial load cases.

Notes About the COMSOL Implementation

Constant load at the initial time introduces stress singularity. This can be a source of errors when the strain is defined via a strain rate formulation. At infinitesimal time step, a non physical strain rate can be generated. You can avoid such a singularity by defining the load case using a smooth increase in time. Another solution is to enforce the initial computational time step to be large enough so that the creep strain is reduced. In COMSOL, the time hardening implementation allows the user to define a time offset. Adjusting the time offset with the initial computational time step ensure to reduce the initial creep strain error. The time should be small compare to the computational study time. In the current example, a time of 1103 hours has been found sufficient. For the strain hardening implementation, an initial strain value is requested to avoid en error related to computation a non integer power of a negative number. Here, a value of 5107 is found to be sufficient.

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Reference
1. A.A. Becker, Understanding Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis Through Illustrative Benchmarks, NAFEMS R0080, 2001.

Model Library path: Nonlinear_Structural_Materials_Module/Creep/

variable_load_creep

Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
NEW

1 In the New window, click the Model Wizard button.

MODEL WIZARD

1 In the Model Wizard window, click the 2D button. 2 In the Select physics tree, select Structural Mechanics>Solid Mechanics (solid). 3 Click the Add button. 4 Click the Study button. 5 In the tree, select Preset Studies>Time Dependent. 6 Click the Done button.
ROOT

1 In the Model Builder window, click Untitled.mph. 2 In the Root settings window, locate the Unit System section. 3 From the Unit system list, choose MPa.
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Parameters
1 On the Home toolbar, click Parameters. 2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.

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3 In the table, enter the following settings:

Name A n m t0 Expression 3.125e-14[1/h] 5 0.5 1[s] Value Description Creep rate coefficient Stress exponent Power law exponent Time offset

8.681E-18 1/s 5.000 0.5000 1.000 s

DEFINITIONS

Step 1
1 On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Step. 2 In the Step settings window, locate the Function Name section. 3 In the Function name edit field, type load. 4 Locate the Parameters section. In the Location edit field, type 100. 5 In the From edit field, type 200. 6 In the To edit field, type 250.
ROOT

On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Piecewise.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Piecewise 1
1 In the Piecewise settings window, locate the Function Name section. 2 In the Function name edit field, type time_hard_uniaxial. 3 Locate the Definition section. Find the Intervals subsection. In the Argument edit

field, type t.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Start 0 100 ROOT End 100 200 Function 0.01*t^0.5 0.03052*t^0.5-0.2052

On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Piecewise.

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GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Piecewise 2
1 In the Piecewise settings window, locate the Function Name section. 2 In the Function name edit field, type strain_hard_uniaxial. 3 Locate the Definition section. Find the Intervals subsection. In the Argument edit

field, type t.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Start 0 100 ROOT End 100 200 Function 0.01*t^0.5 0.03052*(t-89.262)^0.5

On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Piecewise.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Piecewise 3
1 In the Piecewise settings window, locate the Function Name section. 2 In the Function name edit field, type time_hard_biaxial. 3 Locate the Definition section. Find the Intervals subsection. In the Argument edit

field, type t.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Start 0 100 ROOT End 100 200 Function 0.005*t^0.5 0.01529*t^0.5-0.1029

On the Home toolbar, click Functions and choose Global>Piecewise.

GLOBAL DEFINITIONS

Piecewise 4
1 In the Piecewise settings window, locate the Function Name section. 2 In the Function name edit field, type strain_hard_biaxial.

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3 Locate the Definition section. Find the Intervals subsection. In the Argument edit

field, type t.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Start 0 100 GEOMETRY 1 End 100 200 Function 0.005*t^0.5 0.01529*(t-89.262)^0.5

Square 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Square. 2 In the Square settings window, locate the Size section. 3 In the Side length edit field, type 100[mm]. 4 Click the Build Selected button. 5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
MATERIALS

Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Materials and choose New Material. 2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section. 3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property Name Value 200e3[MPa] 0.3 0 Unit Property group

Young's modulus Poisson's ratio Density

SOLID MECHANICS

E nu rho

MPa 1 t/mm

Basic Basic Basic

1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 click Solid Mechanics. 2 In the Solid Mechanics settings window, locate the 2D Approximation section. 3 From the 2D approximation list, choose Plane stress. 4 Locate the Structural Transient Behavior section. From the list, choose Quasi-static.

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Creep 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Creep. 2 In the Creep settings window, locate the Creep Data section. 3 From the Material model list, choose Norton-Bailey. 4 In the A edit field, type A. 5 In the n edit field, type n. 6 In the m edit field, type m. 7 In the tshift edit field, type t0.

Creep 2
1 Right-click Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Creep. 2 In the Creep settings window, locate the Creep Data section. 3 From the Material model list, choose Norton-Bailey. 4 In the A edit field, type A. 5 In the n edit field, type n. 6 From the Hardening model list, choose Strain hardening. 7 In the m edit field, type m.

Roller 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Roller. 2 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only.

Boundary Load 1
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Boundary Load. 2 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Coordinate System Selection section. 3 From the Coordinate system list, choose Boundary System 1. 4 Select Boundary 4 only. 5 Locate the Force section. Specify the FA vector as
0 load(t[1/h])

t1 n

6 Right-click Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Boundary Load 1 and choose Rename. 7 Go to the Rename Boundary Load dialog box and type Uniaxial Boundary Load

in the New name edit field.

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8 Click OK.

Boundary Load 2
1 On the Physics toolbar, click Boundaries and choose Boundary Load. 2 Select Boundaries 3 and 4 only. 3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Coordinate System Selection section. 4 From the Coordinate system list, choose Boundary System 1. 5 Locate the Force section. Specify the FA vector as
0 load(t[1/h])

t1 n

6 Right-click Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Boundary Load 2 and choose Rename. 7 Go to the Rename Boundary Load dialog box and type Biaxial Boundary Load in

the New name edit field.

8 Click OK.
MESH 1

Mapped 1
In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.

Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1>Mesh 1 right-click Mapped 1 and

choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only. 3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section. 4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 2. 5 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1

1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Rename. 2 Go to the Rename Study dialog box and type Time hardening; Uniaxial in the New name edit field. 3 Click OK.

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TIME HARDENING; UNIAXIAL

Step 1: Time Dependent

Get output at the time instances where target values are specified in the benchmark.
1 In the Time Dependent settings window, locate the Study Settings section. 2 In the Times edit field, type 0 20[h] 60[h] 100[h] 150[h] 200[h]. 3 Select the Relative tolerance check box. 4 In the associated edit field, type 1e-3.

Disable unneeded features from the solver node.

5 Locate the Physics and Variables Selection section. Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box. 6 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear Elastic Material 1>Creep 2. 7 Click Disable. 8 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Biaxial Boundary Load. 9 Click Disable.

Solver 1
1 On the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver. 2 In the Model Builder window, under Time hardening; Uniaxial>Solver Configurations>Solver 1 click Time-Dependent Solver 1. 3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, click to expand the Absolute tolerance

section.
4 Locate the Absolute Tolerance section. In the Tolerance edit field, type 1e-4. 5 Click to expand the Time stepping section. Locate the Time Stepping section. Select

the Initial step check box.

6 From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict. 7 In the Initial step edit field, type t0. 8 Click to expand the Output section. From the Times to store list, choose Steps taken by solver. 9 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.

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RESULTS

Data Sets
1 On the Results toolbar, click Cut Point 2D. 2 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Point Data section. 3 In the X edit field, type 50[mm]. 4 In the Y edit field, type 50[mm].

1D Plot Group 2
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group. 2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, click to expand the Title section. 3 From the Title type list, choose Manual. 4 In the Title text area, type R-component creep strain, uniaxial load case. 5 Click to expand the Legend section. From the Position list, choose Upper left. 6 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Point Graph. 7 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section. 8 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 1. 9 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the y-axis data section. From

the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss points)>Creep strain tensor, local
coordinate system>Creep strain tensor, local coordinate system, 11 component (solid.ecGp11). 1 0 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression. 1 1 In the Expression edit field, type t. 1 2 From the Unit list, choose h. 1 3 Click to expand the Coloring and style section. Locate the Coloring and Style section.

Find the Line markers subsection. In the Width edit field, type 3.
1 4 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Global. 1 5 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section. 1 6 In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression time_hard_uniaxial(t[1/h]) Unit Description

1 7 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression. 1 8 In the Expression edit field, type t.

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19 From the Unit list, choose h. 20 Click to expand the Coloring and style section. Locate the Coloring and Style section.

Find the Line markers subsection. From the Line list, choose None.
21 Find the Line style subsection. From the Color list, choose Black. 22 Find the Line markers subsection. From the Marker list, choose Cycle. 23 From the Positioning list, choose In data points. 24 Click to expand the Legends section. Find the Include subsection. Select the Expression check box. 25 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
ROOT

On the Home toolbar, click Add Study.

ADD STUDY

1 Go to the Add Study window. 2 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies>Time Dependent. 3 In the Add study window, click Add Study.
STUDY 2

1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 2 and choose Rename. 2 Go to the Rename Study dialog box and type Strain hardening; Uniaxial in the New name edit field. 3 Click OK.
STRAIN HARDENING; UNIAXIAL

Step 1: Time Dependent

1 In the Time Dependent settings window, locate the Study Settings section. 2 In the Times edit field, type 0 20[h] 60[h] 100[h] 150[h] 200[h]. 3 Select the Relative tolerance check box. 4 In the associated edit field, type 1e-3. 5 Locate the Physics and Variables Selection section. Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box. 6 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear Elastic Material 1>Creep 1. 7 Click Disable.

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8 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Biaxial Boundary Load. 9 Click Disable.

Solver 2
1 On the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver. 2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 2 node, then click Time-Dependent Solver 1. 3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, locate the Absolute Tolerance section. 4 In the Tolerance edit field, type 1e-4. 5 Locate the Time Stepping section. From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict. 6 Locate the Output section. From the Times to store list, choose Steps taken by solver. 7 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS

Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Data Sets node. 2 Right-click Cut Point 2D 1 and choose Duplicate. 3 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Data section. 4 From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.

1D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>1D Plot Group 2 node. 2 Right-click Point Graph 1 and choose Duplicate. 3 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section. 4 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 2. 5 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot. 6 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 2 click Global 1. 7 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section. 8 In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression time_hard_uniaxial(t[1/h]) strain_hard_uniaxial(t[1/h]) Unit Description

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9 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot.

ADD STUDY

1 Go to the Add Study window. 2 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies>Time Dependent. 3 In the Add study window, click Add Study.
STUDY 3

1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 3 and choose Rename. 2 Go to the Rename Study dialog box and type Time hardening; Biaxial in the New name edit field. 3 Click OK.
TIME HARDENING; BIAXIAL

Step 1: Time Dependent

1 In the Time Dependent settings window, locate the Study Settings section. 2 In the Times edit field, type 0 20[h] 60[h] 100[h] 150[h] 200[h]. 3 Select the Relative tolerance check box. 4 In the associated edit field, type 1e-3. 5 Locate the Physics and Variables Selection section. Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box. 6 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear Elastic Material 1>Creep 2. 7 Click Disable. 8 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Uniaxial Boundary Load. 9 Click Disable.

Solver 3
1 On the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver. 2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 3 node, then click Time-Dependent Solver 1. 3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, locate the Absolute Tolerance section. 4 In the Tolerance edit field, type 1e-4. 5 Locate the Time Stepping section. From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict.

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6 Select the Initial step check box. 7 In the associated edit field, type t0. 8 Locate the Output section. From the Times to store list, choose Steps taken by solver. 9 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS

Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Data Sets node. 2 Right-click Cut Point 2D 2 and choose Duplicate. 3 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Data section. 4 From the Data set list, choose Solution 3.

1D Plot Group 5
1 On the Home toolbar, click Add Plot Group and choose 1D Plot Group. 2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Title section. 3 From the Title type list, choose Manual. 4 In the Title text area, type R-component creep strain, biaxial load case. 5 Locate the Legend section. From the Position list, choose Upper left. 6 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Point Graph. 7 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section. 8 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 3. 9 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the y-axis data section. From

the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss points)>Creep strain tensor, local
coordinate system>Creep strain tensor, local coordinate system, 11 component (solid.ecGp11). 1 0 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression. 1 1 In the Expression edit field, type t. 1 2 From the Unit list, choose h. 1 3 Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line markers subsection. In the Width

edit field, type 3.

1 4 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Global. 1 5 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.

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16 In the table, enter the following settings:

Expression time_hard_biaxial(t[1/h]) Unit Description

17 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression. 18 In the Expression edit field, type t. 19 From the Unit list, choose h. 20 Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line markers subsection. From the Line list, choose None. 21 Find the Line style subsection. From the Color list, choose Black. 22 Find the Line markers subsection. From the Marker list, choose Cycle. 23 From the Positioning list, choose In data points. 24 Locate the Legends section. Find the Include subsection. Select the Expression check

box.
25 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot.
ADD STUDY

1 Go to the Add Study window. 2 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies>Time Dependent. 3 In the Add study window, click Add Study.
STUDY 4

1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 4 and choose Rename. 2 Go to the Rename Study dialog box and type Strain hardening; Biaxial in the New name edit field. 3 Click OK.
STRAIN HARDENING; BIAXIAL

Step 1: Time Dependent

1 In the Time Dependent settings window, locate the Study Settings section. 2 In the Times edit field, type 0 20[h] 60[h] 100[h] 150[h] 200[h]. 3 Select the Relative tolerance check box. 4 In the associated edit field, type 1e-3.

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5 Locate the Physics and Variables Selection section. Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box. 6 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear Elastic Material 1>Creep 1. 7 Click Disable. 8 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Component 1>Solid Mechanics>Uniaxial Boundary Load. 9 Click Disable.

Solver 4
1 On the Study toolbar, click Show Default Solver. 2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 4 node, then click Time-Dependent Solver 1. 3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, locate the Absolute Tolerance section. 4 In the Tolerance edit field, type 1e-4. 5 Locate the Time Stepping section. From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict. 6 Locate the Output section. From the Times to store list, choose Steps taken by solver. 7 On the Home toolbar, click Compute.
RESULTS

Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Data Sets node. 2 Right-click Cut Point 2D 3 and choose Duplicate. 3 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Data section. 4 From the Data set list, choose Solution 4.

1D Plot Group 5
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>1D Plot Group 5 node. 2 Right-click Point Graph 1 and choose Duplicate. 3 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section. 4 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 4. 5 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot. 6 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 5 click Global 1. 7 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.

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8 In the table, enter the following settings:

Expression time_hard_biaxial(t[1/h]) strain_hard_biaxial(t[1/h]) Unit Description

9 On the 1D plot group toolbar, click Plot.

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