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Romanticism and Calvinism in Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick Herman Melville (1819-1891) is a controversial author best-kno n !or his sea !iction and master"iece# Moby-Dick$ %ndeed# Moby-Dick as not ell received# nor as its brilliance reco&ni'ed hen it as !irst "ublished in 18(1$ )s Delbanco "oints out# the *tornadoes )tlantic o! his bein&#+de"icted in Moby-Dick and illustratin& the de"ths o! his con!lictin& inner orld# ere not a""reciated by the "ublic at the time (,)$ %n !act# durin& Melvilles li!etime# the novels !irst edition o! -#... as never sold out and the unsold co"ies ere later burned in a !ire in the "ublishers arehouseDelbanco /$ )!ter that# Melville contrived to rite three more novels under even orse contractual terms0Pierre, Israel Potter and The Confidence-Man$
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1he "ublic su""ort o! his early books (Typee and Omoo) that once savored the *sirens and sava&es o! 2olynesia+(Delbanco () as lost by the time he rote Mardi and Moby-Dick$ 3ein& so des"erate about the "oor rece"tion !rom his readers# Melville started retreatin& to rite monthly ma&a'ine articles !or small "ublishers4 ho ever# &iven the later "o"ularity o! Moby-Dick# it became the bi&&est irony o! Melvilles li!e that hen he as nearly !or&otten and under-a""reciated by his contem"oraries he as actually ritin& the book !or hich he ould be remembered !or &enerations$ 5"on !inishin& Moby-Dick# he told Ha thorne# *% have ritten a icked book and !eel as s"otless as the lamb+(6loan)$ 1he dis7uietude Melville e8"erienced over the re9ection by his once loyal readers !oreshado s the rece"tion that Moby-Dick ould receive in the !uture$ %ndeed# Melvilles assertion later con!irmed multi"le criticisms and their rami!ications$ Most critics a&ree ith :ohn 3ryant that Moby Dick is a *hard read# at times in!uriatin&+ book (i8)$ 1o to" it all o!!# its meta"hysical renderin& and

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unintelli&ible descri"tion o! the miraculous enormous hite hale more or less cloaks it in a !o& o! obscurity# hich em"hatically scared a ay the "ublic$ %ndeed# in the <e =ork Day Book on 6e"tember 8# 18(;# a mali&nant attack as cast a&ainst Melville and his ritin&s headlined HE M!" ME#$I##E C !%&>(2arker -(.)$ %t is !urther noted that# *a critical !riend# ho read Melville?s last book# @)mbi&uities# bet een t o steamboat accidents# told us that it a""eared to be com"osed o! the ravin&s and reveries o! a madman+(Ailson ,;)$ Melvillean meta"hysical and "hiloso"hical rhetoric has !urther been denounced as the cra'e o! a monomaniac# and the symbolism and conceit embedded in the te8t has been accused as *se8ually char&ed+ and unholy (-()$ %n another letter !rom Melville to Ha thorne# he betrayed his an8iety a&ainB % shall at last be orn out and "erish# like an old nutme&-&rater# &rated to "ieces by the constant attrition o! the ood# that is# the nutme&$ Ahat % !eel most moved to rite# that is banned#-- it ill not "ay$ =et# alto&ether# rite the other ay % cannot$ 6o the "roduct is a !inal hash# and all my books are botches$ %?m rather sore# "erha"s# in this letter# but see my handC -- !our blisters on this "alm# made by hoes and hammers ithin the last !e days$ %t is a rainy mornin&4 so % am indoors# and all ork sus"ended$ % !eel cheer!ully dis"osed# and there!ore % rite a little bluelyD$
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Erom the a!orementioned 7uote# it is not di!!icult to detect Melvilles small a""rehension over the acce"tance o! Moby-Dick$ Fddly# he also revealed that his ambition had out&ro n his early books (Typee and Omoo# !ollo ed a year later by a se7uel)# althou&h he kne that he ould lose his "ublic$ Fn the one hand# he re!used to cater to "ublic interest hich he considered "oor and shallo in taste4 on the other hand# he !elt a sense o! burden to seek the truth and !ind a vent-hole !or *all his

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intellectual and s"iritual e8as"erations+( Delbanco ,) as his "rota&onist# the mutilated Ca"tain )hab# re&ards an unreasonin& animal as his !oe$ )s a result# the &rim sale o! Moby-Dick si&ni!icantly ei&hted a&ainst his already !alterin& !inancial li!e$ Melville yet insisted on a *venture beyond materiality+ in s"ite o! his dam"ened and orsenin& !inances3ryan i$ )lthou&h some critics still sho &reat admiration !or his literary &enius# Moby-Dick could be considered the clima8 o! Melvilles des"eration. 1he !ailure o! Moby-Dick utterly frustrated and defeated Melville. In a consequence, his reputation could not recover and he was buried to darkness until the onset of the twentieth century. Most notably# t o books are considered im"ortant in markin& the *Melville revival+ in the 19;.s# namely# Raymond Aeaver?s 19;1 bio&ra"hy Herman Mel'ille( Man, Mariner and Mystic and the 19;G edition o! Melville?s last &reat# but never 7uite !inished manuscri"t# Billy B)dd$ 6ince the Melvillean revival in the 19;.s# enthusiastic debates not in the least abate in the succeedin& &enerations and the "otency o! the hite hale remains "o er!ul in the contem"orary a&e$ Ho ever# the mysteries o! )habs obsessive hunt o! the bi& hite hale remain more o"en to more inter"retation than any other )merican orks$ Richard H$ 3rodhead once "raised Melville as bein& *enshrined in the ranks o! literatures ultimate achievements+ (1)$ He !urther admitted that hat set Melvilles Moby-Dick a"art !rom other classics is not so much the !amous symbolic de"th it carries# it is *its "eculiar attitude$$$to ard hat literature is and can be# and to ard hat it can attem"t as a ork o! literary makin&+(1)$ Richard H$ 3rodheads ar&ument s"eaks !or the &reatness and the multi"le 7uests Melville intended in his master"iece# Moby-Dick* 3earin& this in mind# % ill conduct an in7uiry into the "olemics bet een Romanticism and reli&ious thinkin& (kno n as Calvinist in that a&e) in Moby-Dick, hich % observe to be the t o

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essential instrumental elements in constructin& the naval myth o! )hab and the doom o! 2e7uod$ My research ill be done mainly !ollo in& Hmersons *transcendentalism+ and 1$ Aalter Herbert# :rs articulation o! the relationshi" bet een Herman Melville and Calvinism$ 1hese t o !orces (Romanticism and Calvinism ork ambi&uously and "arado8ically# sometimes overla""in& and even con!lictin& ith each other in the te8t$ 1hus# this thesis ill attem"t to delve into their com"licated relationshi"s ithin the socioeconomic and "olitical backdro" o! early 19th century )merica$ )s Melville intended# the Romantic hero# Ca"tain )hab# mi&ht be classi!ied as a 3yronic hero$ 1his cate&ori'ation# the characteristics o! the 3yronic hero and its im"act on the te8t ill be discussed in the later cha"ters$ Delbancos autobio&ra"hy o! Herman Melville# Mel'ille( His +orld and +ork , ill serve as im"ortant back&round
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in!ormation sheddin& ne li&ht on Melvilles u"brin&in& and its in!luence on the distinctive !eatures in the ritin& o! Moby-Dick* Most critics "robably ould not disa&ree on the eminent !eatures o! Romanticism demonstrated in Moby-Dick$ 1he e8"ressive individuality and s"iritual inde"endence that Ca"tain )hab e8hibits in the hale hunt have su&&ested the !ree ill and rebellious s"irit o! that a&e$ Moby-Dick echoes Hmersons statement in *-elfelianc,+ claimin& the a!!irmation o! sel! in a ne ly established nation$ %ndeed# the aura o! sel!-e8"ression and individuality in this youn& and e8"andin& nation0the 5nited 6tates# "roved to be a !ertile &round !or the &ro th o! Romanticism$ )s a !led&lin& nation# )merica contrived to search !or its o n national identity$ =et# it !ound itsel! in a&reement ith the Romantic s"irit o! its mother land# hich em"hasi'es sel!-e8"ression and sel!-discovery$ 1his is also sometimes accom"anied by the transcendentalists *sel!-reliance+ and inde"endence# as sho n in the core

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belie!s o! Ral"h Aaldo Hmerson and Henry David 1horeau in the early 19th century o! )merica$ 1hey advocated a stron& !aith in the inherent &oodness and ma&ni!icence o! both man and nature# and their core belie! rests on a transcendental s"irituality and the ethos o! inde"endence and sel!-reliance hich has led to an )merican ay o! thinkin&4 ho ever# as a variant on Romanticism# Melville chooses a thorou&hly o""osite "ath to transcendentalism in his characteri'ation o! Ca"tain )hab and the other cre members on the 2e7uod$ )lthou&h the monomania e8hibited by Ca"tain )hab e"itomi'es a mani!estation o! sel!-assurance and s"iritual search !or ultimate truth# not ithstandin&# he at times overreaches and misunderstands the Hmersonean individuality and inde"endence$ 1hat is to say# the Hmersonean s"irituality and sel!reliance are misused by an overreachin& *rebel+ in Moby-Dick$ %n other ords# )hab is a rebel ho a""ro"riates the s"irit o! Hmersonean non-con!ormity and attem"ts to lure and convince the cre that his cra'e is in accordance ith the ethos o! the transcendentalists$ Fn the contrary# his rebelliousness moves beyond the limits o! transcendentalism and turns into a destruction o! &oodness in all res"ects$ Eurthermore# in li&ht o! all the destruction and ultimate !all caused by his overreachin&# his rebellious deed is a""arently at odds ith the tenets o! &oodness asserted by Hmerson$ %n his essay# Hmerson identi!ies *sel!-reliance+ as one o! the ener&ies needed !or the search o! absolute &oodness$ %n contrast# in Moby-Dick the ener&ies are so a""ro"riated a destructive !orce that they annihilate and annul the &oodness as ell as the meanin& o! li!e# hich makes )hab !it into the cate&ory o! a 3yronic hero$ 2eter 1horslev &ives a de!inition o! a 3yronic hero in 19,;B 1he 3yronic hero does not "ossess >heroic virtue> in the usual sense4 instead# he has many dark 7ualities$ Aith re&ard to his intellectual ca"acity# sel!-res"ect#

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and hy"ersensitivity# the 3yronic hero is >lar&er than li!e#> and > ith the loss o! his titanic "assions# his "ride# and his certainty o! sel!-identity# he loses also the status o! Ia traditionalJ hero> (1horslev 18/)$ 1he "rota&onist# Ca"tain )hab should be accounted a 3yronic hero accordin& to 1horslevs cate&ori'ation o! a Romantic hero$ 6uch a de!inition o! 3yronic hero dra s attention to the thematic essence illustrated by Melville throu&h the ma9or characters in Moby-Dick* Ho are these roles identi!ied ith the social constructs o! his a&eK Fbviously# Melville does not a&ree ith the transcendentalists o! his time$ Fddly# he invents characters ho seem to take "art in a mutinous 9ourney a&ainst Hmersons transcendentalism ith !ull ener&y$ Readers can "erceive the shado o! <a"oleon in )hab# as Eurst describes# *a livin& model o! a hero+ ((() o! his time$ Eursts essay sho s the conce"t o! the Romantic hero in literature and analy'es the trans!ormation o! a Romantic hero into an anti-hero$ 1his is seen in "art as a res"onse to <a"oleons rout a!ter the Erench Revolution$ Ho ever# one can detect some overtones in the characteri'ation o! Ca"tain )hab and the cre # ho are more than rebels o! Romanticism# and it is discernible that Melville endo s his characters in Moby-Dick ith somethin& in&enious# other than Romantic$ 1hus# hat kind o! stance should e take in inter"retin& the "arado8 and contradiction demonstrated in Moby-Dick in terms o! RomanticismK %n order to obtain a com"rehensive and ell-rounded &lim"se o! the contradictory and con!lictin& in!luences on Moby-Dick# it is im"erative to e8amine the !orces o! )merican Romanticism and to e8"lore ho they are mediated by Melville to conver&e into a ne vital literary !orm$ )s the Romantic s"irit a""ears in Moby-Dick# in this thesis# the di!!erent as"ects o! it ill be e8amined$ %! )habs transcendentalism is "roblematic as ell as

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destructive and lacks morality# ho can e conte8tuali'e it ithin the Romantic s"iritK )s a riter in the Romantic era# Melville on the one hand incor"orated the traits o! Romanticism# hile# on the other hand# he boldly challen&ed the attitudes o! most Romantics$ 6uch dialectics sho n in Moby-Dick ill be e8amined later$ 3esides Melvilles "roblematic stance in relation to Romanticism# in Moby-Dick he has also stirred a reli&ious crusade a&ainst Calvinism$ His ske"ticism o! Calvinism is no secret$ Lior&io Mariani discussed *doubt about Calvinism+ in Moby-Dick and ree8amined Melvilles ske"tic stance to ards Calvinism (-/)$ Christo"her Lrasso surveyed ske"ticism and !aith !rom the Revolution to the Civil Aar# hile Frestes 3ro nson commented *there is not much o"en ske"ticism# not much avo ed in!idelity# but there is a vast amount o! concealed doubt# and untold di!!iculty+ (G,,)$ Fbviously# this concealed ske"ticism can be traced in many o! Melvilles orks# "articularly Moby-Dick* Hd&ar )$ Dryden borro s 1$ Aalter Herberts e8"osition and "oints out that Moby-Dick embodies Melvilles "ersonal ske"ticism a&ainst the contem"orary theolo&ical ideas that ere central to his culture (1-G)$ Melville em"hatically su!!ers a reli&ious crisis all alon& his li!e$ 1hat is# he stru&&les bet een a orld hich is &overnment by la s enacted by 2rovidence and a orld &overned by his o n inherent la s$ %n a hi&h de&ree# Moby-Dick demonstrates Melvilles reli&ious dilemma and rebellion$ %n other ords# in Moby-Dick# Melville sho s )merican Romantic s"irit and simultaneously rebels a&ainst orthodo8 Calvinism$ 1hus# the historical back&rounds o! Romanticism and Calvinism ill later be e8"lored in Cha"ter 1 o# hich ill su""ly su""ortin& back&round in!ormation !or Melvilles romanticism and ske"tical stance to ard reli&ion$ Due to Melvilles Calvinist u"brin&in&# he makes use o! a number o! reli&ious symbols in Moby-Dick# yet# they are at times e8tremely

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"er"le8in& and can be inter"reted !rom di!!erent an&les$ Fn account o! the abundant "uritanical thinkin& and s"iritual im"lications em"loyed in Moby-Dick# some tenets o! Calvinism# such as the issue o! ori&inal sin and *1otal De"ravity+(Hanko) could still be located in the novel$ )habs rebel a&ainst ori&inal sin su&&ests not only the !ree s"irit o! Romanticism but also Romantic reli&ious "ers"ective$ )s Melville seemed to re!ute Romantic "antheism and deny unlimited human !ree ill# in this thesis ske"tical Calvinism ill be conte8tuali'ed in a Romanticist narrative throu&h the e8"loration o! their intert ined com"le8ity in Moby-Dick$ %n Cha"ter 1 o *Romanticism and Calvinism+ e ill e8amine Romanticism and Calvinism in the Melvillean a&e and scrutini'e their relations ith )merican society$ Ae !irst trace ho Romanticism descended !rom the so-called 3i& 6i8# @Ailliam 3ake# Ailliam Aords orth# 6amuel 1aylor Colerid&e# Leor&e Lordon# Mord 3yron# 2ercy 3ysshe 6helley and :ohn Neats#+ ho !ormed the core o! Hn&lish Romantic movement o! the late 18th and early 19th centuries$ 1hey alternately e8"ressed the romantic s"irit and delivered their o n aesthetic "rinci"les$ Romanticism ori&inated in Huro"e and then s"read to other "arts o! the orld$ %t reached its "eak in the mid 19th century# hich is in accordance ith the time o! the birth o! Moby-Dick* 1hus# a "robe into the 3i& 6i8s in!luences u"on Melville ill be done# but ith the em"hasis on the Melvillean Romantic "rinci"les in his orks# es"ecially in Moby-Dick$ % ill also discuss the )merican social conte8t# in hich Romanticism !inds the &round to &ro # in an aura o! nationalism$ 1he notion o! nationalism ill be su""lemented by observations on the chan&e o! social structure !rom the 18th century on ards0the rise o! the )merican Renaissance and the comin& o! the )merican em"ire$ %t is usually claimed that the social !orces conver&e into an arro&ant and overreachin& collectivity that causes )merican nationalism to mature#

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and it is on account o! these ecosoical collectivities that Melville runs counter to the mainstream and "uts !orth a arnin& a&ainst nationalism$ 3esides )merican Romanticism# the issue o! Calvinism ill be e8"lored# startin& ith the Eive 2oints o! Calvinism and ho its doctrines o! "redestination and total de"ravity a!!ected )merican society in Melvilles time (6lick)$ %t is asserted that the Calvinist doctrine has lost its !ootin& in balancin& li!e and ork# des"ite 3en9amin Eranklins avocations o! @inner orldly asceticism as a ork ethic$ %n other ords# Calvinism is no lon&er e!!icacious in a !everishly e8"andin& nation$ Cha"ter 1hree# *Romanticism and %ts %n!luences#+ ill continue the discussion o! social concerns in Moby-Dick in terms o! Romanticism$ %t ill not only !ocus on the destructive sides o! modern materiality but also ar&ue that )habs morbid obsession ith huntin& do n the leviathan at the e8"ense o! the lives o! all cre members on the 2e7uod can be re&arded as a criti7ue o! the e8treme Romantic s"irit$ Melville rites to critici'e4 ho ever# the very "roblems he sets out to denounce also become his o n$ )!ter the success o! Typee and Omoo# Melville reali'ed that there as al ays a voice inside him callin& to s"eak out the truth o! li!e# but the task o! s"eakin& out the truth becomes a mockery at that time because his contem"oraries re&arded Melville as a maniac$ %n other ords# the inner voice o! his ambition annoyed and haunted him des"ite the "o"ular success o! Typee and Omoo$ )lthou&h he succeeded in ritin& some tro"ical island romances hich &reatly "leased his readers# he could not !orsake his "ursuit o! this ultimate voice$ <ot until he risked *losin& his "ublic+ by insistin& on his ritin& style# did his once loyal su""orters re9ect him and in conse7uence he as "la&ued by the !inancial burden !or the rest o! his li!e$ He cannot !orsake his "ursuit o! ideal Romanticism nor cater to the mediocre tastes o! the readers o! his time$ He ends u" ritin& this ultimate voice into his master"iece#

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Moby-Dick# ith his keen "erce"tion and insi&ht$ Melville not only &arners the com"le8ity and darkness o! human nature he observes alon& his anderin& on the sea and elucidates them in !ull len&th but also he rites to critici'e and dis"ara&e the reli&ion and the ca"italist s"irit o! his a&e$ %n Moby-Dick the loss o! human a!!ection and !ello shi" in the e8treme Romanticists# thus# !urther serves as a re!lection o! contem"orary )mericans$ Cha"ter Eour# *Calvinism and the Aritin& o! the <ovel#+ ill e8amine Calvinism o! Melvilles era throu&h e8"loration o! the te8t o! Moby-Dick* 1he many un&odly !i&ures in Moby-Dick ould "robably be vie ed as blas"hemous by Calvinists4 even Melville himsel! describes it as a * icked book+ in a letter to Ha thorne (Multiverse)$ %ndeed# in a Calvinist community# here individuality and "ersonality are deemed small and orthless com"ared ith Lods ill# those ho set their ill hi&her than Lods ill are considered blas"hemous and arro&ant$ %n Moby-Dick# Melville admits his inca"acity to solve the reli&ious "redicaments !aced by his contem"oraries bet een bein& holy and blas"hemous$ 1he destructive endin& o! the novel seems to &et around a solution and directs his readers to a dee"er thou&ht o! inscrutable but "o er!ul mystery o! the universe$ Melville embeds this in the characters o! Moby-Dick to illustrate the concealed undercurrent o! reli&ious crisis in the late nineteenth century )merican society$ Conse7uently# the roles o! the creator and created become a ma9or issue in the te8t$ He !urther critici'es those ho attem"t to re"lace the role o! the creator and dominator o! the universe$ =et# in the te8t# Melville contrasts the doctrine theocentricism (the belie! that Lod is the center and cause o! our e8istence) ith Ca"tain )habs monomania and obsession to underscore the corru"ted and com"licated social "henomenons in nineteenth century )merica$ 1hus# throu&h an in7uiry into the te8t# the relationshi" bet een )habs darin&

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rebuttals o! Lod ith %shmaels &odly attitude in the te8t ill be !urther e8amined$ Fbviously# Melville tries to esca"e moral and social 9ud&ments# but he still reveals his debasement o! human arro&ance$ 1he &reatness and s"lendor o! human bein&s in ca"italist society have been over helmin&ly undermined in Moby-Dick throu&h the destructive end brou&ht by )habs monomania$ 1hrou&h Moby-Dick# Melville illustrates his concern over )mericas !ailure to !ul!ill the Calvinistic "ro"hecy o! Lods "romise o! &oodness on man$ 2e7uods ultimate destruction connotes Lods "unishment as noted in Calvinistic "ro"hecy# hich re!ers to the &oodness "romised by Lod to man and the destruction man brin&s by his o n arro&ance and i&norance$ Melville eventually "aves the "ath !or a middle ay "hiloso"hy in Moby-Dick# hich ill be discussed in !inal cha"ter$ 1he concludin& cha"ter# *1he Middle Aay#+ ill summari'e the ma9or "oints discussed and illustrate Melvilles "hiloso"hy# hich is a breakthrou&h in both Romantic and Calvinistic trends in )merica$ %t ill not only conclude by dra in& a "ossible middle ay su&&ested by Melville# bet een Romanticism and Calvinism# but also "oint out Melville seemin&ly attem"ts to reconcile the Lod o! Calvinism ith Hmerson o! Romanticism in a tu& o! ar$ He does not submit to Calvinistic "rudishness and hy"ocrisy# neither does he yield to the "roud overreachin& Romanticism$ %n brie!# in Moby-Dick# Melville su&&ests a "ossibility o! survivin& tactics by di&&in& into the darkness o! human nature and "ittin& man a&ainst the tem"tation o! sin# hich involves a ne dialo&ue ith nature and Lod$

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HndnotesB 1 Pierre is about a 'ealot ho destroys his orld hile tryin& to re!orm it4 Israel Potter is about an old soldier deserted by his country4 and The Confidence-Man is a *mas7uerade+ o! dis&uise and deceit set aboard a Mississi""i steamboat (Delbanco /)$ ; 2lease re!er to *Melvilles Metters to Ha thorne+ in orks cited by Multiverse$ - Dr$ )ndre H$ Delbanco (born 19(;) is the Director o! )merican 6tudies at Columbia 5niversity$ He rites e8tensively on )merican literary and reli&ious history$ 1his book is a hi&hly acclaimed autobio&ra"hy o! Melville# receivin& the Mionel 1rillin& ) ard at Columbia 5niversity$ Herman Melville has been a sub9ect o! his interest (7uoted !rom >2ro!essor )ndre Delbanco ) arded <ational Humanities Medal># Columbia <e s# Eeb$ 1G# ;.1;$ Aeb$ :uly ;,# ;.1;)$

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Aorkin& 3iblio&ra"hy )brams# M$H$ ! .lossary of #iterary Terms* 8th ed$ 3ostonB 1homson Hi&her Hducation# ;..($ 2rint$ 3aym# <ina$ Hd$ The "orton !ntholo/y !merican #iterat)r* <e =orkB <orton# ;../$ 2rint 3ehler# Hrnst Irony and the Disco)rse of Modernity* 6eattle and MondonB 5 o! Aashin&ton 2# 199.$ 2rint$ 3rodhead# Richard H$# com"$ <e Hssay on Moby-Dick$ Cambrid&e 5 2# 198,$ 2rint$ 3ryant# :ohn$ Mary N$ 3erca Hd ards# and 1imothy Marr$ 01n/raspable Phantom2 Essays on Moby-Dick$ Nent# FhioB1he Nent 6tate 5 2# ;..,$ 2rint$ 3uell# Ma rence$ #iterary Transcendentalism* Cornell 5 2# 19/G$ 2rint$ Chase# Richard$ Hd$ Mel'ille ! Collection of Critical Essays* 2rentice-Hall# %nc$# Hn&le ood Cli!!s# <$:$ 19,;$ 2rint$ Cheliotis# Meonidas N$ *Oiolentce and <arcissismB ) Erommian 2ers"ective on Destructiveness 5nder )uthoritarianism$+ Canadian 3o)rnal of -ociolo/y4Cathiers Canadiens De -ociolo/ie ;.11B--/-,.$Aeb$( :uly ;.1;$ Da&ovit'# )lan$ *Moby-Dicks hidden 2hiloso"herB ) 6econd Mook at 6tubb$+ Philosophy and #iterat)re$ 2ro9ect Muse$-;$ ;$(;..8)B--.-G,$ Aeb$ -1 :uly#

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;.1;$ Day# )idan$ omanticism* <e =orkB Routled&e# 199,$ 2rint$ Delbanco# )ndre $ Mel'ille( His +orld and +ork$ <e =orkBOinta&e 3ooks# ;..($ 2rint$ Drabble# Mar&aret# and 2aul Harvey$ The O5ford companion to En/lish literat)re* (th ed$ F8!ord4 <e =orkB F8!ord 5 2# 198($ 2rint$ Dryden# Hd&ar )$ Mel'ille6s Thematics of 7orm( The .reat !rt of Tellin/ the Tr)th* 3altimoreB :ohns Ho"kins 5 2# 19,8$eb$ 8 Dec$# ;.1;$ 2rint$ H$ 2eace# Donald$ 0Mel'ille and C)lt)ral Pers)asion2 in Ideolo/y and Classic !merican #iterat)re# ed$ 6scvan 3ercovitch and Myra :ehlen# Cambrid&eB Cambrid&e 5 2#198,B G1--($ 2rint$ Eerrantello# D$ :$ Moby Dick 8 Peace( Mel'illes 9.ospel of the Cent)ry9 e'isited, the Infl)ence of the China Trade, Orientalism 8 1ni'ersalism on Mel'ille:s omanticism$F"en 6ky 2# ;...$ 2rint$ Eurst# Milian R$ >1he Romantic Hero# or %s He an )nti-heroK> -t)dies in the #iterary Ima/ination$ 9$1(19/,)B (-P,/$Aeb$ Fct$1,# ;.1; Lilmore# Michael 1$ 1he Middle AayB 2uritanism and %deolo&y in )merican Romantic Eiction$ <e 3runs ick# <$:$B Rut&ers 5 2# 19//$ 2rint$ Lrasso# Christo"her$ *6ke"ticism and )merican EaithB %n!idels# Converts# and Reli&ious Doubt in the Harly <ineteenth Century$+ 3o)rnal of the Early ep)blic# ;;$- (;..;)B G,(-(.8$ Aeb$ :uly ;,# ;.1;$ Hanko# Herman$ *1otal De"ravity$+ The 7i'e Point of Cal'inism* Re!ormed Eree 2ublishin& )ssociation$ )"ril ;# 199/$ Aeb$ Dec$ ;G# ;.1;$ Herbert$ The "e; En/land <)arterly$ :61FR (1$1(19/8)B1-G-,$ A Me is# :one :ohnson$ *HssaysB 6el!-Reliance$+ alph +aldo Emerson Te5ts# n$d$ Aeb$ :uly 1(# ;.1;$ Mariani# Lior&io$ *Chie!ly Nno n by His Rod+B 1he 3ook o! :onah# Ma""les 6ermon# and 6ca"e&oatin&$+ 01n/raspable Phantom2 Essays on Moby-Dick*

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Hd$ :ohn 3ryant# Mary N$ Nent 6tate 5 2# ;..,$ 2rint$ Melville# Herman$ Moby-Dick$ Hd$ :ohn 3ryant. <e =ork B 2earson Mon&man# ;../$ 2rint$ Mcintosh# :ames$ *1he Mariners Multi"le Quest$+ "e; Essay on Moby Dick or, The +hale* Hd$ Richard H$ 3rodhead$ Cambrid&e 5 2# 1999$ 2rint$ Multiverse$ *Melville?s Metters to Ha thorne$+ The #ife and +orks of Herman Mel'ille$ :uly ;(# ;...$ Aeb$ Dec$ ;G# ;.1;$ <oll# Mark )$ *Revie )rticleB *)merican Reli&ion 1hou&ht o! the 18th and 19th Centuries+$+ Ch)rch History$ (8$; (1989)B;11-/$ Aeb$ :uly 18# ;.1;$ 2arker# Hershel$ Herman Mel'ille( ! Bio/raphy* $ol)me I, =>=?@=>A=* 3altimoreB :ohns Ho"kins 5 2$ 199,$ 2rint$ $ 2orter# Carolyn$ >Call Me %shmael or Ho to Make Double 1alk 6"eak$> "e; Essays on Moby Dick* Hd$ Richard 3rodhead$ Cambrid&e 5 2# 198,$ 6aid# Hd ard A$ C)lt)re and Imperialism$<e =ork B Ointa&e 3ooks# 199G$ 2rint$ 6amson# :ohn$ *- Melville$+ !merican #iterary -cholarship$ 2ro9ect Muse$;...B G(-,.$ Aeb$ -1 :uly# ;.1;$ 6herrill# Ro land )$ The Prophetic Mel'ille( E5perience, Transcendence, and Tra/edy*)thensB 5 o! Leor&ia 2# 19/9$ 2rint$ 6im"son# M eis 2$ *1he Middle AayB 2uritanism and %deolo&y in )merican Romantic Eiction$ 3y Michael 1$ Lilmore# Revie by B Me is 2$ 6im"son$+ !merican #iterat)re$ :astor$ (.$- (19/8)B(;1-;$Aeb$ 8 :uly# ;.1;$ 6loan# Lary *Moby DickB ) Aicked 3ook$+The Eclectica Ma/aBine$ ,$1(;..;)$Aeb$ Dec$/# ;.1;$ 6lick# Matthe :$ *1he Eive 2oints o! Calvinism$+ The Cal'inist Corner* n$d$ Aeb$ :uly ;,# ;.1;$ 6"ark# Clare M$ H)ntin/ Captain !hab( Psycholo/ical +arfare and the Mel'ille e'i'al$ FhioB Nent 6tate 5 2# ;..,$ 2rint$ 1horslev# 2eter Marsen$ The Byronic hero( types and prototypes$ Minnea"olisB 5 o!

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Minnesota 2# 19,;$ 2rint$ 1itus# David N$ >Herman Melville at the )lbany )cademy># Mel'ille -ociety E5tracts$ ;..-B1# G-1.$Aeb$ Fct$ ;;# ;.1;$ Aeaver# Raymond M$ Herman Mel'ille( Man, Mariner and Mystic$Leor&e H$ Doran$ <e =ork# 19;1$ 2rint$ Ailson# Helen Ma ton$ *MelvilleB 1he Aay Aater Rubs 6tone$+ 5nion %nstitute and 5# Fhio$ ;..8B-(-,;$ Aeb$ 11 <ov$# ;.1;$