1 :

(1)

(2)

(1) (2)

1.

2.

,

.

2009

3.

4.

,
.

X X1
Y Y1

X 2 X1
Y 2 Y1

2 :

: = 2-1
: % =

X 2 X1

100

X1

QD = + P

QD:
P:
: QD =

, A>0

2009


: P*Q

Q

NEO
Q
Q

p = Q =
= .

P
P
.
P

P
P

p =

dQ P
Q P

p =
P Q
dP Q
(1 )

|p | > 1 ( D) (

1.

25%

|p| > 1

5
4

50

100

2.. 50%

2009

|p | < 1 ( D) (

.)

P
1.

25%

|p| < 1

5
4

90 100
2.. 10%

|p | = 1 ----->
(H
)
P

1.

25%

|p | = 1

5
4

75 100
2.. 25%

2009


|p| = 0 ----> ( D)
(H
)

|p | = 0
D
1.

5
4

2..

100

|p | = ------> (
D)

1. 4 ,

0
(
)

|p | =

2. 4

D
3. 4

2009

|p|

= oo

|p| >1
|p| = 1

|p| <1
|p|

=0
Q

dQ PA + PB

dP Q + Q
A
B

NEO
Q
Q
= Q =

.
.

y = Q Y Y = dQ Y
Y

dY

(P*Q)

e>1
e<1
e=1
e=0
e=

P
P

P

Q

<0
0<<1
>1

& Q

Y Q

Y _ Q

Y Q

2009


3 :

(TP Q):


.
(AP)
AP =
L

MP =
L

Q
L

(MP)

Q
L

Q:
L:

Q=f (L, K)

PL
APL

APL
PL
L1

L2

L3

2009


,
.
TP & MP
L1 , TP
MP
L1 L2, TP MP

L=L1, P = max
L=L3, TP = max MP = 0
L>L3, TP MP<0
AP & MP
MP>AP, AP
MP<AP, AP
MP AP,
AP = max (MP

= AP & AP = max)

L = 1, : MP1+ MP2+ MP3++MPn = Q

L 1, L *( MP1+ MP2+ MP3++MPn) = Q

Q
Q=f (L)
Q
Q=f(L)
Q

TP

L1

2009



(FC):

(
, .)
(VC):
,

, ,
.
:
1. (L),
VC= W*L, W=

2.
, VC = W*L + C*Q, C=

.
TC = FC + VC.

TC

VC

FC

10

2009

TC

ATC

ATC

AVC

, ,

AC

AVC

AFC

AFC

AFC:
AFC =

FC
Q

AVC:
AVC =

VC
Q

ATC:

ATC =

TC
FC + VC
FC VC
=
=
+
= AFC + AVC
Q
Q
Q
Q

MC =

TC
Q

= (C )

MC =

VC
Q

= (C )

MC:
C VC:
Q:

11

2009

AFC

AVC ,


ATC ,

MC ,

. , MC
AVC ATC.
APmax = MP AVCmin =

MC
AP , AVC .
PL
APL

APL
PL
0

L1

L2

L3
L

Q
ATC
AVC

C
AVC

AFC

12

2009


4 :
: P = MC AVC min

MC
P2

S
AVC

Pmin

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

:
Qs = + P, Qs 0, P 0

Q Q
2
1
dQ
Q
P
dQ
Q
1
Es =
=
=
dP
dP Q
P P
2
1
P
P
1

Q/P =

13

2009


()
:
Es =

dQ
dP

PA + PB
QA + QB

Es > 1: Q/Q > P/P

Es < 1: Q/Q < P/P
Es = 0: (..


)
s = 1: Q/Q = P/P

14

2009

5 :

P1
P0

P2
0

QD

Q
Q0
QS
QD = QS

&

i. (PA< P0)

( = QD QS).
,
.
() P2
PA .

P2
P0

QS

Q0

D
QD

15

2009


ii. (PK > P0)

(QS - QD)

P
P0

D
0

QD

Q0

QS

16

2009

17

2009