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C nopuv Cqyo Mc\cq qtoupyq0qkc yto t ovykc q Ccotkq Lvoqo zA?31
zuoqoo tuou kot ootptkou uno\oytoou ou poypoo Mconutokuv znouuv
(Mz) 1cvo\oyto ?\tkou kot Aoytotkou: zctooq kot Avnuq Atuuv zuoquv
?no\oytoou (zA?) q zo\q Cctkuv Lntoquv kot 1cvo\oyto (zCL1) ou L\\qvtkou Avotkou
ovcntoqtou (LA).
C Cqyo Mc\cq onoc\ct cvo oq0qo npo ou otqc ou LA kot q ouyypoq ou cct ytvct
c qv c\nto ot 0o ovct pqoto oq c\cq ou t\tou ublqulLous CompuLlng: SmarL uevlces
and lnLeracLlons" ou SLephan oslad, nou tovccot oou otqc oov cvo oqovtko cpo ou
cknotcutkou u\tkou q zA?31. C Cqyo Mc\cq cot(ct oo kuptocpo oqcto uv kco\otuv
ou t\tou, cncptcovo ncpov uv kuptuv oqctuv ou t\tou cntn\cov u\tko kot cvoqc,
onu ov okono, o npoookucvo onoc\cooo, t cct-k\ctt kot topc pooqptoqc kot
ookqoct ouooto\oyqoq, ouuvo c o npouno ovnuq cknotcutkou u\tkou nou
copo(ct o LA.
zqctuvcot cu ot o Cqyo Mc\cq cv 0o npcnct vo 0cupq0ct u unokoooo ou t\tou
oo onoto oot(cot ko0u kot ot o otqq oc koto ncptnuoq cv 0o npcnct o otqq vo
0cupqoct q c\cq ou oqyou kot ou t\tou u opkcq uoc vo ovoncc\0ct ot ovykc
toq ou 0coo ou Atuou ?no\oytoou. C Atuo ?no\oytoo ctvot to octk vco
ncptoq cpcuvo c cy\o 0o, no\\ ono o ootk oqcto q onoto onoc\ouv okoo ncto
tcvcq cou uv cpcuvquv kot nou nopouot(ouv cy\c npok\qoct ko0u q koovoqoq uv
otvocvuv ou cv ctvot okoo n\qpq. Lot ouoqvcot, nop\\q\o c q c\cq ou t\tou kot
ou oqyou, q ouvq ovoop oqv cntoqovtkq t\toypoto kot t qootcuoct uv c\cuv
oov upo ou Atuou ?no\oytoou ko0u kot q ouoqotkq kot cvc\cq cvooo\qoq c t
nopot0ccvc pooqptoqc kot ookqoct.
C oqyo, onu kot o t\to oo onoto oot(cot, ptokcot oqv npuq ou ckooq. ko ouvcncto
ot ouooct uv otquv yto c\tuoct oqv ovoyvuotoqo ou kctcvou kot qv ooqvcto uv
0cuv nou 0tyovot ctvot cunpoockc, ko0u kot ot npo\qotoot kot ot okcct nou
cyctpovot octk c ov Atuo ?no\oytoo ko qv c\cq.
A. kovqvo
Ackopo, Clasgow Caledonlan unlverslLy
Mc\o zL zCL1 LA


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1.2.1 8ootk opokqptotk uv z.A.?. ....................................................................................................... 11
1.2.2 koovcqcvo zuoqoo \qpooptuv kot Lntkotvuvtuv .............................................................. 12
1.2.3 ?notvtooocvq A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-?no\oytoq..................................................................... 12
1.2.4 Lntyvuoq \ototou .............................................................................................................................. 12
1.2.3 Auovoto............................................................................................................................................. 12
1.2.6 Luuto.................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.2.7 1oovoto uv opokqptotkuv uv zA? ........................................................................................... 13
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1.4.1 Lunvc ouokcuc................................................................................................................................. 14
1.4.2 Lunvo ncpt\\ovo........................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.3 Lunvq o\\q\cntpooq........................................................................................................................ 13
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2.2.2 Lunvo ncpt\\ovo: A\\q\cntpooq zuokcuq cpt\\ovo kot zuokcuq zuokcuq......... 1
2.2.3 Lunvc zuokcuc (A\\q\cntpooq zuoqoo cpt\\ovo).................................................... 20
2.2.4 Lunvc zuokcuc: ?notvtooocvq A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-?no\oytoq kot A\\q\cntpooq
Av0punou-cpt\\ovo................................................................................................................................ 21
2.2.3 \\o npoypoo A? ......................................................................................................................... 22
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2.3.1 Atuo Atkuo zuokcuuv (A\\q\cntpooq zuokcuq zuokcuq) ................................................... 23
2.3.2 A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou ?no\oytoq............................................................................................ 23
2.3.3 Lopoyc A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-Av0punou........................................................................... 23
2.3.4 A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-?\tkou cpt\\ovo kot zuokcuq-?\tkou cpt\\ovo................. 24
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3.2.1 Atouptoo kot koovoq unoouoquv unqpcotuv ................................................................... 27
3.2.2 o\ucntnco ovc\o unqpcotuv nc\ouv........................................................................................ 2
3.2.3 lddleware........................................................................................................................................... 2
3.2.4 ?nqpcotokcvptko ?no\oytoo ......................................................................................................... 2
3.2.3 ?no\oytoo \cyoo....................................................................................................................... 2
3.2.6 zuoqoo ootuv ovoquv ......................................................................................................... 2
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4.1.1 zctooo ktvquv ?nqpcotuv........................................................................................................... 33
4.1.2 ktvqo kutko ................................................................................................................................... 33
4.1.3 ktvqc ouokcuc kot ktvqot pqoc ................................................................................................. 33
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4.2.1 zctooo tkponupqvuv .................................................................................................................. 36
4.2.2 ?nooqptq ktvqtkoqo .................................................................................................................... 36
4.2.3 zuokcuc ncptoptocvuv nopuv.......................................................................................................... 36
4.2.4 Atoctptoq cvcpycto............................................................................................................................ 37
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4.4.1 l, LS kot 10................................................................................................................................. 3
4.4.2 Avok\uq zuokcuuv.......................................................................................................................... 3
4.4.3 SCl ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
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3.1.1 (kcvo) .................................................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.2 Lkouoto A\\q\cntpooq : ktvqpo kot opokqptotk...................................................................... 40
3.1.3 no\un\okoqo q Atuq Lkouoto A\\q\cntpooq ............................................................... 41
3.1.4 ?novvooucvq A\\q\cntpooq: ktvqpo kot opokqptotk............................................................ 41
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3.2.1 otkt\oqo o\\q\cntpooq c uno\oytotkc ouokcuc................................................................. 42
3.2.2 A\\q\cntpooq c npoountkou ?no\oytoc.................................................................................... 42
3.2.3 cpt\\ovo cpyooto ktvquv ouokcuuv ctpo............................................................................. 43
3.2.4 otvtoqovc .................................................................................................................................. 44
3.2.3 1ontko onookpuocvo c\cyo oc ouokcuc ctkovo.................................................................... 44
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3.3.1 o\upontkc Cntkc Atcnoc ......................................................................................................... 44


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3.3.2 Atcnoc ctpovotuv ......................................................................................................................... 43
3.3.3 Avovok\ootk kot Lvcpy ouoqoo npoo\q ............................................................................. 43
3.3.4 zuvu(ovo Atcnoc ctooou kot coou cocvuv................................................................... 43
3.3.3 qtkc tcnoc................................................................................................................................ 46
3.3.6 Atcnoc uotkq y\uooo................................................................................................................. 46
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3.4.1 Mco-ov0puntvo ovc\o cvo\oyto ............................................................................................... 46
3.4.2 Ltkovtkq kot Lnouqcvq npoyotkoqo.......................................................................................... 46
3.4.3 A\\q\cntpooq c opcou uno\oytoc.......................................................................................... 47
3.4.4 ?no\oytotk cucuoo kot Atcnoc Lykc\ou-?no\oytoq ................................................... 47
3.4.3 Ato0qoq q nopouoto kot q\cnopouoto......................................................................................... 47
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3.3.1 kuk\o (uq ov0punokcvptkou octooou ..................................................................................... 4
3.3.2 Mc0oot yto qv cn\okq pqouvoo octooo kot qv koookcuq ovc\uv uv pqouv........ 4
3.3.3 1o ctkovtko kot u\tko n\ototo pqoq.................................................................................................. 4
3.3.4 ko0optoo ou n\ototou pqoq ov0puntvou ncpt\\ovo ......................................................... 4
3.3.3 zctooq o\\q\cntpooq ................................................................................................................... 4
3.3.6 Ato\oyqoq........................................................................................................................................... 4
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3.6.1 Lcoq ctooyuyq ono o pqoq kot ovc\onotqoq......................................................................... 30
3.6.2 coq ctooyuyq ono o pqoq kot ovc\onotqoq........................................................................... 31
3.6.3 zcpcouno........................................................................................................................................... 31
3.6.4 Movc\onotqoq uv npoypootocvuv cpyootuv kot oouv uv pqouv................................. 31
3.6.3 o\\on\c cpyootc kot Apooqptokcvptko uno\oytoo............................................................... 31
3.6.6 Movc\o cvcpyctuv kooooq kot npoypootocvuv cvcpyctuv ............................................... 32
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3.7.1 opokqptotk ovc\uv unovooucvq o\\q\cntpooq............................................................... 32
3.7.2 Lntyvuoq n\ototou pqoq .................................................................................................................. 32
3.7.3 Lvotkuq kot pooopoocvq o\\q\cntpooq ............................................................................. 33
3.7.4 Lootkcuoq........................................................................................................................................ 33
3.7.3 zuvoto0qotko uno\oytoo: o\\q\cntpoct c o ouvoto0qotko n\ototo ou pqoq ........ 33
3.7.6 kptqpto octooou kot oto ......................................................................................................... 33
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6.1.1 kuk\o (uq q oqovoq u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv................................................................................ 33
6.1.2 Ltq kot opokqptotk ctkcuv ....................................................................................................... 36
6.1.3 Atoctptoq u\tkuv kot ctkovtkuv ctkcuv .......................................................................................... 36
6.1.4 Ltkcc lu (1ouonotqoq cou potoouvoquv) ........................................................................ 36
6.1.3 Lootkcucvc kot kotvuvtkc ctkcc ............................................................................................ 37
6.1.6 Mtkpo kot kpo ctkcc..................................................................................................................... 37


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6.2.1 Lopqoo kot totkootc oo Atkuo oto0qqpuv......................................................................... 3
6.2.2 \ckpovtk oto0qqpuv..................................................................................................................... 3
6.2.3 ?\tko tkuo: cpt\\ov, nukvoqo kot cooq.......................................................................... 3
6.2.4 Atkuo cocvuv: Apoo\oyqoq kot Atcu0uvoq............................................................................... 3
6.2.3 Lnccpyooto cocvuv: koovcqcvq ono0qkcuoq cocvuv kot cncpuqoct cocvuv .... 3
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6.3.1 koookcuq............................................................................................................................................ 60
6.3.2 Mtkpocvcpyonotqc ............................................................................................................................ 61
6.3.3 Mtkpooto0qqpc................................................................................................................................. 61
6.3.4 Lunvc cntvctc, cpo, puo, u\q kot okovq ............................................................................ 61
6.3.3 ovocvo\oyto kot kovtkc zuokcuc ............................................................................................ 61
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6.4.1 Lopoyo-kcvptk \ctoupytk ouoqoo ...................................................................................... 62
6.4.2 Actoupytk ouoqoo npoyotkou povou yto cvououcvo ouoqoo................................. 62
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6.3.1 poypoot(ocvot c\cykc ............................................................................................................. 63
6.3.2 An\ot c\cykc unou lu .................................................................................................................... 63
6.3.3 o\un\okocpot c\cykc .................................................................................................................... 63
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C ouyypoco 0o q0c\c vo cuoptoqoct ov Ap. At\\co koco yto qv no\utq ouo\q, qv
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10


toto0vovot qv 0coq o kot nopouv vo npooopooouv ov couo ou ovo\oyu, tcuko\uvovo
qv npooooq oc ontk nopocponotqcvc unqpcotc, n.. nopc kot uo nou ovotyouv ko0u
o n\qot(ouc. zuoqoo cvontoou 0coq nopouv vo ko0optoouv qv 0coq o ko0u
ktvouooc oov u\tko upo. Mnopouv vo toouvc0ouv c \\c unqpcotc n\qpooptuv,
npoctvovo n.. o pq yto to topoq npo ov npooptoo o. zuokcuc onu k\ctt kot
kpc nou cv onotouv cnoq nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv yto vo o uoouv npooooq oc
npooocucvc unqpcotc, tuc oo ncpt\\ov. 1o q\ckpovtko opt kot o q\ckpovtk t\to
o cntpcnouv vo kocoouc cntkotponotqcvc n\qpooptc oc cukono q\ckpovtko opt,
ooupoo, upt vo pct(cot vo cntokcouc knoto npoyotko t\tonu\cto. Akoo kot
q\ckpovtk kuk\uoo nopouv vo oo\ouv ooupoo oc cttkou ckunuc nou cntpcnouv qv
ckunuoq ou oc cttko unoopuo nou ot(ct c opt.
zc no\\ cpq ou kooou unpouv cvoupoo kot ooupoo tkuo nou q ouu ou cpot
oc egablLssec, yto qv coop no\ucotkou ncptcocvou (kctcvo, qo kot ctkovo), oo ontt q
oq ou\ct, oc oo0cp oqcto npooooq o\\ kot oc ktvqc ouokcuc. ouvcu ouovocvq
ouqo uv ooupouv tkuuv cntpcnct vo npoot0cvot o(tk kot onpookono ncptooocpc
ouokcuc kot unooc oo u\tko ncpt\\ov. \ckpovtk kuk\uoo kot ouokcuc koookcu(ovot
oc o\ocvo kot tkpocpo cyc0o, 0qvocpo kot \ctoupyuvo c ouqcvq otontoto kot \tyocpc
cvcpyctokc onotqoct. ?npct n\cto cunvuv ktvquv ouokcuuv no\\on\uv pqocuv, yto qv
npooooq oc ontkc kot onookpuocvc unqpcotc. 1o ktvq q\cuvo \ctoupyouv oov
no\\on\c kcpc \qq qou kot ctkovo, oov ouokcuc ovonopoyuyq couv, oov ouokcuc
\qq n\qpooptuv kot oov notvtoqovc. o\\q\cntpooq nopct vo toopu0ct npoountk
yto k0c pqoq kot vo ovt\q0ct o n\ototo ou pqoq, cov otpooouc ovc\o npoountkq
toopuoq c \\c unqpcotc ko0u t pqotonotouc, yto nopctyo, ouokcuc ctkovo kot
qou nou nopouv vo toopu0ouv uoc vo ctvouv ovo t npotucvc cnt\oyc cvo pqoq.
o\\ ctq nopoq unqpcotuv nou unooqpt(ouv ov0puntvc pooqptoqc octkc c qv poq,
qv cvcpycto, o vcpo, t tovoc, t coopc kot qv uycto, oot(ovot npo no\u oou
uno\oytoc. opoootok, ouokcuc npooooq oc unqpcotc oct(ovov kot npooovoo\t(ovov
oc ov0punou-pqoc, cn\cycvou oc pooqptoqc nou onotouv onoovucvc unqpcotc,
n.. npooooq oc n\qpooptc, nopoko\ou0qoq tvco, ot\to oo q\cuvo. zo nopc\0ov, ov
0c\oc vo couc npooooq oc no\\on\c unqpcotc yto vo unooqptouc no\\on\c
pooqptoqc, cnpcnc vo pqotonotqoouc no\\c cuptoc ouokcuc. Avt0cu, ot nopoc
unqpcotuv oqcpo nopouv vo npoocpouv nto o\ok\qpucvc, to\ctoupytkc kot tuc
unqpcotc, n.. q pqoq tkuuv cocvuv yto qv nopoq ptuv unqpcotuv onu tvco kot uvq.
zo kc\oto 2 ou(qot q cy\q npoontkq ovnuq nou couv cotc unqpcotc.
C opo Atuo ?no\oytoo ovocpcot oqv novoo0cv nopouoto q unopq ouoquv
n\qpooptokuv kot cntkotvuvtokuv cvo\oytuv nou cntpcnouv qv npooooq oqv n\qpoopto kot
qv ckc\coq uno\oytotkuv pooqptoquv onouqnoc. 1coto ouoqoo npcnct vo unooqpt(ouv


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qv cvotkuq (upt cttkq cknotcuoq) pqoq ono ov0punou q vo \ctoupyouv ovcpqo kot
kpu ono ouou.
1o ovc\o SmarLuLl npoocpct cvo o\totko n\ototo yto qv u\onotqoq ouoquv A.?., oot(ocvo
oc cunvc ouokcuc (uevlces), cunvo ncpt\\ovo (LnvlronmenLs) kot cunvq o\\q\cntpooq
(lnLeracLlons). 1o ovc\o ouo ncpt\ovct cntoq pct ootkc npoocyytoct:
zctootkc optckovtkc yto z.A.?.: ouc oopouv t cunvc ouokcuc, ncpt\\ovo kot
o\\q\cntpooq.
Loucptko ovc\o ou A.?. c oq ncvc kupto opokqptotk: koovoq ouoqoo,
unotvtooocvq o\\q\cntpooq, cntyvuoq n\ototou, ouovoto kot cvqq voqoouvq.
Movc\o q o\\q\cntpoq ou z.A.?. c o cucptko ncpt\\ov: A\\q\cntpooq
ouokcuq c ouokcuq oov kucpvoupo, o\\q\cntpooq ouoqoo-pqoq kot
o\\q\cntpooq ouoqoo c o u\tko ncpt\\ov
"#5 64+7)8494:.(. 7&+ ;,(01<+ =,>,17.>0(701<+ 74? @#A#
"#5#" B,(01C =,>,17.>0(701C 7&+ D#@#A#
zuvot(ovo o opoo ou elser (nou 0cupctot o nocpo ou A.?.), 0o nopouooc vo nouc
ot ot kuptc onotqoct uv z.A.?. ctvot
1. Ct uno\oytotkc ouokcuc npcnct vo ctvot tkuucvc, koovcqcvc kot npoootc c
tovcto.
2. o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou uno\oytoq npcnct vo ctvot ncptooocpo ovcnoto0qq,
(oucotv c ooo o uvoov nto ccoo pono upt vo onotctot nvo q cvcpyq
oucoq kot q npoooq ou pqoq) kpuq
3. Ct uno\oytotkc ouokcuc npcnct vo couv cntyvuoq ou n\ototou oo onoto \ctoupyouv
uoc vo c\toonotouv qv \ctoupycto ou coo oo ncpt\\ov.
Lu o ouyypoco npoctvct uo cntn\cov ootcto yto o z.A.?., uoc ou vo nopouv vo
\ctoupyouv oc ncpt\\ovo o) ov0punokcvptk, npoountk, kotvuvtk kot otkovotk kot ) u\tk,
onoc\oucvo ono ov0punou kot uotk otvocvo:
4. Ct uno\oytotkc ouokcuc nopouv vo \ctoupyouv ouovoo, upt ov0puntvq nopcooq,
vo ouotoctpt(ovot, oc ovt0coq c o nopoootok ovc\o o\\q\cntpooq
ov0punou-uno\oytoq.
3. Ct uno\oytotkc ouokcuc nopouv vo ctptoouv n\q0upo uvotkuv npcuv kot
o\\q\cntpocuv, cou cuuou \qq onoocuv kot cuuou topyovutkq
o\\q\cntpooq. Auo nopct vo npono0cct qv unopq opuv cvqq voqoouvq, yto
ov ctptoo:
a. tc\uv kot q-npootoptotkuv o\\q\cntpocuv
b. zuvcpyooto kot ovoyuvtoou cou c\uv q topyvuoq cvo zA?


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c. \ouotocpq o\\q\cntpooq cou q kotvq pqoq cntyvuoq n\ototou,
oqooto\oyto kot oouv.
"#5#5 E,7,+)3.3*+, D?(7'3,7, F8.>4/4>0<+ 1,0 G90140+&+0<+
zo oqcto ouo ovocpovot o ootk opokqptotk uv koovcqcvuv ouoquv. totcpq
vcto ytvcot oo ycyovo ot o nopoootoko no\ucntnco ovc\o optckovtkq ouuv, cv ctvot
ono\uu ko\\q\o yto o z.A.?., to kot oyvoct qv ccpoycvq uoq uv ouokcuuv kot q
o\\q\cntpooq oo zA?, nopcovo to uncpon\ouocucvq opq ovc\ou o\\q\cntpooq
ov0punou, uno\oytoq kot ncpt\\ovo.
"#5#H A9,0+0((23)+. I88.8)9:J>,(. I+K><94?LA9484M0(7'
Lu ovo\ucot q oq yto qv covtoq ou uno\oytoq, q\oq qv coponq ou oc ouovoq
unopq nou \ctoupyct ctc ncpo ono t oto0qoct o, ctc upt vo pct(cot qv ttotcpq
npoooq o. ?notvtooocvq A\\q\cntpooq (lmpllclL lnLeracLlon) opt(cot ono ov SchmldL oov to
npq ou pqoq, q onoto, cvu cv cct npuoptko okono qv o\\q\cntpooq c cvo uno\oytotko
ouoqo, o ouoqo qv ck\ovct oov ctooo (cvo\q q cocvuv). Avoop ytvcot cntoq
ot cvo\oytc Lnouqcvq poyotkoqo (ugmenLed eallLy) kot qv ocoq uv cvo\\oktkuv
opuv uno\oytouv, q\oq qv cvouuoq q uno\oytotkq tkovoqo oc ko0qcptvc
ouokcuc, c qv uoq uv zA?.
"#5#N G9:M+&(. F8,0(:4?
C opo cntyvuoq n\ototou (conLeL awareness) ovocpcot oqv cntyvuoq nou nopct vo cct cvo zA?
ooov oop o n\ototo kot o ncpt\\ov coo oo onoto \ctoupyct. Cpt(ovot pto ootk ctq
cntyvuoq:
Lntyvuoq u\tkou ncpt\\ovo: Aop knoto uotkq toooq q otvocvo, onu o
povo, ono, 0cpokpooto, uypooto, cntnco utoou k\.
Lntyvuoq ov0punou (q pqoq, q ooou): ouoqo ou pqoq, npotqoct, onotqoct,
kotvuvtko ncpt\\ov, pcouoo pooqptoqo, cnctpto pqoq, cto pqoq, k\.
Lntyvuoq cvo\oytuv n\qpooptuv kot cntkotvuvto (q ctkovtko ncpt\\ov): to0cotc
unqpcotc coucptk, cucptk , ontk q onookpuocvo ono o ouoqo.
"#5#O I?74+43:,
ov cvo ouoqo nopct vo c\cyct t npct ou ovcpqo ono ou pqoc ou, opt(cot u
ouovoo. 1coto ouoqoo nopouv vo npooovoo\t(ovot oqv cntcuq ouykckptcvuv okonuv q
qv copoyq ouykckptcvuv no\ttkuv. Avoyvupt(cot q ouvoto ouoquv vo ctvot novc\u
ouovoo ko0ot o okono uv zA? ctvot vo nopcouv unqpcotc oov pqoq kot ouvcnu 0o
pctooct vo o\\q\cntpoouv o(t ou oc knoto oqcto. u ovt(cot ot q ouncptop cvo zA?
npcnct vo ytvcot nvo oc ocoq c qv cntyvuoq n\ototou nou cct cvo coto ouoqo.


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"#5#P G?/?:,
koookcuq zA? upt qv pqoq cvqq voqoouvq ctvot ono\uu uvoq kot \too uvoot
vo cntcu0ct cot oqovtko o0o ouovoto kot cntyvuoq n\ototou, n.. cou pqoq on\uv
kovovuv ouncptop yto opou ycyovouv (evenL condlLlons). u q cvqq voqoouvq nopct
vo oq0qoct o zA? vo cvcpyouv ncptooocpo uvotk kot c cyo\ucpq npuoou\to oc
kooooct onu
ovc\onotqoq ou u\tkou ncpt\\ovo
ovc\onotqoq kot tqoq ou ov0puntvou ncpt\\ovo
toctptoq qtc\cto oo ouoqo
toctptoq c\\tnu ko0optocvuv ouncptopuv uv pqouv
ouncptop c oq oqooto\oytk kot yvuotok ovc\o
"#5#Q R,S4+43:, 7&+ =,>,17.>0(701<+ 7&+ D@A
ko0u oov oco ou A? cv unpct cvo kot ovotko optoo ou nctou, cvu \too no\\c
cpqvctc uv opokqptotkuv nou npoovocp0qkov tvovot ono topou cpcuvqc, ctvot tou
npotocpo vo koqyoptonotq0ouv o opokqptotk uv zA? oc ncvc kuptc oc nou
unooqpt(ouv t kuptc onotqoct onu ko0optoqkov npoqyoucvu. Ct oc ouc cv ctvot
oototu onok\ctocvc. Mcptk ono o opokqptotk ou 0o nopouoov vo cncptcovot oc
no\\on\c oc. opot0cvot cot ntvokc c o opokqptotk oc pto cntnco \cnocpcto.
poooq ctoot oo ycyovo ot ot ttot opot nopct vo pqotonotouvot c toopctkq oqooto
oc toopctk ncto q cntoqq uv uno\oytouv, n.. cvo npooopo(ocvo ouoqo (adapLlve
sysLem) oo ncto A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-?no\oytoq ooo\ctot c qv npooopoyq ou
npoypoo tcnoq c ov pqoq, cvu oqv 1cvqq oqoouvq o tto opo 0o cvvoouoc qv
pqoq 0qoq uoc o ouoqo vo c\tuvct qv onoooq ou c o povo.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 121
8pctc oo Atotkuo o p0po ou ar elser ueslgnlng Calm echnology". u opt(cot q cvvoto
Calm echnology" otot ctvot ot pct ponot c ou onotou q cvvoto q ncptcpcto cntpcnct
ov octooo qpcuv cvo\oytuv
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 12G
8pctc oo Atotkuo o p0po ou ar elser CompuLlng ln Lhe 21
sL
CenLury". Atooc yto ou
pct unou ouokcuuv (opkto, oqctuopto, ntvokc) kot uoc ono uo nopoctyoo
q ko0qcptvoq oo q q cnctpto oo, yto k0c koqyopto ouokcuq.
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 121
Cptoc o ootk opokqptotk uv zA? ko elser kot oslad
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 12G


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1t ctvot q cntyvuoq n\ototou kot not ctvot o ootk ctq q
"#H I88)9:J>,(. F)>0;C884+74TLD@A
Mnopouc vo ovooouc ot unpouv pto ycvtk ncpt\\ovo coo oo onoto o zA?
\ctoupyouv: 1) \\o ouoqoo zA? nou oqot(ouv t unooc, unooqpt(ouv unqpcotc kot
\ctoupyouv oov mlddleware yto ouc, 2) v0punot kot opyovuoct ov0punuv kot 3) o u\tkouotko
ncpt\\ov. 1o ncpt\\ovo ou unpouv nop\\q\o kot cvo zA? ouvq0u \ctoupyct oc
topou o0ou cvo ou ko0cvo. zuvcnu, 0o nopouooc vo ouncpvouc ot coo oo
ncpt\\ovo unpouv opkcc opc o\\q\cntpooq onou cn\ckcot coo cvo zA?, onu: o)
ov0punuv-ouoquv, ) ouoquvu\tkou ncpt\\ovo, y) ouoquv-ouoquv.
Lntn\cov, o\\q\cntpoct nopct vo unpouv cou q-uno\oytotkuv ouoqouv, n.
ov0punou-ov0punou kot u\tkq ovoqo-u\tkq ovoqo. 1o zA? nopct vo qv cn\ckovot
coo oc ouc t ncptnuoct, ou nopct pct(cot vo pouv uoc vo t tcuko\uvouv q vo
npcnct vo onokouv cntyvuoq ooov oop ouc uoc vo c\tuoouv q ouncptop ou.
"#N I>=07)174+012T D=)J0,(32T D@AU 74 34+7*84 VWXYZ [\]
nu npoovocp0qkc, o ovc\o SmarLuLl oqpt(cot oc pct opc: cunvc ouokcuc, cunvo
ncpt\\ovo kot cunvq o\\q\cntpooq. C opo cunvo ovocpcot oc ovoqc nou ctvot
cvcpyc, qtokc, tkuucvc, oc cvo o0o ouovoc, cnovotoopuotc kot nou couv
ontko c\cyo uv nopuv nou pct(ovot, n. cvcpycto q upo ono0qkcuoq cocvuv.
"#N#" ^S?9+)T (?(1)?*T
Auc ctvouv vo ctvot no\upqotkc ouokcuc nou \ctoupyouv oov nu\c npooooq oc n\q0upo
ontkuv q onookpuocvuv unqpcotuv. Ct ouokcuc ouc notpvouv toopctkc opc o\\
ctvouv vo ctvot npoountkc ouokcuc, c ouykckptcvo pqoq q koo. zo ovc\o o yto o zA?,
q 0coq ou c\cyou kot q tcnoq c o pqoq kctovot cvo uv cunvuv ouokcuuv. 1o kupto
opokqptotk ou ctvot q ktvqtkoqo, q uvotkq ovok\uq unqpcotuv kot q q-ouvcq
npooooq oc nopou, onu o tkuo q\cntkotvuvtuv q nqyc cvcpycto.
C elser koqyoptonotct t cunvc ouokcuc uv zA? oc pct oc kot pqotonotct qv ovo\oyto
opkto (Labs) yto t ouokcuc cyc0ou \tyuv ckooouv, oqctuopto (pads) yto t
ouokcuc \tyuv ckoocpuv kot ntvokc (boards) yto t ouokcuc cyc0ou ono cvo cpo kot
nvu. Lntoq nopoqpct ot oty oty cocpoooc ono qv kooooq no\\uv pqouv ovo
uno\oytoq, oc cvo pqoq ovo uno\oytoq kot ono ckct oou no\\ou uno\oytoc ovo pqoq.
cpo ono t pct koqyoptc ou elser, nopouv vo 0cupq0ouv u ouokcuc zA? ot tkpo-
q\ckpovtkoqovtkot oto0qqpc, nou onoc\ouv vovocptkc u t\tooocptkc uno\oytotkc
ouokcuc upt o0ovq kot onoko\ouvot cunvq okovq. 1cotot oto0qqpc, cvououcvot kot
tkuucvot oc uooo q q-cntncc cntvct npoo\q, onoko\ouvot cunvo cpoo.
opyvuoq kot oponotqoq cotuv oto0qqpuv oc uoto ptotooo oqoo, nou nopct vo
npoooot(ouv kotv ovtkctcvo, ovo(cot c\o cunvo nq\o. C ouyypoco koqyoptonotct


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c\o t ouokcuc uv zA? ov\oyo c qv ktvqtkoqo opqoq ou oc ouokcuc
zuvocuocvc, opqc, ctpo, opcc kot Lvououcvc q Lucucvc.
"#N#5 ^S?9+, 9)>0;C884+7,
Ct Cooe kot uas (2007) ovocpovot oo cunvo ncpt\\ov u coto uoc vo nopct vo onokqoct
yvuoq yto o tto kot ou cvotkou ou kot vo qv copooct, uoc vo c\tuoct qv cnctpto uv
c\cuotuv coo oo ncpt\\ov. 1o cunvo ncpt\\ov ncpt\ovct n\q0upo ouokcuuv, ktvquv
q ot, ouvcccvuv c o u\tk ovtkctcvo ou ncpt\\ovo, nou oc ovt0coq c t cunvc
ouokcuc, couv ouvq0u cvo ovotko npoko0optocvo po\o (n.. vo toto0vovot qv
0cpokpooto). Ct ouokcuc ouc oct(ovot uoc vo ovonokptvovot q vo npocot(ovot yto qv
o\\q\cntpooq c o pqoq cou q unotvtooocvq o\\q\cntpooq (n.. o pqoq ktvctot npo
to k\ctoq nopo, ovtvcucot q nopcto ou kot q nopo ovotyct ouooo). Lot, o cunvo
ncpt\\ovo unooqpt(ouv cvo k\ctoo, ontko n\ototo o\\q\cntpooq.
"#N#H ^S?9+. ,88.8)9:J>,(.
o\\q\cntpooq oo zA? nopct vo 0cupq0ct ot upt(cot oc 2 ctq, q ootkq kot qv cunvq
o\\q\cntpooq. ootkq onotct uo o\\q\copucvc n\cupc cvov onooo\co kot cvo
nopo\qnq. ?npct q ouypovtocvq o\\q\cntpooq, nou oot(cot oc qovtoo ovo\\oyq
qvuuv (otqoct onooo\q onokptoct) kot q oouypovq, onou onooc\\ovot qvuoo upt
ovoovq onokptoq \qq. Ct o\\q\cntpoct nou oot(ovot oc ouypovtoo, ouv0qkc,
oqooto\oyto kot y\uooo\oyto kot oqyouvot ono uvotkc topyovuoct, 0cupouvot cunvc
o\\q\cntpoct.
"#O D?39)>C(3,7, M0, 74+ @A
cptypqkc oo kc\oto ouo o n\ototo SmarLuLl oov oq0qtko cpyo\cto yto qv koovoqoq q
uoq uv zA? kot uv onotqocuv ou.
opoku ncptypovot ouncpoootk cptkot u0ot yto o zA?:
?npct ovotko optoo o onoto opokqpt(ct ov A? c okptcto
ovtko zA? 0cupctot ckctvo nou unooqpt(ct o\o o opokqptotk uv zA?
C A? oqotvct ot ot uno\oytotkc unqpcotc npcnct vo ctvot npoootc novou
C A? ctvot oncptoptoo uno\oytoo, uno qv cvvoto ot o ctkovtko kooo nopct vo
cncko0ct n\qpu oov u\tko kot vo ovtkoooqoct ov0puntvo kot uotk ouoqoo
C A? cct vo kvct ovo c qv A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou ?no\oytoq
cvvoto ou qpcou uno\oytoou npcnct vo \ctoupyct oov ovc\o yto o\o o ctq
o\\q\cntpocuv
C A? cct vo kvct ovo c qv cnouqoq q npoyotkoqo
C A? ctvot on\ koovcqcvo q ctkovtko uno\oytoo
C A? ctvot on\ q pqoq ktvquv, ooupouv ouokcuuv
C A? oop ovo cunvo ncpt\\ovo


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1o zA? npcnct vo couv no\u uq\o o0o ouovoto
C A? ooo\ctot ovo c qv cntyvuoq n\ototou ou u\tkou ncpt\\ovo
C A? ctvot on\ koovcqcvq voqoouvq
1o zA? nopouv vo \ctoupyouv onoc\cootk oc k0c cto ncpt\\ovo

"EB=7PE3?7P7B 12L
u koo\ootvcc q pqoq ou ouyypoco ot onoc\ct u0o o otuo oov A? ot ot uno\oytotkc
unqpcotc npcnct vo ctvot npoootc novou Lcc ovtcuntoct nopoctyoo tokckocvq
npooooq oc knoto unqpcoto u ovtcuntoqkov ou ono q ouokcuq oo kot not qov q
cnctpto oo oov pqoq ono qv ovtcuntoq ouq
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 12S
ovooctc cvo zA? o onoto nopcct cou to copoyq oo ktvqo oo, n\qpooptc yto o
to0coto oyo(t yupu oo (n.. tc, npooopc, uppto k\). Auoc cvo q uo nopoctyoo yto
k0c cto cntyvuoq n\ototou ono o nopoku, cou ou onotou q copoyq 0o nopouoc vo
c\tuoct qv notoqo q unqpcoto, ctuvovo ov povo o\\q\cntpooq c ov pqoq kot ov
oyko uv n\qpooptuv oqv o0ovq ou ktvqou:
Lntyvuoq n\ototou onou
Lntyvuoq n\ototou povou
Lntyvuoq n\ototou pqoq
Lntyvuoq n\ototou povou
Lntyvuoq n\ototou cucptkuv unqpcotuv
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 12R
ovooctc cvo ouoqo ouptotkou oqyou yto ou kuptou opoto\oytkou upou q L\\o
nou pcct oo ktvq uv ouptouv. zctoc to (on\ouocucvq) koovcqcvq optckovtkq yto
o ouoqo ouo, nou vo ncpt\ovct toopctk ctq uno\oytotkuv ouokcuuv kot cvo\oytuv
cntkotvuvto. ot 0o qov o n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqoo ouq q optckovtkq oc
ouykptoq c to npoocyytoq onou o\c ot n\qpooptc ptokovot ono0qkcucvc cvo q
copoyq
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 12\koocpqoc o npoypoo (\ctoupytc) nou npoocpct o tko oo ktvqo
q\cuvo q cvo\\oktk cntokc0ctc qv oc\to uv cvtkuv opokqptotkuv cvo untkou ktvqou
q\cuvou cu:
hLLp:www.sonyerlcsson.comcwsproducLsmobllephonesovervlewyloccgrlcelvlewspecllcaL
lons
ooc ono t \ctoupytc ouc pqotonotctc oc ko0qcptvq oq
ooc ono ouc t \ctoupytc npoocpouv unqpcotc nou pct(coc o\\ pqotonotctc
\\c ouokcuc q u\tk ovtkctcvo yto o okono ouo (n.. qcpo\oyto oov uno\oytoq q oc
opt)


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17


Atto\oyqoc, yto to ono ouc, ytot koocuycc oc unqpcotc q ouokcuc cko ou
ktvqou oo. Avo\uoc qv ovykq yto qv unopq no\\uv ctuv ouokcuuv oov A? kot
cqyqoc q oqooto uv cvo\oytuv cntkotvuvto oo zA? uno ouo o nptoo.


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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K = LM;0934H5 G;7 IC;7AND675
%C8:?9
1o kc\oto ouo cktv c to cntokontoq otooqctuuv nputuv cpyootuv oo upo ou A? nou
ncpt\ovct cuuq kot ouovoo ouoqoo. koontv, ou(quvot q pcouoo unooq A? kot
unpouoc copoyc A?. 1c\o, cntctpctot to ov\uoq uv npoypouv ouuv kot
ovoctkvuovot o kupto npo\qoo octooou nou ovtcuntoov.
ZE8=V8CU>JOB B:87J;D=>B7B
ov 0o ccc c\cqoct o kc\oto ouo 0o nopctc vo:
koovoqocc t npuc npoon0ctc cpcuvo oo upo ou A?
uocc pto nopoctyoo ono qv unpouoo t\toypoto yto qv o\\q\cntpooq
ov0punou uno\oytoq oo zA?
cqyqocc nu nopct cvo zA? vo nopc\q0ct kot vo unooqptct qv o\\q\cntpooq
ov0punou ncpt\\ovo, ouokcuq ncpt\\ovo kot ov0punou-ov0punou
koovoqocc n\qpcocpo t toopctkc opc o\\q\cntpooq nou nopouv vo \ouv
upo oo zA? cou q no\unotkt\oqo uv uno\oytotkuv ouokcuuv nou nopouv vo
pqotonotq0ouv oc ou
uocc cvo optoo yto o tuo notyvto kot vo cuptocc o ctq ou
MOO83J9 C;J3V34
Lunvc ouokcuc, opco uno\oytoo, Atuo notyvto
5#" G0(,M&M'
zkono uv zA? ctvot vo ovonu0ouv cot uoc vo unooqpt(ouv ou ov0punou oqv
ko0qcptvoq ou, vo on\onotouv t pooqptoqc ou kot vo t kvouv \tyocpo cvo\qtkc.
C ushnell pqotonotqoc oov ouootko qv \cq ware
1
, tovo vcou opou onu
lLchenware, desware, couchware, auLoware, bedroomware k\ yto vo ncptypct qv pqoq ou A?
yto qv ckn\qpuoq kotvuv pooqptoquv. to npoooo, o Creenleld pqotonotqoc ov opo
everyware yto vo ncptypoct ou\\cktk k0c cto ware".

1
kupto\cktk cto". opo\c t \cct soLware al hardware, kupto\cktk o\oko cto" (ot ptvc
kopc\c onou ypoovov o npuo npoypoo) kot ok\qpo cto" (cop(cot u otqptk, q\oq o
u\tk ono o onoto onoc\ctot to uno\oytotkq ouokcuq)


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

zA? 31

1


5#5 F,>,J):M3,7, 9><03&+ )>)?+.701<+ 9>4M>,33C7&+ @A
5#5#" ^S?9+)T (?(1)?*T _I88.8)9:J>,(. D?(1)?'TLD?(1)?'T`
!"!"#"# $%&'()* ',(-./01 234/*54-678*- .-* 9-867.*-
cptypcot o npuo npoypoo zA? c pct cn\ckocvc ouokcuc kot copoyc: to cy\q
cntvcto npoo\q otou (lveboard), tkpocpou uno\oytoc oc cyc0o t\tou (pad) kot
cntno\tc ouokcuc (arLab). cntkotvuvto ytvoov cou uncpu0puv kot oqv onokopuuoq ou
o ouoqo pqotonotcto ko0qcptv ono ncptnou 40 cpcuvqc q C.
!"!"#"! :;<=>? @ABC?1 @A< ADB EFGGH
1o cvcpyo onc\kt (cLlve adge) kot o ouvoc ouoqo uno\oytoou 0coq qov tou o npuo
zA? c cntyvuoq n\ototou octoocvo vo unooqpt(ct qv ktvqtkoqo uv pqouv. 8oq0ouoc oqv
ckponq k\qocuv nou oopouoov knoto npoouno oqv n\qotcocpq q\cuvtkq ouokcuq, oov
ouo ptokoov okpt ono o ypocto ou. 1o ouoqo \ctoupyouoc c qv onooo\q uncpu0puv
oquv ono o onc\kt oc ckc tookopntocvou oo kqpto. Apyocpo o anL o
cnovooctooc uoc vo \ctoupyct c uncpqou (acLlve baL). Mto nopo\\oyq cvouuvc
oto0qqpc oo nuo nou ouonotouoov ou pqoc ov\oyo c ov pono nou ncpnoouoov
(acLlve loor).
5#5#5 ^S?9+, 9)>0;C884+7,U I88.8)9:J>,(. D?(1)?'T a F)>0;C884+74T 1,0 D?(1)?'T a
D?(1)?'T
!"!"!"# IFAJJHGGK !LLL
Lvo ptcc npoypoo nou kocypoc t nopoooct yto ou otqc oc novcntoqtokc
ot0ouoc, pqotonotovo q\ckpovtko oupontvoko, tkpouvo kot tvcokcpc. zkono ou
qov o) q koovoqoq uv npo\quv ko ov octooo cvo zA? kot ) q koovoqoq ou t
cncptcct q koookcuq cvo otontoou zA? ou onotou q copoyq nopct vo oto\oyq0ct oc 0o
povou.
!"!"!"! MKAH< MNA;? .-* O??<=DC PGGK
1o npoypoo ou cntkcvpuvovov oc tuc ouokcuc, oto0qqpc kot tkuo yto vo nopcouv
qv unooq yto cunvo uto ouvovqocuv, o onoto ovtpouv ot pooqptoqc uv
ov0punuv cou q cntyvuoq n\ototou.
!"!"!"Q RD<?HA;<=>? SGHTJNA;?J .-* =PGGK
1o npoypoo ouo oopouoc qv cpcuvo oo octooo kot qv pqoq cunvuv uotuv nou
ncpt\ovov to q ncptooocpc cy\c o0ovc, c qv tkovoqo vo cvououoouv opqc
ouokcuc kot vo pcouv copoyc nou ncpt\ovouv no\\on\c ouokcuc.
!"!"!"U IGGF<GSD
1o npoypoo ouo npooctc oc u\tk ovtkctcvo ou uotkou ncpt\\ovo to nopouoto oov
kucpvoupo, ouoct(ovo k0c ovtkctcvo c to toooc\to. Lnt nopoctyot, notvovo oc


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cvo uto c cvo u, q ouokcuq \ovct o u nou ovtootct oqv toooc\to ou uotou
kot nopcct n\qpooptc octk c o uto kot t unqpcotc nou npoocpct. Lot qtoupyq0qkc
q npuq toouvcoq ou u\tkou upou c ov kucpvoupo.
!"!"!"V WAJXY=>=DC .-* MZ[\
1o npoypoo Lasylvlng onookonouoc oqv ootpctkq ncptypoq uv uvooquv ouokcuuv nou
onoc\ouv cpq zA?, q qtoupyto ycucptkuv ovc\uv q 0coq uv ouokcuuv kot qv
ovok\uq tkovoquv kot unqpcotuv, ouu uoc vo nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv ouc c cvo
cuc\tko pono yto qv ovonopoyuyq couv o\\ kot ov c\cyo \\uv ouokcuuv (n.. cvo ktvqo vo
nopct vo o\\ct kov\t oqv q\copooq o\\ kot vo notct tvco o tto ko'ontv cvo\q ou
q\ckovpo\ q q\copooq).
1o npoypoo S oopouoc qv qtoupyto ouokcuuv octoocvuv vo ovonokptvovot oc
qtok kutkonotqcvo oqoo oc ouvoqc uv , uoc vo npoocpouv n\qpooptc o\\ kot
vo pu0toouv ouooo q \ctoupyto ou.
!"!"!"] ^GK?FA_ .-* :K_=?D< RD<?FF=C?D;?
cpt\\ouoo (mblenL) voqoouvq qov to npoooq q cotpcto hlllps oo c\q q ckocto
ou '0, q onoto cntkcvpu0qkc oc q\ckpovtkc ouokcuc yto ou koovo\uc nou qov cuoto0qc
kot ovtpouoov oqv nopouoto ov0punuv. cotpcto koookcuooc cvo cpyooqpto uno q opq
to kovovtkq otkto onou ot cpcuvqc nopouv vo nopoko\ou0qoouv qv o\\q\cntpooq uv
cvotkuv c t cvo\oytc ouc oc 24upq oq. cpt\\ouoo oqoouvq opyocpo cytvc
kot ou n\ototou cpcuvo q Lupunotkq Lvuoq. kupto opokqptotk uv ouoquv nou
cvououvouv ncpt\\ouoo voqoouvq ctvot: o) Atkuucvc ouokcuc, o\ok\qpucvc oo
ncpt\\ov, nou ouncpt\ovouv tkuo oto0qqpuv kot cvououcvo ouoqoo c\cyou, )
zuoqoo c cntyvuoq ou pqoq nou nopouv vo npooopooouv oc o\\oyc oo n\ototo uv
pqouv ooov oop ou ooou ou, y) Movc\o uv oouv uv pqouv kot uv ouncptopuv
ou, ) po\cq uv oouv cvo pqoq kot ouooq npooopoyq oc ouou.
5#5#H ^S?9+)T D?(1)?*T _I88.8)9:J>,(. D?(7'3,74T a F)>0;C884+74T`
!"!"Q"# `D=KA<? .-* 8)4'a6 O^b#
1o 161 o LrnsL ovcnuc o M-1, cvo qovtko cpt c\cyocvo ono uno\oytoq. 1o npuo
toqovtko pono c\cyocvo ono uno\oytoq, o unlmaLe, octoqkc ono ov Lngelberger
koontv nocvo nou ctc koo0coct o 136 kot nopouoc vo pqotonotq0ct yto pqoq qovtkuv
cpyo\ctuv, opuoq no\\cuv, pqoq ouyovoko\\qoq kot pqoq con\toou uqptuv kot npcooo.
pqotonotq0qkc ono qv Ceneral oLors o 162.
!"!"Q"! $%&'(3 c.a(3 .-* 6) \=DX[M
npooo q cvo\oyto oqv tkpokoookcuq kot o\ok\qpuoq oq\ou kooou oto0qqpuv
oqyqoc ov lsLer o 2001 oo npoypoo Lunvq okovq, nou onookonouoc vo ovoko\uct ov ctvot
uvoq q koookcuq cvo ouovoou ouoqoo oto0qqpuv, uno\oytoou kot cntkotvuvto oc to


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ouokcuq cyc0ou cptkuv t\toouv. Ct ouokcuc nou ovonu0qkov ncpt\oovov noopto q
q\tokq kuc\q c nukvuq yto t ncptoou okoou (q kot ouvuooo uv uo), opt0o oto0qqpuv
ov\oyo c qv copoyq, o\ok\qpucvo kuk\uo yto qv cnccpyooto ou oqoo uv
oto0qqpuv, cntkotvuvto, c\cyo, ono0qkcuoq cocvuv kot toctptoq cvcpycto. cntkotvuvto
ytvovov ontk cou to uotoou. 1o \ctoupytko ouoqo ovotkou nqyotou kutko lnyS
cktvqoc o 1 oov npoypoo q uC kot q lnLel kot o 2007 cytvc tc0vc consorLlum. Ltvot
octoocvo okptu yto copoyc q cunvq okovq oc ncpt\\ovo tkuucvuv oto0qqpuv.
5#5#N ^S?9+)T D?(1)?*TU A9,0+0((23)+. I88.8)9:J>,(. I+K><94?LA9484M0(7' 1,0
I88.8)9:J>,(. I+K><94?LF)>0;C884+74T
!"!"U"# d8/4)0 e')f)g*24a0
C elser ctoqyoyc ov opo q ncptcpcto yto vo ncptypct ouvo yto o onoto couc
cntyvuoq o\\ c o onoto cv ooo\ouooc coo. Ct qpcc cvo\oytc okoncuouv oqv
ovnuq unqpcotuv nou o kpoouv qpcou, ko0u cv ono(qouv qv coq npoooq o yto vo
\ctoupyqoouv, ootpuvo \cnocpctc ono qv coq npoooq o, o\\ ovo cotc vo
npoocpouv, oov ovo(qqoouc t unqpcotc ou.
!"!"U"! h87g4-6- ')& c.ij6)(6-* .-* k'67 l)4476*-
1o npoypoo pyoo nou zkcovot cktvqoc oo edla ab ou M1 c okono qv ccpcuvqoq
ou ponou c ov onoto o u\tko kooo ouvov ov \oytko q ctkovtko kooo uv uno\oytouv.
Cpt(ct t ovoqc oou kooou ouou u onoc\oucvc ono blL, ov0punou kot oo, q\oq
ctkovtko ncpt\\ov, ov0puntvo ncpt\\ov kot u\tko ncpt\\ov. Cersheneld kot q oo ou
ooo\q0qkov c n\q0upo ovtkctcvuv, onu q q\ckpovtkq c\vq, opcou uno\oytoc,
c\tuoq cyopuv ouotkuv opyvuv cou uno\oytouv, tkuo ncptoq ouoo kot q\ckpovtko
pqo.
1o npoypoo An koto ou lshll, cpo ou npoypoo pyoo nou zkcovot,
npoon0qoc vo ovtkoooqoct knoto (uypotocvo koto cvo ypotkou ncpt\\ovo
cpyooto c on ovtkctcvo, ckco\\cuocvo no\\on\c oto0qoct ncpov q opooq. Ltoq0qkc
cot o opo Ano cpt\\ov Lpyooto (anglble user lnLerace).
!"!"U"Q mA<A \=F?J
zo npoypoo ouo pqotonotq0qkov ouykckptcvo u\tk ovtkctcvo u cvo\\oktk coo
ctptoou ctkovtkuv n\qpooptokuv ouoquv, ovt ou k\oootkou ouvuooou novtkt-
n\qkpo\oyto. Auo npoocpct opkc n\covckqoo ko0u cntpcnct oou ov0punou vo
ctpt(ovot o ctkovtko ncpt\\ov ot ovo cou cvcpyctuv ou ctou polnL-and-cllc o\\
ncptopcovo o coo c\cyou, yponuvov o, ouvcov o c knoto \\o, ctpt(ocvot
no\\on\ coo c\cyou ouopovo (n.. c o uo cpto) q otpo(ocvot ov c\cyo c knotov
cucpo pqoq.


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!"!"U"U :K_=?D< nGGB
zo npoypoo ouo, pqotonotq0qkov ono nott cttk cpyo\cto nou ou cncpcnov vo
cnouqoouv qtok to oouq ncptoq,oqvovo q to(ovo oqctuoct kot notpvovo
cpqoct yto ootcto onu uypooto k\. 0coq uv nottuv oo oo ou ctvc ouykckptcvc
n\qpooptc yto o ncpt\\ov kot qv novto.
!"!"U"V n?AHIGKN .-* n?AHIAK
zo npoypoo ou ncptypovot o npuo qoo ou opcou uno\oytoou, onou o
koto cvo uno\oytotkou ouoqoo ptokovot cvououcvo oc ko0qcptk ovtkctcvo nou
op o pqoq, onu pouo, yuo\t k\. 1o npoypoo cncqyqoc qv ovykq q onokpuq
n\qpooptuv ono o pqoq cpt oou ouc ctvot onopotqc q octkc c o n\ototo ou pqoq,
yto qv onouyq q uncpopuoq ou pqoq.
!"!"U"] IX_GHC #"L .-* !"L
1o 1 o kevln arwlc cucuoc oo cpt ou cvo tkpookontko nonockq nou ou cncpcc vo
ovotyct nopc, vo ovct uo q uno\oytoc upt vo pctooct vo ktvqoct o cpt ou. Av kot o
nonockq qov coo oo ouo ou, cvouot cv qov ouovcccvo c ouo. 1o tto
onoc\coo 0o nopouoc vo cntcu0ct on\ kouo\uvo ov nonockq oc to ocnq. Apyocpo,
o tto ono0cqoc cvo vco cucuo nou nopouoc vo oc\vct qvuoo ono o vcuptko ouoqo
ou arwlc oc uno\oytoc. Mnopcoc vo c\cyct topc ouokcuc o\\ kot vo otpoo0ct cvqc
oto0qoct c q yuvotko ou, q onoto ctc kot q tto cvo tkpocpq no\un\okoqo cuco.
5#5#O b88, 9>4M>C33,7, @A
Atvovot ouvontk n\qpooptc yto cptk okoo npoypoo.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B G21
1t ctvot q ncptppcouoo voqoouvq Auoc pto toopctk nopoctyoo. 1ckqptuoc qv noq
oo yto o ov ctvot onopotqq q cuuto oqv cunvq o\\q\cntpooq c o ncpt\\ov tvovo
nopoctyoo ono q t\toypoto.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B G2G
zkcctc to tkq oo ouokcuq onq o\\q\cntpooq yto pqoq oc cvo zA? kot ou(qqoc o
n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqo q.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B G2L
opoko\ou0qoc o tvco \ctoupyto ou nola reaLhlng lghL cu
hLLp:www.youLube.comwaLchv4ko-LCsc q c oo totkuo yto ncptypoc q
\ctoupyto ou. Co \cyoc ot onoc\ct nopctyo qpcou uno\oytoou Mnopctc vo okcctc
cvo \\o nopctyo qpcou uno\oytoou cvououcvo nt0ovu oo tko oo ktvqo q\cuvo q
nou 0o 0c\oc vo cct o ktvqo oo q\cuvo


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[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 G21
Avocpcc kot optoc ouvontk o ctq o\\q\cntpooq nou uvovot vo unpouv oo zA? cou
ov0punuv, ouokcuuv kot ncpt\\ovo.
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 G2G
?npouv oq t\toypoto ovoopc yto qv pqoq cunvuv tkuuv tkpooto0qqpuv yto qv
ovtvcuoq nupkotuv oo oq (n.. ?u eL al. eal-Llme oresL lre ueLecLlon wlLh lreless Sensor
neLwors", 2003). Co nopouoc cvo coto ouoqo vo 0cupq0ct ono to q ono no\\on\c
toopctkc okontc koqyopto o\\q\cntpooq kot ytot

5#H E,K.3)>0+*T )/,>34M*T (74+ G014+012c I+K><90+4 1,0 A8012 E2(34
5#H#" @0C=?7, @:17?, D?(1)?<+ _I88.8)9:J>,(. D?(1)?'T a D?(1)?'T`
1o tkuo cntkotvuvtuv ouokcuuv nopouv vo npouv no\\c opc kot vo couv toopctk
cvtk opokqptotk, ov\oyo c t ovykc nou ko\unouv. lto qv cntcuq ou A?, q ovnuq
ouuv uv tkuuv oocuct vo ko\uct kot vo nopcct tkuuoq ot kou0t toooct:
Cnouqnoc: zov qu, oc \\o uto, oo unot0po, oc ktvoucvo oqoo
Cnocqnoc: Lv ooo ctooc oc coucptko upo ko0qcvot oov qu, oc coucptko upo
okpt ono ov qu, okpt ono o ontt (n. zo oyo(t, oo otvc, oc t\ou), ko0u
ktvouooc
Cnotoqnoc ouokcuq: ? npo ?, v0puno npo v0puno, v0puno npo ovtkctcvo,
ovtkctcvo npo ovtkctcvo.
5#H#5 I88.8)9:J>,(. I+K><94? a A9484M0(7'
zqv cvoqo ouq tovot cptk nopoctyoo copoyuv, onu q tuq npooooq oc
no\ucotko ncptcocvo qou-ctkovo, q npooooq oc n\qpooptc kctcvou onu q\ckpovtk
t\to q cqcptc cou ouokcuuv nou ctvot ov0cktkc oqv coctptoq kot ckktvouv ocov
otytoto, o c\cyo no\\on\uv uno\oytotkuv ouokcuuv c npoypoot(ocvc, cunvc
no\upqotkc ouokcuc c\cyou. zu(qot cntoq q cntyvuoq n\ototou pqoq kot q ouooq
npooopoyq uv zA? oou pqoc ou, ko0u kot q cnckooq uv npoountkuv upuv
npotqocuv oc kotvuvtkou upou, kot q ovykq yto cnt\uoq tcvccuv oc ncptnuoct onou ot
npotqoct cvo pqoq nopct vo cpovot oc ovt0coq c ouc knotou \\ou oov tto upo.
5#H#H G/,>34M*T I88.8)9:J>,(.T I+K><94?LI+K><94?
cvoqo ouq cktv c o nopctyo ou ktvqou cnoptou (mCommerce) oov cvo zA? nou
tcuko\uvct t ouvo\\oyc ov0punou c v0puno. zq ouvccto, tcot o npo\qo ovo\\oyq
n\qpooptuv cou c\uv cvo opyovtoou q cotpcto nou ptokovot onookpuocvo (n.. ot
qovtkot nctou nou pct(ovot n\qpooptc ono qv oq ou). 1c\o, o nopctyo ou


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tootpooou q cu0uvq q nopoko\ou0qoq kot povto q\tktucvuv ov0punuv oc ouyycvct
kot uyctovotko npoountko c qv oq0cto zA? ovo\ucot oov okoo to ncptnuoq nou o zA?
nopouv vo unooqptouv qv o\\q\cntpooq ov0punuv c \\ou ov0punou.
5#H#N I88.8)9:J>,(. I+K><94?LA8014d F)>0;C884+74T 1,0 D?(1)?'TLA8014d
F)>0;C884+74T
cntyvuoq n\ototou ncpt\\ovo nopct vo cntcu0ct cou oto0qqpuv, onuv oto0qqpc 0coq,
0cpokpooto, uo k\, nou cntpcnouv ot ouokcuc vo couv to opq o\\q\cntpooq c o
u\tko ncpt\\ov ou. Ct oto0qqpc ouot ctvot cvououcvot ot ouokcuc uv zA? kot t
unqpcotc ou ovt vo ctvot ovcpqot o\\ tkuucvot. Mcou uv oto0qqpuv ouuv, ot
ouokcuc nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv yto vo c\cyouv o u\tko ncpt\\ov, \\oc c\ctu
ouovoo kot \\oc onotuvo kot knoto o\\q\cntpooq ono ov pqoq. Lot tovot cptk
nopoctyoo nou oopouv qv ko\ucpq toctptoq q cvcpyctokq koov\uoq cvo u\tkou
ncpt\\ovo, qv ouooonotqoq optocvuv \ctoupytuv cvo upou (cunvo ontt) o\\ kot qv
unooqptq ycvtkocpuv oouv cvo pqoq nou oopouv u\tk ovtkctcvo (n.. nto uytctvq
topoq). \\o nopoctyoo cpcuvqtkou cvtocpovo onoc\ouv ot cunvc coopc, q
ovo\\oyq ootctuv cou ouoktvquv kot q unooq0qoq n\oqyqoq. totcpq vcto ytvcot kot
oqv coponq ou u\tkou ncpt\\ovo oc opcvo notyvtuv c qv pqoq zA? kot tovot ot
optoot ko kampmann kot alLer uv tuuv notvttuv nou ncpt\ovouv
HGBEO^ QCGUBR\GC nou npoocpouv t CPPCcA_ oq octkq q ono\uq 0coq notkuv kot
ovtkctcvuv oou kovovc ou
QCGUBR\GC J@ S^?E OEB OKQKh@?RC nou npoocpouv qv octkq q ono\uq 0coq notkuv kot
ovtkctcvuv oou kovovc ou
QCGUBR\GC CB^J@GHOE_ > @QCWqEJABE_ QVCcJCOGHIOEOC_ onou u\tk ovtkctcvo
cvououvovot oov ctkovtko kooo oov coo o\\q\cntpooq
vQVK?CVJK?OVKBGH^w QCGUBR\GC nou cootuvouv totkootc q (uq onu ouc
nopoqpouvot oq uoq.

"EB=7PE3?7P7B G2S
1o tkuo yto ovo\\oyq cocvuv cou oquv onoc\ouv cvo cvtocpov kot npoooo
ncto cpcuvo. Mnopctc vo ovooctc pto ocvpto oo onoto q o\\q\cntpooq oqoo c
oqo 0o nopouoc vo c\tuoct t kuk\ooptokc ouv0qkc oou poou q qv otkq oo\cto
Lko ono qv cvocntkotvuvto c o \\o oqoo, c t \\o 0o nopouoov vo cntkotvuvouv o
oqoo ko q topoq




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"EB=7PE3?7P7B G20
Mnopctc vo pctc oq t\toypoto optocvo nopoctyoo nou oopouv qv qokpotkocpq
cnt\oyq ouotkq oc kotvuvtkou upou (n.. npu, nop k\.) u cntuyvcot ouo kot not
ctvot o q-cvtk npo\qoo nou ovtcunt(ouv coto ouoqoo
"EB=7PE3?7P7B G2R
Lou ot oc to opkc cy\q no\q unpct cvo ouoqo nou ovo\ovct vo nopoko\ou0ct o
\cuopcto kot o cpo kot vo cvqcpuvct topo ctq pqouv c toopctkou ponou ooov
oop o ootcto nou o(cuct. 1t ctou nopct vo ctvot ouot ot pqoc kot nu 0o nopouoov vo
nopouot(ovot o ootcto oc ouou koontv cttkq cnccpyooto koookcuoc cvo on\o
(uq\ou cntncou) typoo q optckovtkq cvo cotou ouoqoo nou vo unoctkvuct t
unooc kot q ouvcotoqo nou 0o pcto(oov yto vo ovonu0ct.
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 G2L
Cptoc o pto kptqpto ou ann yto o opco uno\oytoo. Avonuc t onoct oo yto ov ov
ouokcuc onu o lapLop, o ktvq q\cuvo kot o po\oyto ctpo nopouv vo ckn\qpuoouv ou
o kptqpto
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 G2S
+c oq t\toypoto q o totkuo yto ov optoo ou Ceocachlng. 1t ctvot ouq q pooqptoqo
ko q yvuq oo, t cto o\\q\cntpooq cntc\ctot ko qv ckc\coq q Mnopct vo cvo0ct
ot koqyoptc uv tuuv notvttuv kot ov vot oc not


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O = PQ@C:65 D@DG6@H5 G;7 @CR06DS65
%C8:?9
1o kc\oto ouo cktv c to cntokontoq otooqctuuv nputuv cpyootuv oo upo ou A?, q
onoto ncpt\ovct cuuq kot ouovoo ouoqoo. koontv, ou(quvot q pcouoo unooq A? kot
ouypovc copoyc A?. 1c\o, cntctpctot to ov\uoq uv npoypouv ouuv kot
ovoctkvuovot o kupto npo\qoo octooou nou ovtcuntoov.
ZE8=V8CU>JOB B:87J;D=>B7B
ov 0o ccc c\cqoct o kc\oto ouo 0o nopctc vo:
Cptocc o ootk opokqptotk uv cunvuv ouokcuuv
koovoqocc t unpouoc kot t onopotqc n\qpooptokc kot cntkotvuvtokc unooc
yto qv ovnuq zA?
cptypcc topc optckovtkc unqpcotuv yto o zA? kot vo cnt\ccc t ko\\q\c
yto ouykckptcvc copoyc
koovoqocc ov kuk\o (uq uv unqpcotuv nou npoocpovot oo zA?
o koovoqocc t cvvotc ctkovtkq qovq, \ctoupytko ouoqo kot t unokoqyoptc
\ctoupytkuv ouoquv nou pqotonotouvot oo zA?
MOO83J9 C;J3V34
Lunvc ouokcuc, optckovtkc unqpcotuv, kuk\o (uq unqpcotuv, ctkovtkq qovq, \ctoupytk
ouoqoo no\\on\uv cpyootuv, copoyokcvptk \ctoupytk ouoqoo
H#" G0(,M&M'
zo kc\oto ouo 0o ou(qq0ouv ovo\utkocpo o opokqptotk uv cunvuv ouokcuuv, to
octp optckovtkuv ovc\uv yto o zA?, q nopoq unqpcotuv kot o kuk\o (uq q npooooq
(servlce access llecycle) oc ouc kot c\o 0o ytvct to ovoop oo \ctoupytk ouoqoo nou
unooqpt(ouv ouc t unqpcotc.
-cktvuvo, nopoqpouc ot knotc \ctoupytc q unqpcotc nopouv vo npoocp0ouv ono no\\c
k\oct ouokcuuv ov kot npoovu 0o unpct knoto npotucvq ouokcuq yto k0c okono,
ov\oyo c qv ncptoooq. opyvuoq uv ouokcuuv oc zA? kot q optckovtkq npoocyytoq nopct
vo ytvct ono no\\c ontkc yuvtc, onu kot oo koovcqcvo ouoqoo (n.. ono qv ontkq ou
pqoq, uv nopouv q\cntkotvuvtuv k\). zo kc\oto ouo pqotonotctot q ontkq yuvto ono
n\cup unqpcotuv.


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Ct optckovtkc ouoquv npoono0ouv vo ctuoouv qv no\un\okoqo uv ouoquv,
onoouv0covo o npo\qoo, toupt(ovo t \uoct ou oc otk ootcto kot
pqotonotuvo ootpctkc npoocyytoct. Ct ootpctkc npoocyytoct npoono0ouv vo optoouv o
npyoo nou ctvot oqovtk oc cvo ouoqo (onu n.. ov pono nou nopct vo (qq0ct to
unqpcoto), kpuovo ou nou cv ctvot (n.. nou okptu ptokcot ouq q unqpcoto kot noto qv
npoocpct). Auo ouvq0u cntuyvcot coo ono ko\ optocvc npoypoototkc tcnoc.
1o ctovckqo q npoocyytoq ouq ctvot ot ot nopot nou unooqpt(ouv to ouykckptcvq tcnoq
pct(ovot cnovooctooo yto vo unooqptouv kot knoto \\o cto nopooto tcnoq.
ctkovtkonotqoq (vlrLuallsaLlon) npoocpct cvo pono vo nopoko0ct o cnoto ouo, tvovo qv
uvooqo vo ovtootq0ouv koto to tcnoq oc cvo ouykckptcvo cntnco ootpcoq oc
koto toopctkuv tcnouv kot toopctkuv nopuv, oc toopctk cntnco ootpcoq. Auo
ctvot oqovtko oo zA? to kot cntpcnct q pqoq toopctkuv unoouoquv yto no\\c
unqpcotc oc no\\ cntnco ootpcoq.
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 L21
Cptoc ov opo ctkovtkonotqoq kot ovocpcc o n\covckqoo nou npoocpct oo zA?.
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 L2G
koovcqcvq ono0qkcuoq cocvuv oo vcc\uq uno\oytoo (cloud compuLlng) ctvot to
unqpcoto nou cct qq optoct vo npoocpcot cnoptk. zc notov o0o pqotonotct ouq q
unqpcoto qv ctkovtkonotqoq kot t cntuyvct c ouo
[=CP=P ,678BN38;?<P=P9 L2L
Avo\uoc t toopc cou octoouv ouoquv nou oot(ovot oc ootpcoct cvovt
ouoquv nou oot(ovot oc ctkovtkonotqoq

H#5 64+7*8, ,>=07)174+01'T ?9.>)(0<+
H#5#" @0,=&>0(32T 1,0 1,7,+43' ?94(?(7.3C7&+ ?9.>)(0<+
Lu cc(cot q koovoq kot tocptoo uv uno\oytotkuv ovoykuv oo zA? oc no\\on\c
ouokcuc, ovo\oyu uv to0cotuv nopuv. zc cvo zA? onou ctoycot to uno\oytotkq ouokcuq c
0ovou ttou nopou (n.. lapLop), o\o o uno\oytoo nopct vo ytvct ontk, c\otoonotuvo
qv pqoq tkuuv kot cntkotvuvtuv. Ancvovto, to uno\oytotkq ouokcuq c \tyocpou nopou
(n.. cvo ktvqo) nopct vo pctooct vo pqotonotqoct ncptooocpo o tkuo yto vo koovctct
uno\oytotkq cpyooto oc \\c ouokcuc q vo pqotonotqoct t unqpcotc ou (n.. vo ouvc0ct c
to cy\q o0ovq) yto vo cunqpcqoct o pqoq. toopponto ouq oo zA? no\\c opc npcnct vo
ctvot uvotk pu0t(ocvq, ovo\oyu uv to0cotuv ouokcuuv kot uv copoyuv nou npcnct vo
pcouv o'ouc.


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H#5#5 F48?)9:9)J, 34+7*8, ?9.>)(0<+ 9)8,7<+
nu npokunct ono o noponvu, oc cvo zA? ctvot opkc nt0ovo vo npcnct vo pqotonotq0ouv
no\ucntnco ovc\o nopoq unqpcotuv, onou cn\ckovot ncptooocpot ono cvo nc\c. lto
nopctyo, to copoyq q\ckpovtkou cnoptou cncptcct coocpo cntnco: o pqoq (q vo
kococt cvo poyout cnt n\qpuq cou to copoyq, ouq c\cyct ov ouo ctvot uvoov c
to ponc(tkq unqpcoto (n\qpuq), ov vot oc o ncptcocvo (qctot ono o cunqpcqq kot c\tk
tot(cot oov pqoq.
1cotc optckovtkc nopct vo onotqoouv qv koovoq ono0qkcutkou upou yto to copoyq
(q\oq o cocvo nou onotouvot nopct vo ptokovot ono0qkcucvo oc ccpoycvct oct
cocvuv oc no\\on\c uotkc ono0cotc). Lntoq, o uno\oytoo nou onotct to copoyq
nopct vo koovcq0ct oc no\\on\ou cnccpyooc, ovo\oyu uv ovoykuv. lto vo cct voqo
coto to coto tootpooq, npcnct o povo koocptoou uv cpyootuv kot ouykcvpuoq uv
uno\oytotkuv onoc\couv oqv ouokcuq nou o otq0qkc vo qv uncpotvct o povo nou 0o
ckovc q tto vo o uno\oytoct.
oponotqoq cvo ouoqoo ooov oop qv tootpooq uv otkuv ootctuv uv unqpcotuv
copot ono 1) qv unpouoo cvo\oytkq unooq, n.. t cntooct kot qv otontoto uv
tkuuv, 2) ou ncptoptoou nopuv q ontkq ouokcuq, 3) t to0cotc onookpuocvc
unqpcotc kot 4) ov uno q copoyq kot ou ovc\ou ouvqpqoq q unqpcoto. Lot, oo
ovc\o nc\q-cunqpcqq, nopct vo unpouv \cnot nc\c c no\u ncptoptocvou nopou,
onou q ouvqpqoq to unqpcoto ctvot cuko\q to kot o kupto oyko q kctot kcvptk oov
cunqpcqq. Ano qv \\q, oc knotc opc zA?, q ovykq yto ouovoto kot ovtcuntoq
onopotkq npooooq oo tkuo tvct knoto n\covckqoo oou noct nc\c nou
to0couv ncptooocpou nopou ontk. pqoq cvo\oouv (proles), q\oq co(ovuv
uno\oytouv cou nc\q kot cunqpcqq, nopct vo oq0qoct oo npo\qoo cntkotvuvto
kot pqoq nopuv (yto nopctyo, vo copoct, pqotonotuvo qv uno\oytotkq tou ou cvo
no\un\oko kot x nou npoocpct knoto cunqpcqq kot vo ncpoct ovo t onopotqc
n\qpooptc oc knoto ktvqo pqotonotuvo cvo no\u on\o npuoko\\o cntkotvuvto, onu cou
SS). Ano qv \\q, q pqoq cvo\oouv ctoyct cvo ouvoo oqcto, o onoto nopct vo ptct
o\o o ouoqo ov koooct q to0coto kot nt0ovov vo ouqoct qv ko0uocpqoq ot cntkotvuvtc.
H#5#H efgghijXYi
pokctot yto cvo cto \oytotkou nou ptokcot cou copoyuv kot \ctoupytkou ouoqoo
kot onookonct oo vo cntpcnct oqv onokpuq ono t copoyc uv ccpoycvuv kot
koovcqcvuv nopuv no\\on\uv kot tkuucvuv uno\oytotkuv ouoquv, tcuko\uvovo qv
npooooq oc ouc. Av kot q npoocyytoq ouq cntpcnct qv koookcuq on\ouocpuv kot tkpocpuv
oc cyc0o \ctoupytkuv ouoquv, oc knotc ncptooct ctvot pqoto q copoyq vo cct
knoto npooooq ot \ctoupytc oq\ou cntncou knoto ouokcuq.


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H#5#N A9.>)(041)+7>012T A9484M0(32T
1o ovc\o ouo cntkcvpuvcot oqv 0cupqoq unoouoquv onu uno\oytotk q cnccpyootk
unoouoqoo, o onoto ctvot ccpoycvq kot pcouv oc toopctkc n\oopc kot ot onotc
nt0ovu vo ovqkouv oc toopctkou opyovtoou, oov unqpcotc, Ct unqpcotc ouc upt(ovot oc
3 kuptc koqyoptc ov\oyo c t \ctoupytc ou: 8ootkc (oq\ou cntncou), zuv0ctkc
(cootou) kot Atoctptotkc (uq\ou). 1o ovc\o ouo ctvot ovcpqo ono ouykckptcvc
cvo\oytc, to kot onok\ctotkq onotqoq ou ctvot q ncptypoq uv npoocpocvuv unqpcotuv
c q pqoq ouykckptcvq y\uooo, onu q Su kot q nopoq ko\\q\uv tcnouv uoc vo
nopouv vo k\q0ouv ouc ot unqpcotc.
H#5#O A9484M0(32T F8*M3,74T
1o ovc\o ouo oop koovcqcvo ouoqoo nou cntpcnouv oc cy\q k\toko qv
ouvovtocvq pqoq kot kotvq pqoq ycuypotk tonopuv nopuv. 8oot(cot oc ovtc unooc
nou \ctoupyouv ku ono npouno kot ctvot ouv npooovoo\tocvc oqv npooop uq\uv
cntoocuv. 1o ouoqoo ou upt(ovot oc 3 koqyoptc, 1) uno\oytotk n\cyoo nou
npoocpouv cyo\ucpq uno\oytotkq tou yto k0c copoyq ono k0c covucvo c\o ou, 2)
n\qpooptok n\cyoo nou npoocpouv unooq yto qv ouv0coq n\qpooptuv ono toopctkc
nqyc kot 3) n\cyoo unqpcotuv nou npoocpouv unqpcotc q to0cotc ono covucvou
uno\oytoc.
H#5#P D?(7'3,7, 432703&+ 4+747'7&+
1o ouoqoo ootuv ovoquv (peer-Lo-peer) onoc\ouv unooc unqpcotuv. Cpt(ovot oov
koovcqcvo ouoqoo onoc\oucvo ono toouvcccvou koou, tkovou vo
ouotopyovuvovot oc tkuokc ono\oytc, c okono ov cntcptoo nopuv onu ncptcocvo,
kuk\ou cnccpyooq, ono0qkcuoq kot cupo (uvq, tkovuv vo npooopo(ovot oc ncptnuoct
onouto kot t\ocvuvo nopotkou n\q0uoou kouv, toqpuvo ovck cntnco
cntoocuv upt vo pct(ovot qv coo\qoq q qv unooqptq kcvptkuv cunqpcquv q opuv.
Lot ot koot onoc\ouv nc\c o\\ kot ko' onotqoq cunqpcqc. 1o ovc\o ouo
otvcot vo otpt(ct opkc c o opokqptotk uv ouokcuuv ou zA?.
[=CP=P L2S
zuykptvcc t toopc cou uv kou0t optckovtkuv ovc\uv:
c\q-cunqpcqq
Lunqpcqq copoyuv
?nqpcotuv mlddleware
?nqpcotokcvptkou uno\oytoou
ootuv ovoquv (peer Lo peer)



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[=CP=P L20
Cptoc qv cvvoto no\ucntnco ovc\o cunqpcqq kot ouykptvcc o ovc\o \cnuv nc\ouv-
cunqpcquv c o ovc\o opcuv nc\ouv-cunqpcquv uo cntncuv.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B L21
+c oo totkuo kot nopo0coc cvo optoo ou opou cloud compuLlng". Ct copoyc cloud
compuLlng 0o \cyoc ot ovqkouv oc knoto ono t noponvu koqyoptc kot ytot
"EB=7PE3?7P7B L2G
8pctc ono q t\toypoto q o totkuo copoyc ktvqou uno\oytoou nou pqotonotouv qv
npoono0qkcuoq cocvuv. Lct voqo q pqoq ouq q cvtkq oc cvo topku ko\ucpo
ouvcccvo kooo
"EB=7PE3?7P7B L2L
Mnopctc vo pctc oq t\toypoto uo nopoctyoo 2 optckovtkuv yto ov tootpooo
cocvuv cou ktvquv pqouv Co nopouoov coto ouoqoo vo u\onotq0ouv c
no\ucntncc optckovtkc nc\ouv-cunqpcquv kot notc 0o qov ot toopc ou
(n\covckqoo-ctovckqoo)
"EB=7PE3?7P7B L2S
Atooc oo totkuo yto o ouoqo sslsL
(hLLp:www.bmw.comcomenownersnavlgaLlonasslsLvehlcle_1.hLml). ko q yvuq oo, nu 0o
nopouoc vo ctvot oqcvq q optckovtkq ou ouoqoo ouou zc noto ovc\o optckovtkq
unqpcotuv ovqkct

H#H Ed184T %&'T 9,>4='T ?9.>)(0<+
nopoq unqpcotuv copoyuv yto cunvc ouokcuc cncptcct qv toctptoq koovcqcvuv
unqpcotuv ko0'o\q q tpkcto (uq ou kot ot ovo oc ouykckptcvc oct, onu n.. q
ovok\uq unqpcotuv. zqctuvcot ot ot cunvc ouokcuc nou \ctoupyouv oc uvotk
ncpt\\ovo c nopouv vo 0cupqoouv ot ot unqpcotc nou ou nopcovot 0o nopoctvouv
ootkc ko0' o\q qv tpkcto q nopoq. Lot o octooo nopoq unqpcotuv oo zA?
ovoyuvt(cot o npo\qo q tokckocvq npooooq oc unqpcotc kot qv totkooto
conqqoq oc toopctk ctq unqpcotuv (n.. conqqoq ono cvo cto ooupoou tkuou oc
\\o, toqpuvo q ouvcotoqo). zuvcnu o octooo ou kuk\ou (uq uv unqpcotuv
copot ono\uo ono qv copoyq oqv onoto 0o pqotonotq0ouv.
zc ycvtkc ypoc 0o nopouooc vo nouc ot o kuk\o ouo cncptcct t kou0t oct


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1) Avok\uq tkuou : ouq ouvq0u npoqyctot q cyypoq unqpcotuv kot q ovok\uq
unqpcotuv. zuvq0u oo zA? ouo ytvcot uvotk ko0u ktvqc ouokcuc coktvouvot
cvo q cko cvo ncpt\\ovo zA?
2) Avokotvuoq, Avok\uq, Lnt\oyq kot u0toq unqpcotuv: ?npouv uo kuptc
npoocyytoct, q u0qoq (push) kot q c\q (pull). zqv npuq ncptnuoq pqotonotouvot
cupucknonc (broadcasLlng) q no\ucknonc (mulLlcasLlng) yto vo ovokotvu0ouv ot otqoct
q q to0cotoqo unqpcotuv oc \\c ouokcuc. zqv cucpq pqotonotouvot cupcqpto
oo onoto couv npoqyoucvu kooupq0ct otqoct q to0cotoqc kot o onoto
qpouvot ono cvo pto ouoqo, o onoto ovo\ovct kot qv ouvcoq. totcpo
cvtocpov nopouot(ouv ot cvtkc ovok\uq unqpcotuv cou ou oou, ko0u kot o
zqooto\oytko oo (SemanLlc eb) kot q zqooto\oytkq Avok\uq unqpcotuv (SemanLlc
Servlce ulscovery) nou ovo\uovot oc \\o kc\oto
3) k\qoq ?nqpcotuv: Lu unpouv opkc cvo\\oktk ovc\o yto qv k\qoq kot qv ckc\coq
tcpyootuv, onu ouo uv koovcqcvuv tcpyootuv kot uv zuypovtocvuv kot
Aouypovuv Lntkotvuvtuv cou tcpyootuv. 1o 0coo nou ovtcunt(ovot oopouv n\t
qv tokckocvq tkuokq cntkotvuvto.
ko' onotqoq npooooq ot unqpcotc ncpt\ovct opkc oqovtk npo\qoo, o onoto
oopouv qv to0cotoqo uv ko\\q\uv unqpcotuv onoc ouc ctvot onopotqc. Mto cotou
ctou npooooq onotct qv unooqptq ooq npooooq ot unqpcotc. Aptckovtk octo
nou unooqpt(ouv qv ooq npooooq (volaLlle access) nopct vo npo\cnouv on\ qv cnov\qq
to (qqoq ov ouq cv cct o\\ct, q vo kpuouv qv ooq uoq q npooooq c pqoq
ontkuv npo-vqcuv (local cachlng), npo-ovyvuoq cocvuv (read-ahead) q ko0uocpqcvc
cyypoc (delayed wrlLes). Lntn\cov, oov q (qqoq yto to unqpcoto onouyvct, q ovok\uq
unqpcotuv yto qv ovo(qqoq cvo\\oktkuv kot q ouv0coq unqpcotuv (nou oop qv qtoupyto
no\un\okuv unqpcotuv ono qv ou\\oyq kot ootkq ckc\coq on\ouocpuv unqpcotuv) nopouv
vo ou\\ouv oqv \uoq ou npo\qoo. \\c cvtocpouoc optckovtkc ncpt\ovouv t
ouovo-kcvptkc optckovtkc (evenL-drlven archlLecLures) kot kotvopqoc ono0qkc cocvuv
(shared daLa reposlLorles). 1c\o, cvtocpov nopouot(ct kot o ovc\o nou o(tocot oc tou\o
cntctpqotkuv unqpcotuv (enLerprlse servlce bus - LS).
"EB=7PE3?7P7B L20
y\uooo npoypootoou yto ktvqc ouokcuc !2L nopcct \ctoupytc nou oopouv qv
cvopq, nuoq, ouvctoq kot k\ctoto to copoyq. Atooc oo totkuo ou \oyou ntou ono
qv unopq uv \ctoupytuv ouuv kot oo\toc ov 0cupctc ot ot ovqoutc nou oopouv ov
kuk\o (uq uv unqpcotuv oop onok\ctotk t tkuokcvptkc copoyc q ov ctvot otc kot
oc ontko cntnco ouokcuq


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H#N G014+01*T 6.=,+*T 1,0 k)074?>M01C D?(7'3,7,
zqv cvoqo ouq nopouot(ovot ouvontk ot cvvotc uv ctkovtkuv qovuv (vlrLual machlnes) kot
cptkc no\u ootkc cvvotc \ctoupytkuv ouoquv. Lttkocpo yto t ctkovtkc qovc
oqctuvcot q 0cupqoq ot ouc npcnct vo unooqpt(ouv (o) qv ouopovq ckc\coq oc cy\q
k\toko kutko ono no\\ou pqoc oc knotov cunqpcqq kot () to-n\ooptkq
to\ctoupytkoqo oc cy\q notkt\to u\tkou kot oc no\\ cntnco ootpcoq. Atovot cntoq
ouvontk nopouotoct knotuv no\u on\ouocucvuv ouootkuv quv \ctoupytkuv
ouoquv (n.. lS, unooqptq tcpyootuv kot vquv, toctptoq vqq, ctooyuyq kot coo
cocvuv).



"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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T = PQ@C:; G7:RA?U V?0A65 G;7 >SGA@;
W@DG6@X:
%C8:?9
1o kc\oto ouo oop t ouokcuc cyc0ou oqctuoptou (ko elser), uv onotuv o
c\cyo ooov oop qv o\\q\cntpooq, ytvcot couv ouoquv pu0t(ocvuv ono o pqoq.
ktvqtkoqo ctvot cvo ootko ootcto ouuv uv ouokcuuv.
ZE8=V8CU>JOB B:87J;D=>B7B
ov 0o ccc c\cqoct o kc\oto ouo 0o nopctc vo:
Cptocc t cvvotc q ktvqtkoqo
Avo\uocc t cunvc ktvqc unqpcotc oov npockoct uv ovc\uv koovcqcvuv
unqpcotuv
koovoqocc o cntnco unooqptq nou npcnct vo npoocpouv o \ctoupytk ouoqoo
yto qv \ctoupyto uv ouoquv ot ttotcpc ouv0qkc ou A?
Lqyqocc ov pono \ctoupyto uv cunvuv kopuv
MOO83J9 C;J3V34
ktvqc unqpcotc, ktvqo kutko, ktvqot pqoc, tkponupqvc \ctoupytkuv ouoquv,
cunvc kpc, ovok\uq unqpcotuv
N#" ^S?9+)T 10+.7*T (?(1)?*Tc l>'(7)Tc F2>40 1,0 E<J01,T
N#"#" D=)J0,(32T E0+.7<+ A9.>)(0<+
C octooo ktvquv unqpcotuv oot(cot oo ycvtkocpo octooo cunvuv ouokcuuv kot
unqpcotuv o\\ ctvot nto ccttkcucvo. lto vo on\onotqoct qv npooooq ono copoyc kot
pqoc, q ktvqtkoqo (n.. o cvontoo kot q poo\oyqoq cocvuv oc ktvqou ckc) 0o
npcnct vo ytvct ncptooocpo tovq npo ou pqoc kot t copoyc. ?npouv pto ctq
tovcto yto t ktvqc unqpcotc: o) ctkovtk ncpt\\ovo pqouv, ) ctkovtk ktvq
cpotk kot y) ctkovtkq toctptoq nopuv.
ktvqtkoqo nopct vo unooqpt0ct c qv pqoq ootoycvuv o\\ kot ccpoycvuv tkuuv. zqv
cucpq ncptnuoq, q unooqptq q tovcto ctvot uoko\ocpq. Aoyu q c\\ctq
ooupoq k\uq oc o\ou ou onou, o ovc\o ktvqtkoqo npcnct vo unooqpt(ouv qv


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ooo0q npooooq oc tkuo. pqoq uv ktvquv ouokcuuv nopct vo qtoupyqoct npoountk
cocvo q cuoto0qo cotptk cocvo. Mto cvcocvq k\onq q o cooo to ouokcuq nopct
vo onoyopcuoct cot qv npooooq ot unqpcotc. 1coto cvcocvo nopct vo onocu0ouv c
uo ponou: o) qv ooupoq \qq ovtypuv ooo\cto uv cocvuv ou pqoq kot ) qv
pqoq ovc\uv onookpuocvq npooooq oo cocvo ou pqoq. npuq npoocyytoq
cncptcct npo\qoo ouypovtoou \qq uv ovtypuv, cvu oqv cucpq nponot0cot q
ouvcq npooooq cou tkuou.
U"#"#"# MOM .-* .*(36i0 e'38/2,/0 o*-p*.6q)&
cvoqo ouq ovocpcot oc cptk ootk opokqptotk uv yponuv qvuuv oov c0oo
cntkotvuvto cocvuv, kot o (onqpotucvo) ouoqo . cptooocpo cvtocpov nopouot(ct
q nopouotooq q optckovtkq ptuv cntncuv oov on\o nopctyo optckovtkq yto ktvqc
unqpcotc nou ncpt\ovct ouvuooo ono ccpoycvq ctq ouokcuuv kot tkuuv.
U"#"#"! r*.)(*.s t39-(s uA>A .-* 3 u!OW
1o ncpt\\ov !2L onoc\ctot ono cvo unoouvo\o uv npoypoototkuv tcnouv (l) q
y\uooo !ava, octoocvo yto pqoq ono ktvqc ouokcuc, koovo\utkc q\ckpovtkc ouokcuc
kot cvououcvo ouoqoo. 1o ncpt\\ov ouo ctvot no\ucntnco, c okono q ctuoq ou
cyc0ou q n\oopo, kot onoc\ctot ono pto ctq nokcuv \oytotkou: t toopuoct,
o npot\ kot o npootpctk nokco. Ct toopuoct nopcouv t ootkc unqpcotc yto
toopctk ctq ouokcuuv kot qv ctkovtkq qovq !ava (ov\oyo c o uotk kot u\tk
opokqptotk ou), n.. q toopuoq CuC (ConnecLed uevlce ConlguraLlon) nopcct unooqptq
yto untkc ouokcuc u, ckc qtokq 1, ouoqoo n\oqyqoq ouoktvquv cvu q CuC
(ConnecLed, lmlLed uevlce ConlguraLlon) yto ouokcuc onu o ktvq q\cuvo nou n\qpouv
optocvo c\too opokqptotk, onu 312kb vqq, n\qkpo\oyto 12 n\qkpuv, oonpooupq
o0ovq c 3 ypoc onctkovtoq k\. 1o npot\ unooqpt(ouv unqpcotc uq\ocpou cntncou yto
okoo nto ouykckptcvo ctq ouokcuuv (n.. cttk yto ktvq q\cuvo pqotonotctot o npot\
lu moblle lnormaLlon devlce prolle, nou ctvot kotvo oc o\o o ktvq). Avo\oyu c o u\tk
opokqptotk to ouokcuq, o koookcuooq q nopct vo q cntpcnct vo unooqpt(ct cntn\cov
npootpctk nokco (onu n.. q pqoq cocvuv ono cvououcvou oto0qqpc). 1c\o, to
cttkq opq q !2L nopct vo unooqptct ov npoypootoo ouokcuuv c no\u oq\ou
nopou, onu n.. cunvc kpc.
U"#"#"Q " vrw IE
1o \ctoupytko lndows oblle ctvot cvo \ctoupytko q lcrosoL yto tkpou uno\oytoc kot
cvououcvo ouoqoo. Acv ctvot to ncptoptocvq ckooq uv yvuouv lndows yto
npoountkou uno\oytoc o\\ to cttk koookcuoocvq n\oopo c kotvo nupqvo o\\
npooopo(ocvo unonokco (n.. nokco npoypouv oqyqoq) yto o u\tko, uv onotuv q
ouv0coq oc \ctoupytko ouoqo ctvot ovotkq yto k0c ouokcuq. 1o n\ototo ovnuq .nL
onoc\ctot ono uo koto: o Common anguage unLlme kot cvo cvonotqcvo ouvo\o
t\to0qkuv onu S.nL yto totkuokc unqpcotc kot copoyc kot u.nL yto npooooq oc


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oct cocvuv. C kutko nou ypcot c ouo o n\ototo \cycot toctpt(ocvo to kot o
n\ototo povt(ct vo qv unpouv npo\qoo onu kokot ctkc, toppoc vqq k\. 1o .nL C
(CompacL ramewor) onoc\ct cvo unoouvo\o uv t\to0qkuv ou .L1 (ncptnou 23) o(t c
knotc \\c ccttkcucvc t\to0qkc, cttk octoocvo yto ouokcuc c ncptoptocvou
nopou onu u kot ktvq q\cuvo.
N#"#5 E0+.72T 1<J01,T
C ktvqo kutko ctvot to cvvoto nou ovocpcot oqv coop ou ckc\cotou kutko to
copoyq ono ouokcuq kot ouokcuq kot cv npcnct vo ouyccot c ov kutko nou on\ ckc\ctot
ono ktvqc ouokcuc (oov ouc ktvouvot, cvu o kutko nopocvct ot ttc). C roos ovocpct
nopoctyoo ktvqou kutko nou oot(ovot oo nou ckc\ctot o kutko kot oo noto onooot(ct
noc 0o npcnct vo \ovct upo q ktvqtkoqo ou kutko. Au o nopoctyoo ncpt\oovouv:
ovc\o nc\q-cunqpcqq onou o kutko ou nc\q kooopuvcot ouooo
(okouoto) ono ov cunqpcqq npuou ouo o\\q\cntpoct c ov kutko ou cunqpcqq
kutko ko nopoyyc\to, onou o nc\q (q ckouoto ov kutko ono ov cunqpcqq kot
ov ckc\ct onu pct(cot
coop tcpyootuv, onou ot tcpyootc cocpovot ono cvo koo oc \\ov yto qv
tookoovoq ou opou uno\oytoou oc cvo ouoqo
ktvqou npkopc, onou cvo npoypoo kot q coucptkq ou kooooq cootvouv ono
cvo cpo oc \\o ov\oyo c qv coucptkq \oytkq ou npoypoo
cvcpy tkuo, onou o nokco nou ktvouvot coo oo tkuo ovonpoypoot(ouv q oq
ou tkuou
Av kot q ktvqtkoqo ou kutko npoocpct n\covckqoo oqv cuc\tto, otontoto kot cnckooq oc
k\toko uv ouoquv, ou cpt(ovot ono ou ouqcvou ktvuvou oo\cto.
N#"#H E0+.7*T (?(1)?*T 1,0 10+.74: =>'(7)T
ktvqtkoqo uv ouokcuuv nopct vo ctu0ct ono pct okontc: 1) t uotkc toooct q
ouokcuq, 2) ov q tto ctvot ktvqq q oo0cpq q cv knoto cto opco oov onoto ctvot
npooko\\qcvq ctvot ktvqo, 3) oc t ctou opco nopct to ouokcuq vo npooko\\q0ct, 4) c notov
pono nopct to ouokcuq vo npooko\\q0ct oc cvo opco kot 3) ko notou povou \ovct upo
q ktvqtkoqo.
,=CI=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S21
opokqptoc o cto ktvqtkoqo oou kou0t unou ouokcuuv, ouuvo c qv
koqyoptonotqoq q ktvqtkoqo nou tcot oqv cvoqo 4.2.3:
a. onot n
b. poountko uno\oytoq (desLop)
c. Lunvo ktvqo q\cuvo


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d. Lunvq kpo
e. +qtokq uoypotkq qovq
,=CI=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2G
1t cvvoouc c ov opo ktvqo kutko Avocpcc pto nopoctyoo pqoq ktvqou kutko.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B S21
Avopcovo oo totkuo, pctc kot ovocpcc cko nopoctyoo ouokcuuv zA? nou
pqotonotouv qv !ava yto qv ckc\coq copoyuv (qv ncptoptoctc oc ktvqc ouokcuc).
N#5 k)074?>M01C (?(7'3,7, M0, E0+.74dT A9484M0(7*T 1,0 D?(1)?*T
G90140+&+:,T
N#5#" D=)J0,(32T 301>49?>'+&+
zc ovt0coq c ou nupqvc nopoootokuv \ctoupytkuv ouoquv, cvo tkponupqvo
ncpt\ovct ovo ootkc \ctoupytc toctptoq vqq, ncptoptocvq toctptoq tcpyootuv kot
to-tcpyootoko c\cyo. Av kot o opokqptotk ou ko0toouv ov tkponupqvo nto cuko\o
toctptoto oc ncpt\\ovo c \tyou to0cotou nopou kot nto otontoo, cvo \ctoupytko
ouoqo c tkponupqvo koocuyct oc ncptooocpo ouv oc o\\oyc ncpt\\ovo (conLeL
swlLches), kt nou nopct vo ctuoct t cntooct oc ouoqoo c cvo cnccpyooq.
N#5#5 A94(7'>0S. 10+.70127.7,T
cpo ono o ootcto nou unooqpt(ouv o nopoootok \ctoupytk ouoqoo, cvo \ctoupytko
ouoqo yto ktvqc ouokcuc cct cntn\cov onotqoct ooov oop qv o\\q\cntpooq cou
tcnouv tkpou cyc0ou (n.. o0ovq, n\qkpo\oyto), qv cntkotvuvto cou ccpoycvuv tkuuv,
t tokckocvc ouvcoct, qv toctptoq cocvuv, qv unooqptq ktvqtkoqo kot qv
toctptoq cvcpycto. Mnopct vo unooqpt(ct qv no\ucntc\coq tcpyootuv, onu oo Symblan S
ctc cvo\\oktk qv octptokq ckc\coq onu oo S.
N#5#H D?(1)?*T 9)>04>0(3*+&+ 92>&+
1o \ctoupytk yto ktvqc ouokcuc npcnct vo ovoncc\0ouv oc ncpt\\ovo oq\uv nopuv,
onu tkpq noooqo kupto vqq kot cucpcuovo ono0qkcutkou upou, opyo cnccpyooq,
ncptoptocvq tkovoqo ctooyuyqcoyuyq cocvuv kot qv \ctoupyto c oq\q cvcpyctokq
koov\uoq \oyu q ncptoptocvq to0cotoqo cvcpycto. Ct opoqytkc nou nopouv vo
oq0qoouv oc ouou ou oct ctvot:
Mvqq: ountcoq cocvuv, onoopuoq cocvuv ono o cpotko oc
onookpuocvou cunqpcqc, toypoq no\otuv cocvuv kot pqoq cyo\ucpq
upqtkoqo cucpcuououv ono0qkcutkuv ovuv


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Apyo cnccpyooq: coop uno\oytotkou cpyou oc onookpuocvou cnccpyooc,
pqoq cnccpyoouv co\qq oq, npoyvuotko povonpoypootoo tcpyootuv kot
povonpoypootoo c oq qv koov\uoq cvcpycto
Mctuoq q cvcpyctokq koov\uoq ot Lntkotvuvtc: ovc\o onou q cntkotvuvto
ckktvctot ono cunqpcqc, pqoq tkpq cc\cto ooupouv tkuuv.
N#5#N @0,=):>0(. )+*>M)0,T
Mcptkc opoqytkc nou nopouv vo oq0qoouv oqv ko\ucpq toctptoq q koov\uoq
cvcpycto ctvot
uvooqo ctpoktvqq unoctq ono o pqoq ot to ouokcuq cv pct(cot \\o
ovtvcuoq okpuv tooquv upt pooqptoqo kot ouooo oqoto q ono0cqoq oc
\ctoupyto unvou to ouokcuq
uvooqo pqoq ncptooocpuv pu0tocuv ono on\ ovoto, unvo, k\ctoo
coponq cvcpycto yto qv ono0qkcuoq q uoc vo pqotonotq0ct opyocpo.
,=CI=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2L
zuykptvcc o n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqoo cvo \ctoupytkou ouoqoo ootocvou oc
tkponupqvo oncvovt oc knoto ovo\t0tko \ctoupytko ouoqo. oto uno \ctoupytkou
ouoqoo cvctkvuot yto opqc ktvqc ouokcuc
,=CI=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2S
zuykptvcc o n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqoo cvo \ctoupytkou ouoqoo ootocvou oc
tkponupqvo oncvovt oc knoto ovo\t0tko \ctoupytko ouoqo. oto uno \ctoupytkou
ouoqoo cvctkvuot yto opqc ktvqc ouokcuc
,=CI=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S20
Avocpcc t cvtkc nou nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv ono o \ctoupytk ouoqoo ktvquv
ouokcuuv yto vo cncpooouv npo\qoo upqtkoqo vqq, ouqo cnccpyooq kot
cvcpyctokq koov\uoq.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B S2G
Avopcovo oo totkuo, pctc o octooo q ootkq optckovtkq uv \ctoupytkuv
ouoquv Symblan kot lndows oblle. Avocpcc ov ou pqotonotouv tkponupqvo q ctvot
ovo\t0tk. zuykptvcc ou ponou toctptoq vqq oc k0c \ctoupytko ouoqo.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B S2L
Avopcovo oo totkuo ouykptvcc ov pono toctptoq cpyootuv oo \ctoupytk ouoqoo
lndows oblle, S, ndrold kot lS.


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N#H ^S?9+)T 1C>7)T
cunvq kpo ctvot to n\ootkq kpo c cvououcvq qtokq vqq kot cnccpyooq oc cvo
o\ok\qpucvo kuk\uo, oc ovt0coq c t n\ootkc kpc nou ono0qkcuov cocvo oc
oyvqtkq otvto. Ltvot cnovonpoypoot(ocvq, ono0qkcuct kot cnccpy(cot cocvo nvu oqv
kpo kot cocpct cocvo cou uv pqouv q kpo kot toopuv copoyuv. zuvq0u
to0cct qv uvooqo vo (ono)kpunoypoct cocvo q tto uoc vo nopcct oo\cto oqv
cntkotvuvto c \\c copoyc. Atokptvovot oc ouc nou to(ovot cou cnoq c knoto
ouokcuq ovyvuoq kot oc ouc nou cncptcouv cntoq to ovcvo kot nonockq yto ovyvuoq
c'onooocu. 1o npouno lSlLC716 opt(ct o npuoko\\o cntkotvuvto cou uv copoyuv
nou pcouv oqv kpo kot \\uv cko ouq. C npoypootoo q kpo kot q ovnuq
copoyuv nopouv vo ytvouv c q y\uooo !ava (!2L), q onoto unpct cttkq ckooq yto
cunvc kpc. ctkovtkq qovq !ava yto cunvc kpc ctvot no\u kotvq kot pqotonotctot
cupcu, onu n.. ot kpc Sl.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2R
zctoc qv ootkq optckovtkq uv cunvuv kopuv. Mc notou ponou nopouv vo
cntkotvuvqoouv ot cunvc kpc Avocpcc 3 nopoctyoo pqoq uv cunvuv kopuv oqv
ko0qcptvoqo.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2\
1t ctvot q cvo\oyto !avaCard Avocpcc ov okono kot ov pono \ctoupyto q.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B S2S
Avonuc qv noq oo yupu ono qv ovqouto opkcuv opcuv ot q cupcto pqoq cunvuv
kopuv nopct vo cvcct oqovtko ktvuvo nopotooq q ttutkoqo uv no\tuv.

N#N @:17?, D?(1)?<+
zqv cvoqo ouq cc(ovot optocvc cvo\oytc tkuuoq ouokcuuv, c cooq oo otktok
tkuo.
N#N#" mnofc m\V 1,0 l"p
1o l ctvot cvo toqovtko npouno nou opt(ct npoypoototkc tcnoc yto ouokcuc ctkovo
kot qou, ko0u kot to unqpcoto ovok\uq ouokcuuv yto tkuo ou unou LLL134.
1o LS ctvot cvo tc0vc npouno yto qv ouooonotqoq otktokuv ncpt\\ovuv. Auo
ncpt\ovct o kou0t otk ouootk:


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zA? 31

3


to lcvtkq Atcnoq, cvououcvq oc k0c ouokcuq, nou cntpcnct qv cntkotvuvto cou
toopuv ctuv otktok tkuo
qv l\uooo Lvo\uv, yto qv cntkotvuvto ouokcuq c ouokcuq
to Ctktokq u\q nou ovo\ovct qv ouvcoq uv otktokuv tkuuv c cucptk tkuo
nopouv unqpcotuv.
N#N#5 I+,1C8?-. D?(1)?<+
ouooq ovok\uq ouokcuuv ctvot onopotqq yto qv unooqptq ovotkq kot uvotkq
npooooq oc ccpoycvct ouokcuc kot qv on\ouocuoq q pqoq ou. zqcptvc cvo\oytc
ouooq ovok\uq ctvot ot !lnl, un, S, unS Servlce ulscovery kot Su yto ouokcuc lueLooLh.
N#N#H qVrf
1o pen Servlces CaLeway lnlLlaLlve ctvot cvo ovotko n\ototo yto qv nopoq unqpcotuv oc
tkuucvo otktok ncpt\\ovo. tco ctvot ot ouokcuc onu otktokot onokutkonotqc
q\copooq q cupu(uvtk ovc 0o \ctoupyouoov oov nu\c yto qv nopoq unqpcotuv onu
oo\cto, uoyuyto kot nopoko\ou0qoq uycto ono ptou. Cuotootk npokctot yto cvo
nopocponotqcvo, uvotko !ava class loader, kot cvo qpuo unqpcotuv nou ctvot ycvtk
npoooto coo oc to ovotkq ctkovtkq qovq !ava.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2K
1t ctvot o SCl Avocpcc ov pono c ov onoto o SCl nopct vo pqotonotq0ct oc cvo
ncpt\\ov ovok\uq ouokcuuv c ouokcuc nou npocpovot ono toopctkou koookcuooc.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 S2F
Avocpcc pto npuoko\\o ovok\uq ouokcuuv kot unqpcotuv kot ncptypc ouvontk ov
pono \ctoupyto ou ko0cvo



"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

zA? 31

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Y = I22R26CSZ0;DR I:[0XC3@\
BC32347DAN
%C8:?9
1o kc\oto ouo oop q c\cq q o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou-uno\oytoq c ttotcpq cooq
oqv o\\q\cntpooq c cunvc ouokcuc. Aptk cc(cot q toop cou q ckouoto kot
unovvooucvq o\\q\cntpooq. koontv cc(ovot ot ponot o\\q\cntpooq c 4 opokqptotk
ctq ouokcuuv, npoountkou kot opqou uno\oytoc, ktvq q\cuvo kot notvtoqovc.
?ocpo, cc(cot to octp ono nto uotkc tcnoc kot ctq o\\q\cntpooq c ouokcuc.
1c\o, q tcpyooto octooq q o\\q\cntpooq c cntkcvpo ov v0puno ovo\ucot oo kc\oto
ouo.
ZE8=V8CU>JOB B:87J;D=>B7B
ov 0o ccc c\cqoct o kc\oto ouo 0o nopctc vo:
Cptocc t cvvotc, o n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqoo q ckouoto kot unovooucvq
o\\q\cntpooq
koovoqocc o npo\qoo o\\q\cntpooq nou npokunouv ono qv pqoq toopuv
ktvquv q cvououcvuv ouokcuuv oo zA?
Lqyqoc qv cvvoto q no\upontkq o\\q\cntpooq kot uv o\\q\cntpocuv cou
ctpovotuv kot opcuv uno\oytotkuv ouokcuuv
koovoqocc ov pono octooou o\\q\cntpooq kot q qtoupyto npot\ kot
ovc\uv pqouv
MOO83J9 C;J3V34
Lkouoto kot unovooucvq o\\q\cntpooq, no\upontkc tcnoc, tcnoc ctpovotuv, uotkc
tcnoc, ovc\o pqouv, ov0punokcvptko octooo
O#" G0(,M&M'
O#"#" _1)+2`
O#"#5 G14d(0, I88.8)9:J>,(. U E:+.7>, 1,0 =,>,17.>0(701C
1o ktvqpo yto qv copoyq op0uv cvtkuv o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou-uno\oytoq oopouv qv
unooqptq nto onoc\cootkq pqoq oc ouoqoo, q\oq vo o koooqoct:


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

zA? 31

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pqoto: cot uoc o pqoq vo nopcoct vo cntc\coct o (qoucvo cpyo
pqotk: cot uoc q cntc\coq ou cpyou ono o pqoq vo ytvct cuko\o, uotk kot c
oo\cto (upt ktvuvo \0ou).
pqotonotoucvo: cot uoc vo cn\outoct q cnctpto q pqoq kot vo koooct
c\kuotkq, tookcootkq k\.
C voo ou ecel \cct ot q notoqo ou ncpt\\ovo cpyooto cvo ouoqoo ctvot octk
ooqovo nopyovo oqv uto0cqoq ou ouoqoo ono ou pqoc, cv q cktucvq oto ou
ouoqoo ono ou pqoc ctvot uq\q. C ovtopoo voo ou ecel \cct ot q oqooto q
octooq ou ncpt\\ovo cpyooto oqv uto0cqoq cvo ouoqoo ctvot ovtopou ov\oyq
q cktucvq oto ou ouoqoo. Lot, ov kot \cnouc ot cct oqooto q ko\q octooq cvo
ncpt\\ovo cpyooto, npuoptkq oqooto cct q pqotoqo ou ouoqoo onu ouq
cktot ono ou pqoc.
O#"#H $ 948?984127.7, 7.T @0C=?7.T G14d(0,T I88.8)9:J>,(.T
octooq ckouoto o\\q\cntpooq oc zA? ctvot cotpctk ncptn\okq to kot ot pqoc onotouv
npooooq oc toopctkq uoq ouokcuc, tot ot ouokcuc nopct vo couv no\\on\ou pqoc,
tot ot pqoc nopct vo ctvot cn\cycvot oc no\\on\c pooqptoqc, tot ot pooqptoqc
nopct vo ncpt\ovouv no\\ou pqoc kot tot ot pooqptoqc oc no\\c ncptnuoct nopct
vo npcnct vo nou0ouv npoouptv kot vo cnovckktvqoouv opyocpo.
O#"#N A94++44d3)+. I88.8)9:J>,(.U E:+.7>, 1,0 l,>,17.>0(701C
A okcouc o nopctyo cvo ov0punou nou vct vo ovct o u oc cvo okoctvo uto.
C octooq ou ouoqoo utoou, ono noq ckouoto o\\q\cntpooq, npcnct vo o
octoct cot uoc o tokonq vo ctvot oc ko\\q\o uo kot 0coq kot nt0ovu ut(ocvo uoc
vo otvcot kot oo okot. Lvo\\oktk, q o\\q\cntpooq c o ouoqo nopct vo unovvoq0ct, yto
nopctyo oov cvo v0puno ctocpcot oc cvo okoctvo uto npoovu kot 0o 0c\ct vo
o\\q\cntpoct c o ouoqo utoou uoc vo nopct vo ct, cot o ouoqo nopct vo ovct o
u ouooo.
cpov ono ou optoou q ?novvoucvq A\\q\cntpooq nou u0qkov oo kc\oto 1,
oqctuvcot ot ouq ctoycot oov cvvoto kot oc ncptnuoct onou 0c\ouc vo octoouc to nto
uotkq opq o\\q\cntpooq c cvo ouoqo. .., ov pqotonotctot cvo no\okt yto vo
ovouc q vo oqoouc cvo u, q tto ktvqoq nopct vo ytvct ono cvo pqoq c cvc\u \\o
okono, onu vo ckpoct cvo ouvoto0qo. Lot, cov cv opt(cot kot cv tvcot ouopovo kot o
n\ototo uno o onoto cytvc q ctpovoto ono o pqoq oo ouoqo, oc ouq q ctpovoto cv
nopct vo pqotonotq0ct yto ov c\cyo ou ouoqoo. poovu opkc ono o npo\qoo nou
ovtcunt(ct o octooo unovvooucvuv o\\q\cntpocuv oct\ovot oqv no\un\okoqo ou
ouooou ko0optoou ou n\ototou cntyvuoq ou pqoq kot uv npo0cocuv ou.



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[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 021
ou onookonct q c\cq q o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou uno\oytoq Avocpcc o voo ou ecel
yto qv o\\cntpooq.

[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02G
Cptoc qv cvvoto q unovvooucvq o\\q\cntpooq kot uoc cvo nopctyo onou 0o nopouoc
vo pqotonotq0ct unoko0touvo qv ckouoto o\\q\cntpooq.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 021
zuykptvcc qv pqoq ckouoto, unovvooucvq kot q-unpouoo o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou-
uno\oytoq, tvovo nopoctyoo ono qv npoyotkoqo q qv ovooto oo, oo cq ocvpto:
1qv nopookcuq cvo ycuoo, qv oqyqoq cvo ouoktvqou ono o cvo cpo oo \\o kot o
n\uoto uv pouuv.

O#5 F)>0;C884+7, G>M,(:,T 1,0 I88.8)9:J>,(. () N E40+C G:J. D?(1)?<+
O#5#" F4010827.7, ,88.8)9:J>,(.T 3) ?9484M0(701*T (?(1)?*T
zo ncto q A\\q\cntpooq Av0punou-?no\oytoq, o opo uno\oytoq cct cupucpq cvvoto
on'ot oo zA? kot ncpt\ovct k0c ouokcuq nou cncptcct npoypoot(ocvo o\ok\qpucvo
kuk\uo. Ct ouokcuc nopouv vo opokqptoouv ov\oyo c o:
cyc0o: uotkc toooct
ontko coo ctooyuyq: pqotonotctot c o cvo cpt, uo cpto, upt cpto
coo o\\q\cntpooq: cvo q ncptooocpo
n\q0o pqouv: cvo q ncptooocpot ouopovot pqoc
ooq ov0puntvou pqoq: ko0toou, op0tou k\.
Anooooq o0ovq coyuyq ono o coo ctooyuyq: ckoocpo, cpo
Ccoq ko q pqoq: oo0cpq q ktvqq
zuvcotoqo: onoovucvq ouokcuq q tkuucvq, cvoupoq q ooupoq
Atcpyootc: ouokcuc nou cntc\ouv to tcpyooto q no\\c ouopovo
pooooq oc no\ucoo: uvq, kctcvo, o\opt0qtk cocvo q kctcvo, tvco
C\ok\qpuoq: cvououcvc o\ok\qpucvc ouokcuc q uvotk topqotkc ouokcuc
O#5#5 I88.8)9:J>,(. 3) 9>4(&9014dT A9484M0(7*T
Aptk q o\\q\cntpooq ytvoov cou ypoq cvo\uv o pqoq cnpcnc vo 0uot o ovooo
uv cvo\uv kot t nopocpou ou kot vo o n\qkpo\oyct. Mc qv ckocto ou 0,


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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cntkpqoov o ncpt\\ovo cpyooto l lndows, lcons, enu, olnLer (op0upo, Ltkovtto,
Mcvou, Actkc). 1o ncpt\\ovo ou pqotonotouv cooptk qv cntvcto cpyooto cvo
ypoctou, onou o ontk ovtkctcvo (ctkovtto, nop0upo) nopouv vo ono0cq0ouv kot vo
opyovu0ouv c o n\qkpo\oyto q o novtkt kot q cvtkq ouq ovo(cot cpt\\ovo coou
ctptoou.
1o ncpt\\ovo coou ctptoou cncptcouv opkc ctovckqoo: cv onoc\ouv onopotqo
c\tuoq ono qv ypoq cpyootuv yto pqoc c ontkq ovonqpto, pct(ovot opkco upo oqv
o0ovq kt nou ctvot kptoto oc o0ovc oq\q ov\uoq, q oqooto uv ontkuv ovonopooocuv
nopct vo ctvot oooq q nopon\ovqtkq yto knotou pqoc kot q pqoq ou ouvuooou
novtktou kot n\qkpo\oytou onotct ko\o ouvovtoo o0o\uv kot ctpuv kot nopct vo ctvot
opkc opyq.
O#5#H F)>0;C884+7, )>M,(:,T 10+.7<+ (?(1)?<+ =)0>2T
copoyq ncpto\\ovuv unou l oc ktvq cv ctvot ctkq, kuptu \oyu ou ycyovoo ot
ou to0couv tkpc o0ovc. Ct ktvqc ouokcuc ctpo couv pqotonotqoct toopctkc
cvtkc yto vo uncpouv o npo\qoo ctooyuyqcoyuyq cocvuv, onu ouc nou
ncptypovot nopoku.
oov oop qv ctooyuyq cocvuv, unpouv opkcc toopctkc c0oot onu
ulLlLapplng onou cvo n\qkpo notcot to q ncptooocpc opc yto vo ctoo0ct cvo
opokqpo
onou k0c n\qkpo notcot ovo to op yto k0c opokqpo cvu o ouoqo
npoono0ct vo ovcct notov opokqpo unovvoct o pqoq c oq cvououcvo \ctko
asLap onou unpouv 2 ctq n\qkpuv (kovovtk kot uncpuucvo) cvououcvo oc kotvo
n\qkpo\oyto
Mo\ok \qkpo, ouvq0u 2, cvo optocp kot cvo ct okptu ku ono qv o0ovq, uv
onotuv q \ctoupyto ko0opt(cot ono o npoypoo nou pcct
Mo\oko \qkpo\oyto nou onoc\ctot ono ctkovtk n\qkpo cocvou opkcou upou oc
to o0ovq oq
Loucptkot ctkc, onu Lracer pads, roller pads, mlnl [oysLlcs, o0ovc oq nou
cvcpyonotouvot c knoto ncvkt q o ku\o
Akouotkq tcnoq, c ovoyvuptoq uvq nou ouvq0u pqotonotctot yto vo cntpcct qv
onooq q qv npoyoonotqoq k\qocuv
zov oco q coyuyq cocvuv, unpouv opkcc cvtkc yto vo ovtcuntoct o npo\qo
q toop ou cyc0ou ou ncptcocvou nou npcnct vo npo\q0ct, c o to0coto cyc0o q
o0ovq. Mcptkc ono ouc ctvot:
koto ou ncptcocvou uoc vo otpt(ct oqv o0ovq (cropplng)
ctuoq q ov\uoq ou ncptcocvou


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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pqoq cycv0uoq oc ouvuooo c opt(ovto kot kookopuq ku\toq
pqoq oto0qqpuv yto qv cpqoq q onooooq q ouokcuq ono o pqoq kot qv
ko\\q\q o\\oyq ou npoo\\ocvou ncptcocvou
pqoq tkpo-npoo\cuv
pqoq opyovtkuv, ovotn\oucvuv o0ovuv
pqoq okouotkuv ctonotqocuv ovt yto ontkc n\qpooptc
pqoq ontkuv ctonotqocuv onu ovqoct coo\\ocvq cvooq kot pu0ou
O#5#N F,0=+0J43.=,+*T
zqv cvoqo ouq tvcot to tooptkq ovopoq oov oco uv q\ckpovtkuv notvttuv. totcpq
oqooto cct o po\o nou cnotov oc uo oct: o) oqv cpotuoq q ncnot0qoq ot ot on\ot kot
cuko\ot ponot o\\q\cntpooq c o pqoq oqyouv oc npotovo nou pqotonotouvot ouv
(cupqoto) kot ) oqv u0qoq nou cuoov oqv ovnuq ponuv o\\q\cntpooq c o pqoq,
ncpo ono o n\qkpo\oyto kot o novtkt.
O#5#O R49012T ,943,1>?(3*+4T *8)M=4T () (?(1)?*T )012+,T
Lu ou(qot q cupcto pqoq q\cctptoqptuv oc ouokcuc ctkovoqou. Avocpcot o ycyovo
ot no\\ q\cctptoqpto couv cntko\unocvc \ctoupytc (n.. pu0toq uvq) kot ot cvo
kcvptko ctptoqpto 0o qov nto pqoto. Lntoq ytvcot \oyo yto ov c\cyo ouokcuuv ono okpu
cou tkuou, kt o onoto nopct vo qtoupyqoct npo\qoo oov unpct kot cucpo ontko
pqoq q ouokcuq nou nopct vo 0c\ct vo cntc\coct \\c tcpyootc 'ouqv.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02L
Avocpcc o opokqptotk uv ouokcuuv zA? nou nopouv vo cntppcoouv qv o\\q\cntpooq.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02S
Avocpcc ov pono o\\q\cntpooq yto qv ctooyuyq cocvuv (lnpuL) ot ktvqc ouokcuc
ctpo onu o ktvq q\cuvo kot t notvtoqovc.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 02G
Avopcovo oq t\toypoto, ouykptvcc qv onootkoqo uv c0ouv ctooyuyq , mulLl-
Lapplng kot CL? yto ktvqc ouokcuc.
O#H E>?/C 9)>0;C884+7, )>M,(:,T 3) ;,(01*T *S?9+)T (?(1)?*T
zqv cvoqo ouq ovocpoooc oc ncpt\\ovo cpyooto c tcnoc nou ctvot nto uotkc,
yto qv cntcuq o\\q\cntpooq c o pqoq.
O#H#" F48?7>4901*T s9701*T @0)9,/*T
Ct pqoc to0couv oto0qoct ncpo ono qv opooq, cou uv onotuv nopouv vo ovt\q0ouv
n\qpooptc kot vo o\\q\cntpoouv c ov uno\oytoq. po o nopov, o nopoootok


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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ncpt\\ovo cpyooto cv ckco\\cuovot o\c t oto0qoct ou pqoq. Ct !almes kot Sebe
upt(ouv ou ponou o\\q\cntpooq oc uo koqyoptc: t ov0puntvc oto0qoct kot \\c
cvo\oytkc c0oou onu o novtkt kot o n\qkpo\oyto. Lntoq opt(ouv o cq ctq
no\upontkuv tcnouv: Atcnoc ovt\qq, Atcnoc npoooq, opcc tcnoc, Cntkc
tcnoc. ouv0coq no\\on\uv ponuv tcnoq ctvot uoko\q tot o oqoo nou ovtvcuovot
ctvot oc toopctkc opc couv toopctkq ouvoqo kot oou ov0punou, cvonotouvot oc
toopctk cntco, ov\oyo c o t ovtvcucot q cvcpyctot.
O#H#5 @0)9,/*T =)0>4+430<+
ovtvcuoq ktvqocuv ou ouoo kot q coponq ou oc oqoo c\cyou ctvot cvo okoo pono
tcnoq kot o\\q\cntpooq c ov uno\oytoq. ?npouv pto kupto ctq ctpovotuv: cpto kot
no\c, kc\t kot npoouno, ktvqoq n\qpou ouoo. ovtvcuoq nopct vo ytvct cou
oto0qqpuv cnvu oo ouo, q c qv pqoq kcpo kot qv pqoq uno\oytotkq opooq.
ovtvcuoq q ktvqoq ou ouoo kot cpooq q oc cvo\q cncptcct opkc npo\qoo,
\oyu q ouvq oocto q ktvqoq, q ocotoqo kot q co\qoqo uv ktvqocuv. lto
qv ovtcuntoq ouuv uv npo\quv ouvq0u ptotonotouvot o0qotk ovc\o nou
oot(ovot oc kpuc o\uotc arov, q qv oooq \oytkq (uy).
O#H#H I+7,+,18,(701C 1,0 G+)>MC (?(7'3,7, 9>4;48'T
zqv cvoqo ouq ovo\ucot o pono \ctoupyto uv ovovok\ootkuv couv npoo\q kot q
pqoq ou ono ouokcuc onu ouokcuc ovyvuoq q\ckpovtkuv t\tuv.
O#H#N D?+J?C%4+7,T @0)9,/*T )0(2J4? 1,0 )S2J4? J)J43*+&+
Mcpt upo ou(qqooc yto tcnoc onou q ctooo kot q coo cocvuv ytvovot ono
cuptoc ouokcuc (n.. coktvuvo o novtkt ctoyouc cocvo, cvu q coyuyq cocvuv
npo c ytvcot ono \\q ouokcuq, qv o0ovq). Mto ono t npuc copoyc nou ovotyvuov qv
ctooo kot coo cocvuv oc to ouokcuq qov q o0ovc oq. Auc ot ouokcuc unooqpt(ouv ot
ovo qv koctq ontkuv ootctuv cou on\ou noqoo, o\\ kot opc ctpovotuv nou
nopouv vo ytvouv c o ku\o ko0u ou y\toouv cnvu q. Lntoq couc qq ccoct t
onc tcnoc (kc.2) nou koookcu(ovot c qv cvouuoq oto0qqpuv oc kotv ovtkctcvo.
Auc toupt(ovot oc tcnoc c n\qpq cvouuoq, onou q ouokcuq ctooyuyq pqotonotctot
cntoq kot yto qv coyuyq, kovtvq cvouuoq onou q coyuyq ytvcot knou n\qotov q
ctooyuyq kot onookpuocvq cvouuoq onou ot ouokcuc ctooyuyq kot coyuyq ctvot
opkc okpt. C elmoLo pqotonotct ov opo opyovtkc tcnoc kot opyovtkq o\\q\cntpooq
yto tcnoc nou npoooot(ouv qv uotkq o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou-ncpt\\ovo kot
ov0punou-ov0punou. Ct erLegaal kot oupyrev opt(ouv pto opokqptotk yto t opyovtkc
tcnoc: ko'op, q ouokcuq npoo\q nopct vo ctvot kot ouokcuq ctooyuyq. Acucpov, q
ouokcuq npoo\q nopct vo npct onotoqnoc oqo. 1ptuv, ot ouokcuc npoo\q nopouv vo
o\\ouv. Mto cvo\oyto nou o oqyct npo qv u\onotqoq opyovtkuv tcnouv, ctvot q Lu,
ovtkoooq uv o0ovuv Lu, nou cntpcnct o tn\uo q o u\tyo to o0ovq.


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O#H#O $=.701*T J0)9,/*T
1o kupto n\covckqo ouuv ctvot ot unooqpt(ouv qv ctooyuyq kot coyuyq cocvuv upt
cpto. Ct ootkc npok\qoct oqv koookcuq ouuv uv tcnouv ctvot q cpooq uv
ctooyocvuv cocvuv oc ncpt\\ovo uq\ou 0opuou, q ovoyvuptoq uvq kot q uotkq
y\uootkq cnccpyooto. ?npouv uo kupto ctq, ovo\oyu c o cov oot(ovot oqv uvq q ot.
Mo(t c t ontkc tcnoc, onoc\ouv oqovtko kot q koookcuq cvo ncpt\\ovo
cpyooto yto pqoc c ovonqptc.
O#H#P @0)9,/*T /?(01'T M8<((,T
1cotou ctou tcnoc pqotonotouv ouoqoo cnccpyooto cvo\uv nou tovot ono ou
pqoc ou oc uotkq y\uooo, yto qv coponq ou oc cvo\c. Av kot o n\covckqoo nopct
vo ctvot npoovq, cvouot unpouv opkc npo\qoo onu n.. q ouv otoqq ouvoq uv
npoocuv. Ct cvo\c uotkq y\uooo nopct vo ctvot n\qkpo\oyoucvc, ctpoypoc q
ot\oucvc.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 020
Avocpcc o kupto ctq ctpovotuv nou nopct vo pqotonotqoct cvo ouoqo yto q qtoupyto
tcnouv. ot ctvot o ootk npo\qoo q pqoq ouuv uv cvtkuv
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02R
1t ctvot ot qqtkc tcnoc Avocpcc kotv nopoctyoo pqoq qqtkuv tcnouv oc
unpovo ktvq ouoqoo uno\oytoou.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 02L
Ct notvtoqovc oqcpo unooqpt(ouv no\\on\ou ponou tcnoq c o pqoq. Avocpcc o
ctq no\upontkuv tcnouv nou unooqpt(ouv o nlnLendo ll, Sony laysLaLlon 3 kot lcrosoL
xbo 360.
O#N E>?/*T J0)9,/*T 3*(& /4>)7<+ 1,0 )3/?7)?3*+&+ (?(1)?<+
O#N#" 6)7,L,+K><90+4 34+7*84 7)=+484M:,T
zo ovc\o ouo q cvo\oyto cnckctvct qv ouvctqq cnctpto kot qv oto0qoq nopouoto uv
ov0punuv, oo upo kot ov povo. co-ov0puntvq cvo\oyto upt(cot oc ouvocuouoo, opcq
kot cucucvq.
O#N#5 G014+01' 1,0 G9,?S.3*+. 9>,M3,70127.7,
ctkovtq npoyotkoqo u0t(ct ov pqoq oc cvo ctkovtko ptotooo kooo, cvu q cnouqcvq
npoyotkoqo npoono0ct vo kvct qv o\\q\cntpooq c ov u\tko kooo nto ctkovtkq, tovo
qtokc tkovoqc oc ko\\q\o u\tk ovtkctcvo. zqv cnouqcvq npoyotkoqo, ot
q\ckpovtkc ctkovc npo\\ovot nvu oov npoyotko kooo, kot cot ot ctkovc ou npoyotkou


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

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kot ou ctkovtkou kooou ouvu(ovot. Mnopct cot vo 0cupq0ct ot q ctkovtkq npoyotkoqo
onoc\ct unoouvo\o q cnouqcvq, q cncptcovo kovcvo cpo ou u\tkou kooou.
O#N#H I88.8)9:J>,(. 3) /4>)74dT ?9484M0(7*T
ouoto uv opcuv uno\oytouv ctvot q cvouuoq uno\oytouv oc otqnoc opc yto vo
ko\uouc q vo tokooqoouc o ouo o. C ann 0cct pto kptqpto yto ov optoo uv
opcuv uno\oytouv:
1o cuotovtko kptqpto (q ouokcuq cv tokptvcot oov kt cuptoo ono ov pqoq)
1o unoptoko kptqpto (ot ouokcuc ctvot c\cyocvc ono o pqoq)
1o cqcpo kptqpto (ot ko0uocpqoct oqv o\\q\cntpooq kot qv \ctoupyto ctvot no\u
tkpc).
cvoqo ovocpct cptk ono o opokqptotk uv ouokcuuv uu, LyeLap kot u. Avocpovot
cntoq o tkuo oto0qqpuv nou nopct vo ptokovot cvououcvo oc pouo.
O#N#N A9484M0(701C )3/?7)d3,7, 1,0 @0)9,/*T GM1)/C84?LA9484M0(7'
zqv cvoqo ouq ncptypovot optocvc nputc npoon0ctc yto ov c\cyo uno\oytotkuv
ouokcuuv cou ou cykc\ou, kt nou 0cupctot oov qv n\cov ono\uq uotkq tcnoq c ov
uno\oytoq. Ct tcnoc cykc\ou-uno\oytoq tokptvovot oc uo koqyoptc, t tctoutkc kot
t q-tctoutkc, ov\oyo c o cv onotouv on'cu0cto ouvcoq c o ov0puntvo vcuptko
ouoqo q ckco\\cuovot \\o otvocvo onu o cykco\tk q\ckpooyvqtk kuoo.
O#N#O I:(K.(. 7.T 9,>4?(:,T 1,0 7.8)9,>4?(:,
zo co-ov0puntvo ovc\o, q cvo\oyto cnckctvct qv ouvctqq cnctpto kot qv oto0qoq
nopouoto uv ov0punuv, oo upo kot ov povo. npoyotkoqo yto cvo pqoq nopct vo ytvct
ovt\qnq on'ouov c toopctkou ponou, c pqoq qtkuv, uo\oyto q kot cvo\oyto.
q\cnopouoto ovocpcot oqv oto0qoq ou ooou ot ctvot nopovc oc knoto ono0coto kot
ookouv cntppoq kot c\cyo oqv ono0coto ouq, cvu oqv npoyotkoqo ptokovot knou o\\ou.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 02S
1o cpyo lnorlLy eporL 0cupq0qkc npuonoptoko ytot onctkovt(c tou yto npuq op c y\oupo
pono qv o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou-uno\oytoq c qv pqoq uotkuv tcnouv onu ctpovotc
kot qo. ot(cc ot q cvo\oyto nou onotctot yto qv u\onotqoq cvo cotou ouoqoo
unpct oqcpo kot ov vot, t cct onopcct qv o(tkocpq ctooyuyq kot pqoq q
O#O I+K>&941)+7>01' (=)J:,(.
ov0punokcvptkq q pqookcvptkq octooq ooo\ctot c ov octooo uv cpuv cvo
ouoqoo c o onoto o\\q\cntpouv ot pqoc.


"#$%&$'(&) *(+,&'$-./ 0+12' 345$64)7 8-5$2(-+4-') 9 :-'4216'$(-)

zA? 31

4


O#O#" Ed184T %&'T ,+K>&941)+7>014d (=)J0,(34d
Ct oct ou kuk\ou (uq ou ov0punokcvptkou octooou ctvot 1) ou\\oyq kot ov\uoq
onotqocuv, 2) ovc\onotqoq kot octooo, 3) copoyq kot 4) oto\oyqoq. C o\o kuk\o (uq
npoooot(ct o kuk\tko ovc\o npuounuv. 1o npouno lS 13407 yto ov ov0punokcvptko
octooo ovocpct 4 ootkc opc: 1) qv cvcpyq ovctq uv pqouv kot qv ck0opq
koovoqoq uv pqouv kot uv onotqocuv cpyooto, 2) qv ko\\q\q ov0coq \ctoupytuv oou
ov0punou kot qv cvo\oyto ov\oyo c t octkc ou tkovoqc, 3) qv ovonocukq
cnov\qq ocuv to kot ot octooc onvto koocpvouv cvo ono\uo ouoo onoc\coo c
qv npuq op kot 4) to tcntoqovtkq npoocyytoq ko ov octooo.
O#O#5 6*K4J40 M0, 7.+ )39841' =>.(7<+(74 (=)J0,(32 1,0 7.+ 1,7,(1)?' 34+7*8&+
7&+ =>.(7<+
?npouv uo ootkc koqyoptc c0ouv yto qv cn\okq uv pqouv ko o octooo kot qv
coyuyq octootkuv onotqocuv, q cpcuvo oo ncto, onou ot pqoc nopouv vo nopoqpq0ouv
oo uotko ou ncpt\\ov, kot q cpcuvo pqotkoqo oc c\cyocvc ouv0qkc (ouvq0u oo
cpyooqpto). Lntoq unpouv uo ootkot unot tcoyuyq q cpcuvo, c qv coq q qv ccoq
o\\q\cntpooq c ou pqoc ko qv nopoqpqoq ou. Ct c0oot kot uv uo unuv kot ono t
uo koqyoptc 0o npcnct vo ovotyvuovot ko ov octooo cvo zA? to kot q uoq ou ctvot
oun\qpuotkq.
Mc0oou coq o\\q\cntpooq c o pqoq onoc\ouv o cpuqoo\oyto, ot ouvcvcuct, ot
cnt0cupqoct, ot oc cotooq (ocus groups) kot ot yvuotkc ncpttooct (cognlLlve
walLhroughs). Ct ouvcvcuct nopct vo couv oqcvq q c\cu0cpq opq, q tyo kot uv uo.
ko t cnt0cupqoct, ot pqoc o\\ kot cttkot ou oco q pqotkoqo, cc(ouv cvo
npuouno u npo qv pqotkoq ou c oq ccttkcucvo kptqpto pqotkoqo. ko qv
yvuotkq ncpttooq cvo npuounou, ot pqoc q cttkot ncpttootvouv cvo npuouno
oko\ou0uvo t octpc cvcpyctuv nou npcnct vo ckc\coouv yto qv cntcuq cvo okonou,
kooypovo qv tkovoqo ou pqoq vo ovoyvupt(ct notc cvcpyctc 0o npcnct vo ckc\coouv,
notc cvcpyctc ctvot to0cotc kot ov ytvcot koovoqq q onokptoq ou ouoqoo ot cvcpyctc
ou pqoq. nopoqpqoq uv pqouv oc uotko q c\cyocvo ncpt\\ov onookonct oqv
kooypoq uv cvcpyctuv ou kot q ouncptop ou ko qv c\cu0cpq cokqoq uv
ko0qkovuv ou. Lvu ko qv cpyooqptokq nopoqpqoq ot cvcpyctc nou 0o ckc\coouv ot pqoc
ctvot ouvq0u npoko0optocvc, q nopoqpqoq oo ncto nopct vo cvcct uoko\tc oqv
koovoqoq ou t npoono0ct vo ckc\coct knoto. Lot optocvc opc q nopoqpqoq nopct vo
ouvuooct c \\c cvtkc onu q yvuotkq ncpttooq q q onotqoq ono ou pqoc vo
okcovot uvo uoc vo cto\uvct q otoqto. 1c\o, unpouv knoto npoyvuotk
noootk ovc\o onu o CS k nou nopouv vo uno\oytoouv o\\q\outc o\\q\cntpocuv
(nqo n\qkpuv, ktvqoq ou novtktou k\) uoc vo qv ctvot onopotqq q cvcpyq oucoq uv
pqouv ko ov c\cyo cvo ovc\ou. u coto ovc\o ncptopt(ovot oc ouoqoo c
cnovo\oovocvc q npo\ctc cvcpyct.


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O#O#H R4 )014+012 1,0 ?8012 98,:(04 =>'(.T
C ko0optoo ou ctkovtkou n\ototou pqoq cvo ouoqoo oop q octooq uv coucptkuv
\ctoupytuv cvo ouoqoo kot uv cucptkuv \ctoupytuv onu n. qv o\\q\cntpooq c \\o
ouoqoo. 1o u\tko n\ototo pqoq oop t ouv0qkc \ctoupyto cvo ouoqoo kot o uotko
ncpt\\ov yupu ou.
O#O#N E,K4>0(32T 74? 98,0(:4? =>'(.T ,+K><90+4? 9)>0;C884+74T
1o n\ototo ouo oop kuptu o opokqptotk cvo pqoq, o kotvuvtko n\ototo kot o n\ototo
pqotkoqo. 1o opokqptotk cvo pqoq oopouv t onotqoct ono t npotqoct ou, t
tkovoqc ou k\. 1o kotvuvtko n\ototo oop qv pqoq uv ouokcuuv oc npoountkou q
qootou upou kot qv pqoq uno qv npoountkq kot onok\ctotkq cvvoto q uno cvo n\ototo
kovovuv cvo opyovtoou. oov oop o n\ototo pqotkoqo, ouuvo kot c o lS 241 11,
ouq oop o o0o oov onoto cvo npotov nopct vo pqotonotq0ct ono ouykckptcvou pqoc
yto qv cntcuq ouykckptcvuv okonuv c onoc\cootkoqo, onootkoqo kot tkovonotqoq.
O#O#O D=)J:,(. ,88.8)9:J>,(.T
lto vo \ctoupyqoouv to ouokcuq, ot pqoc ouvq0u t(ouv voqtk ovc\o ou nu \ctoupyct
yto vo npo\couv qv ouncptop q kot vo ootoouv t o\\q\cntpoct ou o(t q. Mc qv
ouvcq pqoq, o ovc\o ou nououv vo pqotonotouvot kot cpotuvovot ouvq0ctc nou
oq0ouv ov pqoq vo cvcpyct upt vo pct(cot vo o okcct. no\un\okoqo q
o\\q\cntpooq c yvuoo ouoqoo ctuvcot cv ou ncptcouv koto nou tvouv toupc
cvctct (aordances) yto o nu pqotonotouvot. Ct cvctct ouc ou oot(ovot no\\c opc
oqv cnctpto kot qv kou\oupo uv pqouv kot ctvot unokctcvtkc. Lvo \\o pono ctuoq q
no\un\okoqo q o\\q\cntpooq ctvot o octooo c oq cvvoto\oytk ovc\o nou
ovonokptvovot kot otpt(ouv oo voqtk ovc\o nou tvouv ot pqoc. Lvo kotvo pono
yto qv cntcuq ouou ctvot q ovtootcto ctkovtkuv ovtkctcvuv c u\tk ovtkctcvo (n.. ko
ovokuk\uoq uv lndows), ov kot q q ono\uq ovtootto nopct vo ncpcct ou pqoc
(noto (ct cvo ko\0t uv opqouv nvu oqv cntvcto cpyooto ou ypoctou ou).
pqotkoqo cvo ouoqoo ctuvcot oov ouo npo\\ct cvo cvvoto\oytko ovc\o ono o
onoto o pqoq c nopct vo toct cvo voqtko ovc\o (n.. qvuoo \0ou nou oqotvouv kt
yto ou npoypootoc o\\ ono\uu tnoo yto cvo pqoq).
O#O#P IS0482M.(.
oqooto q oto\oyqoq cvo octoocvou npotovo ctvot cy\q to kot y\tuvct kono
cntpcnovo qv cntkcvpuoq oqv cnt\uoq npo\quv nou npokunouv ootcto npoyotkq
pqoq kot ot oc ovootk npo\qoo nou nopct vo qv npokuouv noc. Lntoq ono
cntctpqotkq noq unpouv oqovtkot \oyot yto ouoq oto\oyqoq \oyu ctuoq ou kooou
kot ctkovo otontoto q cntctpqoq. Ct c0oot oto\oyqoq nopct vo ootoouv cnvu ot
ttc c0oou nou pqotonotouvot kot yto ov ko0optoo onotqocuv, onu npoovocp0qkov.



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[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02\
Avocpcc ou ponou c ou onotou ot pqoc nopouv vo cn\okouv coo q ccoo oo
octooo tcnouv c o zA?
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02K
oto ctvot q oqooto q oto\oyqoq q o\\q\cntpooq c to ouokcuq, onu ouq cct
octooct
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 020
zo ovot0cot o octooo, q u\onotqoq kot q oto\oyqoq cvo \oytotkou yto ktvq q\cuvo nou
ovo\ovct vo n\qpoopqoct ou pqoc ou yto o nooo ycc ono kooo nopct vo ctvot ot
koccptc oc to ncptoq (cou ot unqpc pono vo ovtvcucot ouooo q n\qpoqo oc k0c
kooqo). Lntn\cov uv cvtkuv nou ovocpovot oo t\to, c\cqoc q t\toypoto yto qv
cvtkq ulscounL usablllLy esLlng. Mc oq o ovucpu, onovqoc oo oko\ou0o cpuqo: zc not
oto ou kuk\ou ovnuq 0o ovotyvuoc ou nt0ovou pqoc kot notc c0oou 0o
cnt\cyoc vo pqotonotqocc zqv onvqoq oo vo \q0ct un'otv o kooo cupcoq kot
ono(qtuoq uv pqouv yto o povo ou kot vo c0ct oov ooo q c\otoonotqoq ou kooou
ouou toqpuvo o cytoo uvo oc\q ono q totkooto.
O#P 64+7*8, =>.(7<+U E,7,(1)?' 1,0 ,9)012+0(.
1o ovc\o n\ototou pqouv nopct vo ctu0ouv ono qv n\cup uv pqouv (nu ouot \cnouv
cvo ouoqo) kot ou ouoqoo (nu ouo \cnct ou pqoc). ?npouv toopctkc cnt\oyc
yto q ovc\onotqoq uv pqouv onu:
unovvooucvo kot ooq ovc\o (koookcuq cou nopoqpqoq q coq o\\q\cntpooq
c ou pqoc)
poountk q ocpcountk ovc\o
zotk q uvotk ovc\o
lcvtk q ouykckptcvo ovc\o ov\oyo c qv copoyq
Movc\o oot(ocvo oc ncptcocvo q ouvcpyotk
cnt\uoq ou npo\qoo onokqoq yvuoq yto ov pqoq nopct vo ytvct c qv coq
cncpuqoq ou ooov oop t npotqoct ou (coq ovopoooqoq ou ouoqoo) q qv
nopoko\ou0qoq ko qv pqoq (ccoq ovopoooqoq). \c ot cnt\oyc ouc nopouv vo
ouvuooouv kot oc upttk ovc\o nou tou oqyqoouv oc nto onoc\cootkq koovoqoq uv
pqouv.
O#P#" ^33)(. )0(,M&M' ,92 74 =>'(7. 1,0 34+7)8494:.(.
Movc\o uv pqouv nopouv vo qtoupyq0ouv c qv ou\\oyq kot ov\uoq ccouv ctooyuyuv
cocvuv ono o pqoq kot qv ouvcoq ou c ooou uv pqouv nou oopouv cpyootc kot


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pooqptoqc. 1o ovc\o pqouv c cntyvuoq n\ototou nopct vo \ovouv un'otv o pcov
n\ototo cvo pqoq kot t o\\q\cntpoct ou, q vo ouncpt\ovouv o tooptko npoqyoucvuv
o\\q\cntpocuv. Movc\o ootkuv ouncptopuv nopouv cntoq vo pqotonotq0ouv yto vo
tcuko\uvouv o\\q\cntpoct covocvuv pqouv.
O#P#5 b3)(. )0(,M&M' ,92 74 =>'(7. 1,0 34+7)8494:.(.
Lu unpouv uo ponot ovkqoq uv npotqocuv cvo pqoq to cvc\cq ccooq c q
opq cpuqoo\oytou q ouvcvcuq, q q onopotkq cncpuqoq ou pqoq yto \tyo ootcto. zc
ocoq c qv ccoq ou\\oyq ootctuv yto q ovc\onotqoq cvo pqoq, q coq o\\q\cntpooq
ctvot nto cvo\qtkq kot povoopo. Ano qv \\q q ccoq ou\\oyq ooctuv ctvot nto ovokptq
o\\ cv cvo\ct ou pqoc. Lntoq cncptcct nt0ovu npo\qoo ooov oop 0coo c\cyou
ono o pqoq kot toqpqoq q npooooto q ttutkq (uq.
O#P#H D7)>)27?9,
1o ocpcouno ouncpotvouv o ovc\o ou pqoq ono cvo tkpo opt0o ootctuv,
pqotonotuvo cvo no\u cyo\ucpo n\q0o ootctuv ono cvo ycvtko ovc\o pqoq. Lvo
ocpcouno onoc\ctot cot ono cvo ouvo\o tuv yto topo ootcto, ot onotc ouvocuovot ono
tc cotoqo ko0u kot cvo ouvo\o ottuv nou tkoto\oyouv t tc.
O#P#N 64+7)8494:.(. 7&+ 9>4M>,33,70(3*+&+ )>M,(0<+ 1,0 (72=&+ 7&+ =>.(7<+
Mto cvtkq nou pqotonotctot yto qv ov\uoq kot ovc\onotqoq uv cpyootuv uv pqouv ctvot
q cpoptkq Av\uoq Lpyootuv, q onoto onoouv0cct cvo ooo oc to tcpopto npcuv. Lot,
no\un\okc cvcpyctc nopouv vo onoouv0c0ouv oc cvo ouvo\o on\uv cvcpyctuv ouu uoc vo
optoouv ot cvcpyctc oc ko\\q\o cntnco \cnocpcto kot vo unooqpt0ouv ono o ouoqo.
O#P#O F488,98*T )>M,(:)T 1,0 @>,(7.>041)+7>012T ?9484M0(32T
zc ovt0coq c qv pqoq npoountkuv uno\oytouv, \\c opc uno\oytoou (n.. oc cvo zA?)
nopct vo \ouv upo uoc vo unooqptouv ov0puntvq pooqptoqo nou ctvot tokckocvq,
vootkq, tkpq tpkcto kot ton\cycvq c qv pooqptoqo \\uv ov0punuv q c \\c
pooqptoqc ycvtkocpo. Cptocvc opc nou cq0qoov ono o cpyo classroom 2000 yto qv
unooqptq cotuv ko0qcptvuv ocvoptuv ctvot:
ot pooqptoc onvto couv optocvq opq kot c\o
ot tokonc ctvot ovocvocvc
no\\on\c pooqptoqc ouotvouv ouopovo
n\ototo (onu o povo) ctvot pqoto yto o t\pptoo kot qv npooopoyq
pct(ovot ouoctotk ovc\o n\qpoopto
C ardram opokqpt(ct ov pooqptokcvptko uno\oytoo oov ovcpqo copoyq, \ovuv
upo oc no\\on\c cpyootc copoyuv, unooqpt(uv nuoq kot cnovckktvqoq, unooqpt(uv qv
ncptop uv pqouv, npooopo(ocvo oou unpovc nopou, otpo(ocvo c no\\on\ou
ouvcpyc kot covo cntyvuoq n\ototou.


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O#P#P 64+7*8, )+)>M)0<+ 1,7C(7,(.T 1,0 9>4M>,33,70(3*+&+ )+)>M)0<+
tcpoptkq ov\uoq cpyootuv ctvot cvo pono npoypootoou uv cvcpyctuv kot koookcuq
ovc\uv nou npono0cct ot o pqoq nopct vo optoct cvo okono, ot npoko0optocvo octo yto
qv cntcuq ouou ou okonou couv ytvct kot ot unpouv cntn\cov octo ckokq ovykq oqv
ncptnuoq nou kt nct opo. Mto \\q npoocyytoq ctvot vo optoct cvo okono o\\ vo qv
npoko0optoct knoto octo yto qv cntcuq ou. Av'ouou, nopct vo ytvcot oc k0c oq to
cktqoq yto o not cvcpycto 0o nopouoc vo cpct o pqoq kovucpo oo okono ou.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 02F
Cptoc ou unou ovc\uv pqouv nou nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv oc cvo zA?.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 02R
Avo(qqoc oq t\toypoto o (qqo ou cold sLarL oo n\qpooptok ouoqoo npoocuv
(recommender sysLems). zc noto o0o ncot o (qqo ouo oqv koookcuq kot pqoq ovc\uv
pqouv yto qv o\\q\cntpooq oo zA?
O#Q D=)J0,(32T ?94+44d3)+.T ,88.8)9:J>,(.T
O#Q#" l,>,17.>0(701C 34+7*8&+ ?94+44d3)+.T ,88.8)9:J>,(.T
1o octootko ovc\o cunvq o\\q\cntpooq ncpt\ovct o cq opokqptotk:
uotkq o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou uno\oytoq.
Movc\o pqouv nou oot(ovot oc
o Movc\o npoqyoucvuv o\\q\cntpocuv ou pqoq
o zuvo\o ovc\uv o\\q\cntpocuv nou oqot(ouv ocpcouno
Lntyvuoq n\ototou pqoq
O#Q#5 G9:M+&(. 98,0(:4? =>'(7.
1o n\ototo pqoq nopct vo ncptcct o oko\ou0o opokqptotk:
uotk opokqptotk kot tkovoqc uv pqouv
opouoto uv pqouv oc knoto upo q ovtvcucvq pooqptoqo oo n\ototo knoto
copoyq
1ouoqo ou pqoq
zctoocvc cvcpyctc kot ooot ou pqoq
Lvcpyctc ou pqoq nou nopct vo ctvot ou0opqc kot q octoocvc, nop\\q\c c
\\c, ncpt\ovouoc ouv0cc cvcpyctc kot koovcqcvc oc no\\on\c ouokcuc
1qv ouvoto0qotkq kooooq ou pqoq


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O#Q#H G+(7017<J.T 1,0 F>4(,>34(3*+. ,88.8)9:J>,(.
zqv cvoqo ouq ou(qot q ovykq yto onouyq ou nopoootokou ovc\ou cntvcto
cpyooto oo zA?. Atovot ot opc uv oran kot Zhal yto qv coponq ou ovc\ou ouou oc
kt nto toupo nou nopct vo unooqptct qv pqoo-kcvptkq o\\q\cntpooq ot copoyc zA?.
1. Ano o octo ypoctou oo poountko co \qpooptuv
2. Ano qv cntvcto cpyooto oc cvo notkt\o ouvo\o ontkuv ovonopooocuv
3. Ano qv o\\q\cntpooq c to ouokcuq oqv o\\q\cntpooq c no\\c
4. Ano o novtkt kot o n\qkpo\oyto oc cvo cyo\ucpo ouvo\o o\\q\cntpocuv kot couv
3. Mcoop \ctoupytuv ono t copoyc ot unqpcotc
6. Ano t npoountkc o\\q\cntpoct, ot ootkc kot ot kotvuvtkc
7. Ano t cpyootc oq\ou cntncou ot cpyootc uq\ou cntncou
O#Q#N GS,743:1)?(.
1o n\covckqoo ono qv cootkcuoq ouoquv kot unqpcotuv uoc vo otpt(ouv ot
npotqoct cvo pqoq ctvot npoovq kot ncpt\ovouv cou \\uv qv cuko\ocpq npooooq
oc unqpcotc, qv ko\ucpq cunqpcqoq uv pqouv, qv ctuoq q uncpopuoq c
n\qpooptc, qv ko\ucpq pqotkoqo kot qv cyo\ucpq tkovonotqoq uv pqouv. u, ouq
nopct vo cvcct kot ctovckqoo, onu q onu\cto q ovuvuto, q ttutkoqo q (uq, ou
c\cyou nvu oc cvo ouoqo, qv ctuoq uv cnt\oyuv nou nopct vo npoocpovot cou cvo
ouoqoo q q tkovonotqoq nou nopct vo cncptc\0ct cou uotuv ovoko\ucuv. Mto
toopponto cou ou\\oyq ootctuv yto cootkcuoq kot q ttutkoqo ou pqoq ctvot
cnt0uqq yto k0c ouoqo.
O#Q#O D?+,0(K.3,7012T ?9484M0(32TU ,88.8)90J>C()0T 3) 74 (?+,0(K.3,7012 98,:(04
74? =>'(7.
tco ou ouvoto0qotkou uno\oytoou onotcot oov lcard kot oop t o\\q\cntpoct nou
oct(ovot, npokunouv q cntppc(ouv o ouvoto0qoo uv pqouv. Ct octootkc npok\qoct
nou cyctpovot ono o ovc\o ouo ctvot:
1o cupo uv couv kot ponuv ckpooq uv ouvoto0quv ctvot cy\o
ckpooq uv ouvoto0quv ctvot ttoouykpotkq kot co\qq
1o yvuotk ovc\o yto o ov0puntvo ouvoto0qoo ctvot oc\q
npono0coq yto qv ckpooq ouvoto0quv ctvot o ouo o\\ ot uno\oytoc cv
cvoopkuvovot c ov tto pono onu ot v0punot
1o ouvoto0qoo ctvot npoountk kot ttutk
Acv unpct ovykq yto qv cnto\uvoq uv ko0op \oytkuv uno\oytouv c qv
ovtpootkoqo uv ouvoto0quv
O#Q#P E>07'>0, (=)J0,(34d 1,0 347:;,
zqv cvoqo ouq tovot knoto oq\ou cntncou kptqpto yto ov octooo uv ov0puntvuv
tcnouv (ncpto\\ovuv cpyooto) uv zA?, c oq ou ou ldwell. Atovot cntoq knoto


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uq\ou cntncou ootpctk oto pqoq kot o pono nou oct(ovot c o oq\ou cntncou
kptqpto octooou.
[=CP=P B678BN38;?<P=P9 021Y
ot ctvot o pto kupto opokqptotk nou cncptcct o ovc\o octooou q cunvq
o\\q\cntpooq ko q yvuq oo, ouvcovot c knoto ocoq q cntyvuoq n\ototou c qv
qtoupyto cootkcucvuv ouoquv kot nu
"EB=7PE3?7P7B 02R
Avo\uoc noto ko q yvuq oo ono o ko0tcpucvo ovc\o ovnuq \oytotkou otpt(ct
ko\ucpo oqv ovnuq tcnouv ov0punou-uno\oytoq yto o zA?, cnt\cyovo cou uv kou0t:
a. Movc\o kooppkq (waLerall)
b. znctpoctc ovc\o (splral)
c. Movc\o npuounonotqoq (proLoLyplng)
d. Lnovo\qntko ovc\o (lLeraLlve)





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] = WN9;:DRU ;7D[RAN065 G;7 H264835
%C8:?9
zo kc\oto ouo ovo\uovot pct oct ou tuou uno\oytoou nou oopouv o) q oqovoq
ou u\tkou kooou c cvo ctyo oto0qqpuv kot ctkcuv, nou cntpcnouv oo u\tk ovtkctcvo vo
ytvouv cpo q o\\q\cntpooq c ov ctkovtko kooo, ) qv cvouuoq oc u\tk ovtkctcvo
tkpoq\ckpoqovtkuv ouokcuuv cyc0ou t\toouv, tkpocpuv kot vovocpuv kot y) qv
npoouoq qtokuv tkovoquv kot q tkuuoq okpoqovtouv kot ouokcuuv, ouvocuocvuv
ono cvououcvo ouoqoo c\cyou tcpyooto, yto qv ouooonotqoq q o\\q\cntpooq kot
qv ouovoq \ctoupyto uv ouoquv.
ZE8=V8CU>JOB B:87J;D=>B7B
ov 0o ccc c\cqoct o kc\oto ouo 0o nopctc vo:
cptypcc q \ctoupyto ctkovtkuv ctkcuv kot ov pono nou ouc nopouv vo
cvouou0ouv oo zA?
Atokptvcc cou u\tkuv ctkcuv (n.. lu) kot ctkcuv ctkovtkq kot cnouqcvq
npoyotkoqo
koovoqocc qv \ctoupyto uv ouoquv oto0qqpuv kot ov pono o\\q\otkuuoq
ou kot cvouuoq ou oo u\tko ncpt\\ov
Lqyqocc o po\o uv ouoquv c\cyou kot uv ouovouv pono oo ncpt\\ovo zA?
MOO83J9 C;J3V34
Lunvc ctkcc, ctkovtkc ctkcc, lu, tkpoq\ckpoqovtkot oto0qqpc, tkuo oto0qqpuv,
cvououcvo ouoqoo, ouoqoo c\cyou, pono
P#" D'3,+(. 74? ?8014d 12(34?
?\tkc ctkcc ovo(ovot ot qtokc ctkcc nou onoc\ouv tkuucvc ouokcuc c knoto
opq ouoqo. oqovoq ou u\tkou kooou c cotc ctkcc unooqpt(ct qv nopoko\ou0qoq
kot cncpuqoq u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv uno ouykckptcvo n\ototo. Mto oqovtkq copoyq ouq q
tkovoqo unpct oqv cnouqcvq npoyotkoqo, q onoto ooo\ctot c qv ovtootqoq ou
u\tkou kooou c ov ctkovtko.
P#"#" Ed184T %&'T 7.T ('3,+(.T ?801<+ ,+701)03*+&+
zuvot(cot u cq:
)I]P to ctkovo ou u\tkou kooou q kooypoq u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv, n.. coktvqoq
to ouokcuq ovyvuoq kov oc to ctkco q o ovtopoo


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*B678:8QP=P u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv
(:3=I>BO=P I =6=5D73=P ovtkctcvuv
!E<4O^=P I V?>P=P ovtkctcvuv
ZBE86=QB=P uv cocvuv uv qtokuv ctkcuv oc ocoq c o u\tk ovtkctcvo nou
oopouv
"3B5JQE3=P q totkooto oqovoq nou ncpt\ovct q qtoupyto, cnccpyooto,
ootpcoq, cnovokuk\uoq, ono0qkcuoq, cncpuqoq kot c\cyo npooooq oo cocvo.
P#"#5 G:J. 1,0 =,>,17.>0(701C )701)7<+
C ckay ncptypct pct npoocyytoct yto qv qtokq cnouqoq uv u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv: 1)
cnouqoq ou pqoq c qv pqoq qtonotqcvuv ocuv ou u\tkou kooou 2) cnouqoq uv
u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv cou oqovoq c ko\\q\c ctkcc kot 3) cnouqoq ou ncpt\\ovo nou
ncpt\\ct ov pqoq kot o ovtkctcvo. C ansen cntkcvpuvct qv ov\uoq ou oo tto 0co oqv
nopouotooq q oqovoq kot oq tkptoq cou ncptnuocuv onou o u\tko ovtkctcvo ctvot oo
tto cpo c qv ctkco q onookpuocvo. Mto u\tkq ctkco nopct vo ovtnpoouncuct no\\on\c
ctkovtkc ctkcc cvu to ctkovtkq ctkco cv ctvot onopotqo vo ovtnpoouncucot ono knoto
u\tkq ctkco.
P#"#H @0,=):>0(. ?801<+ 1,0 )014+01<+ )701)7<+
toctptoq no\\on\uv ctkcuv ovtcunt(ct no\\ 0coo, opkc ono o onoto oopouv cntoq
kot ou oto0qqpc. Mcptk nopoctyoo ctvot:
npooko\\qoq oc ovtkctcvo ko q qtoupyto q opyocpo
npoouptvq q ovtq npooko\\qoq oc ovtkctcvo
kooopoq ou ko qv kooopoq ou ovtkctcvou
nt0ovq ovykq vo ctvot ovoyvuotc uno ovtoc ouv0qkc (poq, okot, cvovo u)
t0ovc nopco\c uv ouokcuuv ovyvuoq \oyu no\\on\q nopouoto ou oc tkpo
upo
toctptoq n\cov(ovuv cocvuv
Ato\ctoupytkoqo cou toopctkuv ouoquv oqovoq
Lntyvuoq ou ov0punou-koou ou u\tkou ovtkctcvou ot ouo ncptcct qtokq ctkco
P#"#N G701*7)T tu][ _R,?7494:.(. 3*(& >,J04(?=+47'7&+`
Ct ctkcc potoouvoquv cntpcnouv qv ouonotqoq u\tkuv ovtkctcvuv ooupoo.
Atoupt(ovot oc uo ctq, t cvcpyc kot no0qtkc ctkcc, ov\oyo c o ov to0couv tkq ou
nqyq cvcpycto q poooouvot ono o potokuoo nou ckncnct q ouokcuq ovyvuoq. Ct
cvcpyc ctkcc couv kot cyo\ucpq cc\cto (20-100 cpo, ouykpttk c o \tyo ckooo u 10
cpo nou couv ot no0qtkc). Lvo ouoqo oot(ocvo oc cotc ctkcc cct uo kupto cpq t
ctkcc kot t ouokcuc ovyvuoq.


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P#"#O GS,74301)?3*+)T 1,0 140+&+01*T )701*7)T
1o kupto nopoctyoo oqovoq ou u\tkou kooou oopouv qv cotptkq pqoq. ?npouv ou
kot cpcuvqtkc npoon0ctc nou oopouv qv oqovoq ocuv ou u\tkou kooou yto npoountkq
pqoq. Lvo oqovtko nopctyo ctvot q pqoq uv semacodes nou onoc\ouvot ono u
kutkonotqcvo oc ypotkou kutkc 2 tooocuv (2u barcodes). Auot nopouv vo ckunu0ouv
kot vo cntko\\q0ouv oc topo ovtkctcvo. Mto ouokcuq ovyvuoq onu cvo ktvqo c kcpo
kot ouvcoq oo tvcpvc, nopct vo tooct t ctkcc kot vo kocu0uvct o pqoq ouooo oc
ncptcocvo oov too nou oop o u\tko ovtkctcvo. zc ocoq c t cntctpqotkc copoyc
nou ouvq0u oopouv on\ cocvo oc o\opt0qtkq opq, q oqovoq yto npoountkq pqoq
ctvot \tyocpo vccptvtotkq, unokctcvtkq kot no\upontkq, to kot nopct vo ncpt\ovct
no\ucotko ncptcocvo.
P#"#P 601>4 1,0 3C1>4 )701*7)T
Ltkcc onu ot ctkcc potoouvoquv couv okpocyc0o oopouv okpoovtkctcvo. Mc q
pqoq cvtkuv tkpoq\ckpoqovtkuv ouokcuuv, nopouv oo c\\ov vo \ouv cyc0o
vovocpuv, kt nou 0o nopouoc vo o cntpcct vo unooqctuoouc kot vo nopoqpqoouc ov
u\tko kooo oc onpoookqo cntnco \cnocpcto.
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R21
cptypc ov pono \ctoupyto uv ctkcuv lu. ot o n\covckqo ou oc ocoq c ou
ovotooou ypotkou kutkc (barcodes)
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2G
zc t tocpouv ot ctkcc lu ono ou ypotkou kutkc uo tooocuv (2u barcodes)
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2L
u 0o nopouoc vo pqotonotq0ct q cvo\oyto ctkcuv yto ov ko0optoo q 0coq oo
ncpt\\ov
"EB=7PE3?7P7B R21
Avocpcc ono cvo nopctyo ono npoountkq cnctpto q qv t\toypoto yto ov pono q
pqoq lu kot 2u barcodes yto qv cnuqoq uv pqouv, uv ovtkctcvuv kot ou ncpt\\ovo
onu opt(ct o ckay.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B R2G
Avo(qqoc oqv t\toypoto ov pono pqoq q cvo\oyto nC kot ncptypc ov. Avocpcc
cvo nopctyo pqoq q cvo\oyto ouq oov oco q o\\q\cntpooq ov0punou
uno\oytoq q ov0punou ncpt\\ovo cou q oq.


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P#5 I0(K.7'>)T 1,0 J:17?, ,0(K.7'>&+
Ct oto0qqpc ctvot ouokcuc nou copcnouv knoto uotko otvocvo onu 0cpokpooto, u,
qo, oc q\ckptk oqoo. Lvu ot qtokc ctkcc cotouv nvo o tto cocvo, o
cocvo nou cotct cvo oto0qqpo ctvot ouvcu coo\\ocvo. Ct ctkcc kot ot oto0qqpc
ctvot tkuucvc ouokcuc ouc nopyouv cocvo o onoto to \\q ouokcuq \ovct kot
cnccpy(cot.
P#5#" GS,>7'3,7, 1,0 J0,J01,(:)T (7, @:17?, ,0(K.7'>&+
Mnopouc vo touptoouc pto ctq ouokcuuv oc cvo tkuo oto0qqpuv: 1) koot ou\\oyq
cocvuv ono oto0qqpc, 2) koot ono0qkcuoq kot cnccpyooto cocvuv nou ou\\cyovot
ono o (1) kot 3) koot-nu\c nou ouvcouv ou koou ono0qkcuoq k cnccpyooto c
cucptkc ovoqc. zc cptk ctq tkuuv, o po\o uv kouv nopct vo ctvot no\\on\o (n.. ot
ouokcuc oto0qqpuv nopct vo cnccpy(ovot knoto cocvo q vo ovo\ovouv ko0qkovo
cntkotvuvto). Ct oto0qqpc opokqpt(ovot ono o kou0t:
opokqptotk uv otvocvuv nou ovtvcuouv
co\qoqo
uotk opokqptotk q ouokcuq
\ctoupytkq no\un\okoqo
P#5#5 $8)17>4+01C ,0(K.7'>&+
cptypovot oc ycvtkc ypoc ot kuptc \ctoupytc uv o\ok\qpucvuv kuk\uuv
oto0qqpuv: ovtvcuoq, cnccpyooto, cooq\qq kot toctptoq cvcpycto.
P#5#H A8012 J:17?4U F)>0;C884+c 9?1+27.7, 1,0 3)7CJ4(.
Ct oto0qqpc nopct vo nopoo0ouv oc pct oct: o) to oq npo-nopoq onou \ovct
upo cvo tookopntoo ono qv no\\on\q coq oto0qqpuv q qv ono0cqoq cvo npo cvo, )
to oq nopoq onou ot oto0qqpc nopct vo ktvq0ouv \oyu otvocvuv o\\oyq oqoo, yto
c\toonotqoq cvcpyctokq koov\uoq q o\\oyq po\ou kot 3) to oq cnovonopoq onou
pqotonotouvot cntn\cov oto0qqpc.
?npouv opkcot \oyot yto ou onotou npotot q pqoq no\\uv oto0qqpuv tkpq cc\cto
kot oq\q cvcpyctokq koov\uoq. ko'op cvo nukvo tkuo c\tuvct ov \oyo
oqoo0opuou ctuvovo t onoooct uv oto0qqpuv ono t nqyc cvtocpovo.
zqctuvcot cu ot q ootoopq koovoq uv oto0qqpuv cv ctvot onopotqo kot q c\toq,
to kot q onoctuoq ou oqoo kot o cnoto cv ctvot ootoopo. koontv, q cvcpyctokq
koov\uoq \oyu cntkotvuvtuv nopct vo c\toonotq0ct c qv pqoq ono\oyto mulLlhop. tto
cvo\oyto npoocpct kot cvo o0o ovoq oc \c oo tkuo to kot q cntkotvuvto nopct vo
poo\oyq0ct c no\\ou ponou.


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P#5#N @:17?4 J)J43*+&+U @>43482M.(. 1,0 @0)dK?+(.
Ct koot oc k0c tkuo nopct vo pct(cot vo ctvot tcu0uvotoooucvot c ovotko pono. 1o
npo\qo oc cy\q k\toko tkuo oto0qqpuv ctvot nu nopct vo ytvct ouo c pono nou vo
unooqpt(ct qv oq\q cvcpyctokq koov\uoq. zqv cvoqo ouq cc(cot to c0oo
tcu0uvotooqoq nou ovo(cot dlrecLed dluslon. ootkq tco ouq ctvot q ovoooto uv
cocvuv ovt uv kouv c cucptk octk cocvo, onu o cto uv cocvuv, o povo,
q ono0coto ou koou kot o \oyo oqoo0opuou. Lvo koo nopct cot vo ovo\ovct
no\\on\ou po\ou. \\o npuoko\\o poo\oyqoq ctvot o SLC (unoypqo nou ncptcct qv
poo\oyqoq c qv c\toq cvcpyctokq koov\uoq), o loodlng (onooo\q oc o\ou ou
yctovtkou koou ovcpqo ov o couv \ct npoqyoucvu), o Cosslplng (onooo\q oc cvo
uoto yctovtko koo), o Sln (onooo\q oc ooou koou cvtocpovot yto q \qq), o LC
(oqotoo ououv yto qv c\otoonotqoq q tuoq cvcpycto).
toop uv tkuuv oto0qqpuv c o ad hoc tkuo cykctot optk oo ycyovo ot o npuo
ctvot ct cyc0ou nukvocpo ono o cucpo. 1o tkuo oto0qqpuv couv cotpctk uvotkc
ono\oytc kot oot(ovot ouvq0u oc npuoko\\o broadcasL, cvu o ad hoc tkuo oc npuoko\\o
oqctou npo oqcto. 1o tkuo oto0qqpuv cot pqotonotouv ono\oytc n\cyoo.
P#5#O G9)S)>M,(:, J)J43*+&+U E,7,+)3.3*+. ,94K'1)?(. J)J43*+&+ 1,0 )9)>&7'()0T
J)J43*+&+
ono0qkcuoq uv cocvuv nou ou\\cyct k0c oto0qqpo 0o nopouoc vo ytvct ono ov tto,
ou to coto npoocyytoq 0o onotouoc cpoto ono0qkcuqko upo nvu oov oto0qqpo. Mto
\\q npoocyytoq 0o qov q kcvptkq ono0qkcuoq uv cocvuv oc knotov cunqpcqq, kt nou
0o tcuko\uvc kot qv cnccpyooto ou. Lnctq opkc cocvo oto0qqpuv nopct vo ctvot tkpq
pqotoqo (n.. cnovo\oovocvc oo0cpc cpqoct), ot ttot nopouv vo t\ppouv knoto
ono ou uoc vo ctuvcot o kooo cntkotvuvto kot ono0qkcuoq. ooonotqoq uv
oto0qqpuv oc ouoc ctuvct o kooo oc cvcpycto uv cntkotvuvtuv kot cntpcnct qv
qtoupyto tcpoptuv ououv, onu oqv optckovtkq Sln. Auq pqotonotct to y\uooo, qv
SC nou npoooot(ct qv SC, cntpcnovo qv qtoupyto cncpuqocuv oc cvo tkuo
oto0qqpuv yto o kou0t ctq ouvuv: 1) ouvo nou qtoupyouvot oov cvo oto0qqpo
\ct knoto qvuo, 2) ouvo nou cvcpyonotouvot ncptotk ono knoto cpqq povou kot 3)
ouvo nou qtoupyouvot ono qv cknvoq knotou cpqq povou. 1o ovc\o npooooq oo
cocvo oto0qqpuv nopouv vo pqotonotouv \ctoupytc nou (uyt(ouv o oc\o nou nopct vo
npokuct ono qv kqoq kot cooq cocvuv ono cvo oto0qqpo cvvto oo kooo cvcpycto
kot cupou (uvq yto qv cntcuq ouou ou okonou.
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2S
Cptoc o kupto ctq ouokcuuv ono o onoto onoc\ctot cvo tkuo oto0qqpuv. Mnopouv
optocvc ono ouc t ouokcuc vo cntc\ouv toopctkou okonou nop\\q\o


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[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R20
ot ctvot o n\covckqoo q pqoq n\q0ou ooupouv ouokcuuv tkpq cc\cto oc ovt0coq
c covucvc ouokcuc cy\q cc\cto oc cvo tkuo oto0qqpuv
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2R
Ct ooupoot oto0qqpc nopct vo cncptcouv knoto uvooqo cnccpyooto ou oqoo kot
uv cocvuv ou oo tto o\ok\qpucvo kuk\uo. ot ctvot o n\covckqoo kot o
ctovckqoo ouou ou octooou
"EB=7PE3?7P7B R2L
1o tkuo oto0qqpuv nopct vo ctvot ko\utucvo q ooupoo, ov\oyo c qv copoyq.
zu(qqoc o n\covckqoo kot o ctovckqoo uv uo ouuv ponuv toouvcoq c copoyq
oc ouoqoo kooypoq q ktvqoq ou ov0puntvou ouoo c q pqoq ko\\q\uv
oto0qqpuv ono0cqcvuv cnvu oo ouo, ovocpovo nopoctyoo ono q t\toypoto onou
ouo ctvot uvoov.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B R20
C opotutko totkqq ou c\\ovo 0o 0c\ct vo cct ctkovo yto ov k0c opotuq nou totkct,
ooov oopo qv oktkq ou kooooq (n.. 0coq, cnpkcto nupootkuv, cn\okq oc q) o\\ kot
qv (utkq ou kooooq (ov (ct, ov cct pouotoct, cntnco konuoq, you k\). cptypc
ou oto0qqpc nou 0cupctc ot nt0ovu vo cncptcct q oo\q ou opotuq ou c\\ovo kot
qv tkuokq optckovtkq nou 0o unooqpt(ct qv cntkotvuvto kot qv ovo\\oyq ouuv uv
cocvuv oo ncto q q. u 0o unooqpt(c to coto optckovtkq qv ootpcoq nou
nt0ovooo onotctot oc uq\ocpo totkqtk k\tkto (n.. o ov0uno\ooyo \\ov 0o q0c\c vo
cct ctkovo yto ov k0c opotuq ou cupto cvu o ouvoyopq nt0ovooo vo cvtocpoov
ovo yto qv ctkovo ovo oc cntnco \ouv)
P#H 601>4)+)>M4940.7*T 1,0 301>4,0(K.7'>)TU 601>4.8)17>43.=,+01C
(?(7'3,7, _6$6D`
1o tkpoq\ckpoqovtk ouoqoo \ctoupyouv copcnovo uotk otvocvo (n.. ktvqoq,
0cpokpooto) oc q\ckptk oqoo q o ovtopoo. Anucpo ooo q pqoq ou\\oyuv ono
ckooupto coto ouoqoo, cyc0ou tkpocpuv, ctvot q qtoupyto to ouv0cq
npoyotkoqo, onou k0c ovtkctcvo 0o onoc\ctot ono npoypoot(ocvq u\q kot 0o
nopct o pqoq vo o\\q\cntp o(t ou c uotko pono.
P#H#" E,7,(1)?'
zqv cvoqo ouq tovot cptkc ycvtkc \cnocpctc yto ov pono koookcuq uv MMz.


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P#H#5 601>4)+)>M4940.7*T
Ct qovtoot nou cn\ckovot oqv tkpocvcpyonotqoq, ov kot cvvoto\oytk ootot c ou
ovtootou okpoqovtoou, nopct vo \ctoupyouv cvc\u toopctk. knotc copoyc
ou ctvot ot npoo\ct ouootctuv tkpoko0pcnuv, ot kco\c uv ckunuuv ln[eL, ontkot
tokonc, tkpoupou\tkc ov\tc, tkpookontkot potononockc kot tkpookontkc ouokcuc
ono0qkcuoq.
P#H#H 601>4,0(K.7'>)T
Mc ckncpoocvq q ouvq ovykq \ctoupyto uv tkpooto0qqpuv yto cy\o povtk
tooqoo, oqovtkq ctvot ko o octooo ou q c\otoonotqoq q koov\uoq cvcpycto.
Mcptkot ouv onovoucvot tkpooto0qqpc ctvot o cntouvotocpo, o yupookonto kot ot
oto0qqpc yuvtokq ouqo.
P#H#N ^S?9+)T )90/C+)0)Tc J*>3,c =><3,c d8. 1,0 (12+.
zqv cvoqo ouq ou(quvot cptkc c\\ovtkc opc pqoq uv tkpooto0qqpuv kot
tkpocvcpyonotquv oc cyc0o vovocpou, c qv tuoq ou oo ncpt\\ov q qv cntk\uq
o\ok\qpuv cntovctuv c ou. C okovovtoo tookopntoo ouuv uv uno\oytotkuv
ouottuv oc knoto cntvcto q oc cvo oyko, onou o ouotto cv couv ck uv npocpuv
yvuoq q 0coq ou, ovocpcot u opo q ckoto uno\oytoo.
P#H#O v,+47)=+484M:, 1,0 E;,+701*T D?(1)?*T
vovocvo\oyto nopct vo optoct u q coctptoq, ono0cqoq okptcto, cpqoq,
ovc\onotqoq kot koookcuq ouoquv cyc0ou tkpocpou uv 100nm. Auq q cvo\oyto
nopct vo oqyqoct oqv nopoyuyq tkpocpuv MMz c \tyocpq koov\uoq cvcpycto. u q
cpyooto oo cntnco vovocpuv covt(ct ovonvco npo\qoo nou oct\ovot oqv kovtkq
uoq uv q\ckpovtuv (n.. o q\ckpovto nopouv vo toncpoouv cvo pov(toop okoo kt ov ouo
ctvot k\ctoo). 1o otvocvo q ktvqoq uv optuv \oyu 0cpoqo ncptopt(ct cntoq ou nou
nopouv vo ytvouv oc qovtko cntnco oqv k\toko ouq. 1c\o, npcnct vo ytvct okoo oqovtkq
npooo oqv ono0cqoq kot ov c\cyo uv ouv oqv k\toko ouq.
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2\
1t ctvot o opo q ckoto uno\oytoo Mnopctc vo ovooctc cvo nopctyo pqoq
ouq q opq uno\oytoou yto qv cntqpqoq ou uotkou ncpt\\ovo

P#N G+(&3,7&3*+, (?(7'3,7, 1,0 (?(7'3,7, 9>,M3,7014d =>2+4?
1o cvououcvo ouoqoo tocpouv ono o ouoqoo ycvtkq pqoq oc 3 kupto oqcto.
ko'op, cntkcvpuvovot ncptooocpo oqv cntc\coq to ovotkq \ctoupyto. Acucpov q
kptotoqo q oo\cto nopct vo ctvot oqovtkq to kot ot poct ou ouvq0u cntppc(ouv
ov u\tko kooo. 1ptov ot tcpyootc ou ouvq0u pct(ovot povonpoypootoo yto \ctoupyto


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oc npoyotko povo. 1o cvououcvo ouoqoo oot(ovot oc tkpocnccpyooc kot
tkpoc\cykc. C tkpoc\cyq onoc\ctot ono knotov tkpocnccpyooq ouv knoto \\o ctq
cncpyoouv nou unooqpt(ouv ptc ouokcuc (n.. octptokc 0upc, po\oyto, opt0qtkou
ouvcnccpyooc k\).
1o cvououcvo ouoqoo tokptvovot ono ou kotvou uno\oytoc, covo cy\q ovoq oc
\0q, ncptoptoou oc koov\uoq cvcpycto, ncptoptoou oc to0cotou nopou kot ouvq0u
opkc cy\q uoko\to oov npoypootoo kot qv ovnuq \oyu ncptoptocvq unooqptq
yto debugglng. 1o topo cvououcvo ouoqoo nou onoc\ouv cpo cvo ouoqoo npcnct
vo ctvot ouvcccvo c cvo o\totko ouoqo c\cyou kot nopoko\ou0qoq. zo coo q ckocto
ou 0 q osch ovcnuc o ouoqo tkuuv oto0qqpuv Cn okptu c ouo o okono. zqcpo, o
cvououcvo ouoqoo uv ouoktvquv (S, LS, SS k\) ouvcovot cou 2 q 3 tkuuv Cn
uv onotuv o cupo (uvq ctvot ov\oyo q oqooto uv ouoquv nou ouvcouv ooov oop
qv oo\cto \ctoupyto ou oqoo.
P#N#" G/,>34M4L1)+7>01C 8)074?>M01C (?(7'3,7,
Lnt q ouoto ou onoc\ouv pu0t(ocvo kot nopocponotqoto \ctoupytk ouoqoo nou
ckn\qpouv t ovykc knoto ouykckptcvq copoyq kot o onoto cntuyvouv cyo\ucpc
cntooct c qv ono\otq o\uv ckctvuv uv ootctuv cvo no\utcpyootokou \ctoupytkou
ouoqoo (Az) nou cv oopouv qv copoyq.
P#N#5 k)074?>M01C (?(7'3,7, 9>,M3,7014d =>2+4? M0, )+(&3,7&3*+, (?(7'3,7,
1o cvououcvo ouoqoo npoyotkou povou ctvot cvo unoouvo\o uv cvououcvuv
ouoquv nou ckc\ouv tcpyootc uv onotuv ot povtkot ncptoptoot onoc\ouv kptoto ootcto
q ooo\ou \ctoupyto ou. 1o \ctoupytk ouoqoo npoyotkou povou ovtpouv oc
cucptk ouvo o onoto o tokonouv. C octooo \ctoupytkuv ouoqouv npoyotkou
povou cntkcvpuvcot oc npoon0ctc povonpoypootoou tcpyootuv uoc ouc vo
ckc\ouvot cvo uv povtkuv ncptoptouv, c\toonotqoq q koovoq vqq, ou povou
o\\oyq tcpyootuv oov cnccpyooq kot q ko0uocpqoq uv tokonuv.
1o ouoqoo npoyotkou povou upt(ovot oc pct koqyoptc, o o\ok (onou ot povtkot
ncptoptoot opt(ovot c q pqoq to coq tq), o ok\qp (onou k0c ko0uocpqcvq
uno\oytotkq tcpyooto onoc\ct oooto ou ouoqoo) kot o otk (onou ouvu(ovot kot ot
uo npoovocp0cvc unot povtkuv ncptoptouv c o\okou ncptoptoou vo opt(ouv o
koucpo opto kot ok\qpou ncptoptoou o ovuoo opto ovoq).
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2K
otc ctvot ot kuptc toopc uv cvououcvuv ouoquv ono o \\o uno\oytotk
ouoqoo



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[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R2F
1t ctvot o tkuo Cn nou pqotonotctot oqv ouoktvqotoqovto kot ono t onoc\ctot
[=CP=P B67BN38;?<P=P9 R21Y
cptypc o kupto opokqptotk uv \ctoupytkuv ouoquv uv cvououcvuv
ouoquv kot t toopc ou ono o \ctoupytk ouoqoo onu o lcrosoL lndows.
"EB=7PE3?7P7B R2R
ovonuooct cvo npuouno cvououcvo ouoqo nou nopct vo ovtvcuoct qv onu\cto
uv oto0qocuv ou oqyou ko qv oqyqoq (n.. koptoko cntoocto q cykco\tko) kot vo oqyqoct
ouooo o ouoktvqo, vo o oooqoct c oo\cto kot vo ctonotqoct oo0cvoopo
(hLLp:www.wlred.comauLopla20006bmw). cptypc o ctq uv oto0qqpuv nou
nt0ovo\oyctc ot pct(ovot yto qv \ctoupyto ou ouoqoo ouou.

P#O D?(7'3,7, )8*M=4? M0, )>M,(:)T (74+ ?8012 12(34
1o on\ouocpo ouoqoo c\cyou cvcpyonotouvot c qv uncpooq to tq optou (n..
0cpooc). C c\cyo c cnovopoooqoq pqotonotct ouvcq nopoko\ou0qoq to tq
coou ono o ouoqo kot qv ouvcq coo\q q ouncptop ou uoc ouq vo pu0t(cot
ko\\q\o. opvqtkq cnovopoooqoq npoono0ct vo ctuoct t o\\oyc ot tc coou cvu q
0ctkq cnovopoooqoq qv cycv0uoq uv tuv.
P#O#" F>4M>,33,70%23)+40 )8)M17*T
Auot onoc\ouvot onu npoovocp0qkc ono tkpoc\cykc nou cvououvouv o\q q vqq oo
tto otnkt c ov cnccpyooq. C cnccpyooq ctvot ouvq0u no\u on\o (n.. 4-blL) kot ctoou
on\otkc ctvot ot c0oot ctooyuyq kot ctooyuyq cocvuv (n.. ko0o\ou o0ovq q n\qkpo\oyto).
P#O#5 I984: )8)M17*T 7d94? w][
?npouv no\\c ncptnuoct onou q on\q ovo\oytkq (roporLlonal, ) coo cvo c\cykq cv
pu0t(cot c ouoo pono (n.. oov unpct cy\q ko0uocpqoq oqv onokptoq kot qv coyuyq
nou oko\ou0ct to ctooyuyq cocvuv). lto q \uoq ouou ou npo\qoo, ouo o c\cykq
nopct vo ouvuooct c o\ok\qpucvo (lnLegral, l) q nopyuyo (uerlvaLlve, u) c\cyo. C
o\ok\qpucvo c\cyo \ovct un'otv o tooptko ono npoqyoucvc ctooyuyc cvu o nopyuyo
npoono0ct vo npo\cct q c\\ovtkq ouncptop ou ouoqoo. Ct toopctkot unot c\cyou
(, l , u) nopouv vo pqotonotq0ouv oc topou ouvuooou (, l, u, lu).
P#O#H F48?984127)>40 )8)M17*T
ocotoqo nou nopct vo npokuct oc cvo ouoqo c\cyou nopct vo oct\cot ot nopoku
nqyc:


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uvotkq ou ncpt\\ovo
uoto onoc\cooo cvcpyctuv
ovokptq ovc\o
npoocyytotko uno\oytoo
ncptoptoot uv oto0qqpuv
Auo c0oot c\cyou oc ouoqoo c ocotoqo ctvot o npooopo(ocvo c\cyo kot o cupuoo
c\cyo. C npuo ctvot to q-ypotkq cvtkq cnovopoooqoq ou ouoqoo nou ckc\ct
ouopovo qv ouonotqoq nopocpuv kot ov c\cyo oov tto kuk\o cnovopoooqoq. C
cupuoo c\cykq ctvot octoocvo uoc vo kvct o ouoqo ovoto0qo oc o\c t ocotoqc.
P#P x43927
zo pono ptokouv copoyq ot ouokcuc c\cyou kot ot oto0qqpc. 1o kupto cpq cvo pono
ctvot
Lvcpyonotqc (o cpo nou cncvcpyct oov u\tko kooo c knotov pono, n.. punvt q
qovtk ku\o)
Mcoktvqoq c q opq ktvqou potovo q ooot
ktvqqpc
Ato0qqpc
L\cykc nou ouvu(ouv cocvo ono ou oto0qqpc kot tvouv cvo\c yto nopoq
cvcpycto kot ktvqoq oo uno\otno cpq
C Carcla cupt(ct pct koqyoptc pono
ponotkot coctptoc q ponotkot potovc
ktvq pono (nou couv qv uvooqo ktvqoq oc toopctk ncpt\\ovo)
to\oytkq cnvcuoq pono (ov0punoopo q (uoopo)
cpo ono ou unpouv kot o vovopono, o onoto koookcu(ovot oc optoko cntnco. zo
c\\ov opkcc cvtocpouoc npok\qoct 0o ovcycp0ouv ono qv cvooo\qoq c qv koookcuq
pono oc ouo o cntnco. po o nopov ou q ponotkq cvo\oyto ctvot opkc nputq kt cot
cv unpouv okoo pono nou nopouv vo 0cupq0ouv kot ou tuou uno\oytoou,
\ctoupyuvo oov ouovoot oq0ot uv ov0punuv.