Part 1 of 10 EDSA Formerly known as Highway 54 which connects several towns and major cities in Metro Manila and

then later on renamed after Epifanio De Los Santos. Epifanio De Los Santos is a poet, journalist and historian. What is People Power? A moment in Philippine History when we were as one nation. A sword against unwanted or repressive regime. A moral weapon. Its proper use is peaceful, rational and organized. Effects: 1986 influenced other states to conduct a peaceful revolution East Germany 1989 Czechoslovakia 1990 Soviet Union 1991 Aftermath: After the 1986 People Power Revolution, there are still struggle in the government. 15 years later another People Power took place in EDSA to impeach a corrupt President Joseph Estrada. Cause: Even though People Power influenced peaceful revolutions in other parts of the world, People Power itself is inspired by other events such as: Non Violent Resistance of Mahatma Gandhi in India Martin Luther Kings Civil Rights Movement in United States In the 19th and 20th century the concept of People Power Revolution is a violent and bloody one. In the 19th century several revolution took place in the Philippines as they struggle for independence against the colonization of Spaniards, Americans and Japanese. In 20th century the slogan power to the people is also used by Russians but also has the context of a violent revolution

STAGE ONE: Symptoms The middle class is angry at the government. Ineffective management of the country leader is not doing a good job or lack of money in the government. intellectuals, who speak against the government.

A very similar event to People Power happened in 1970 First Quarter Storm that is led by youth, students and intellectuals It started when President Marcos delivered his State of the Nation Address* Marcos recently won his second term His first term is marked by violence Ex. 1. The Police batters anti-Vietnam war demonstrators 2. Muslim Soldiers were massacred 3. There were violence during the recent elections and is allegedly rigged

January 30, 1970 Students marched down to Malacaang Palace to rally Riot police tried to disperse the demonstrators using a fire truck, later on there were gunshots, which killed a handful of protesters. After this incident more activist groups started to form it was the first sense of people power PART 2 of 10 Phase 2: Rising Fever The middle class - escalation of anger rise up against the government cannot repress the rebellion A new government is created, led by the middle class. attempt to replace the old government

Students are forerunners of the demonstrations and protests. The priests and nuns organized the tenant farmers and poor people in the city to fight against exploitation and demolition of their homes. Teachers, lawyers, doctors and other professionals shared their knowledge Rich people also joined the revolution After the First Quarter Storm Government under Marcos has worsened 1. Economic and political crisis intensified

2. Downfall of stock market and the value of Peso 3. Inflation on oil, food, transportation fare 4. Unemployment As a result protests grew larger and stronger. Military people raid the armor Jeepney drivers strike against gas inflation along with students Activists barricaded and occupied UP that served as home for the protesters.

May 1, 1971 Labor Day Union and students marched together in congress and there was open fire June 1971 newly constitutional convention opened tried to stop government as parliamentary* Marcos wanted a shift to Parliament system unlimited times to run for presidency Present constitution they were only allowed to run three times * Bribed participants of constitutional convention to extend his term August 21, 1971 two grenades exploded in Plaza Miranda (now Luneta Park) at a political rally that are opposing marcos (liberal party) Senator candidates are one of the wounded as a result opposition won the sympathy of the people and 6 out of 8 seats in the senate Marcos suspended Habeas corpus* arrested several activists without warrants Protests did not stop as well as the opposition party led by the senators Ninoy Aquino and Jose Diokno Later on, he was forced to bring Habeas Corpus on January 1972 when Pope John Paul II visited the Philippines Martial Law - due to the recent bombing, Marcos declared that Philippines is politically unstable and must undergo a Martial Law September 23, 1972 Strength: Military Power Gave military excessive power Opposition Politicians, journalists and activists were jailed and detained Newspaper offices as well as radio and TV stations were shut down Marches, demonstrations and strikes were put on a stop Any form of People Power is considered illegal *Parliamentary *Habeas Corpus *Martial Law

Part 3 of 10: Initially, Martial Law brought peace and order Foreign investors starts investing in the Philippines Crime rate has decreased. Citizens did not have any experience with Martial Law and they saw it as a positive change. Marcos promised that it is to restore order and reform a new society

Later on people recognized some flaws Absence of justice, human rights violation and political prisoners. People who were against the government were detained Some were tortured and killed, detained women were raped, others were gone missing People power became inactive Most people fear that they could be the next victim of the military dictatorship Attempt to extend his power Under the 1935 Constitution, Marcos would not be allowed to run for presidency anymore Marcos made amendments* or changes on 1971 to allow him to be a dictator but was rejected This amendments or minor changes are again presented in 1973 This should undergo a referendum* or a general vote of yes or no by the Filipino People in order to be ratified Why is 1973 a good time? Most of the politicians that are against him are detained Marcos has full control of the constitutional convention because of the Martial Law Until January 15, 1973 people who are not detained tried to convince the people not to support the changes that Marcos made in the Constitutional Convention. Conspiracy Many people spoke against Marcos amendments, which made Marcos afraid that, he will lose. He changed the voting procedure, instead of voting yes or no, he ordered to conduct the election in barangay* levels through show of hands In the barangay the people were fooled and was asked who wants to receive free rice instead of are they in favor of the changes in the constitution. The show of hands was shown in the newspaper and told that Filipinos willingly supported Marcos

Demonstrations and Protests back on track More than 2,000 urban poor people walked towards Malacaang as a sign of protest to the government Workers from La Tondea (leading liquor company) conducted the first labor strike under the Martial Law. These involved 414 workers. As a result, Marcos was forced to lessen the prohibition of strikes. Student organization and publications were reorganized. Laws implemented by Marcos during Martial Law are questioned by lawyers Large demonstrations are replaced by prayer vigils People organized underground press to inform the people despite Marcos control on media Political prisoners went on Hunger strike Task Force Detainees of the Philippines was established by the Catholic Church to push for the release of political prisoners Demonstrations outside the country were done to get attention from different world organizations Part 4 of 10 New Peoples Army (NPA) - Participated in the armed revolution - Killed soldiers to gather weapons - They resorted to violence due to the soldiers who abused many citizens during martial law - Several catholic priest also joined the armed revolution National Democratic Front (NDF) - formed an alliance with several underground anti-dictatorship forces - In Mindanao, Muslims attacked the city of Marawi and Jolo right after Martial Law has been declared. - Military bombed and attacked the city of Jolo to push them back. - Muslims felt marginalized and deprived of their human rights 1978 Marcos in full control - Marcos successfully formed diplomatic ties with China and Libya, these countries are supporting communists and Muslim rebels - Nur Misuari, leader of MNLF signed a peace treaty agreement - Several leaders of the NPA had been captured and detained or had defected - Ninoy Aquino and other political prisoners had been sentenced to death

Legalizing his rule - Only thing left to do is make his rule legal, legitimate and undergo a democratic process. - Marcos agreed to hold a national election. It is the first election under the martial law. - Marcos promised a free and honest election although the people foresee this event to be a fraud and rigged. Opposition - The opposition decided to run for the election - It showed resistance to Marcos regime - The Opposition Party is called Laban and is headed by Ninoy Aquino who was still in prison. April 6,1978 (eve of the election day) - A new form of protest was organized and imposed a threat in Martial Law - There was a noise barrage in Manila wherein the people made noise using pots, honks etc. on the streets as a form of protest. - This is to show their support for the LABAN party candidates Results: - All the candidates under Marcos Party won the elections - If Ninoy Aquino won, it would mean he needed to be released from prison and this impose a threat which why Marcos rigged the election People marched and demonstrated at the headquarters of the Commission on Elections The leaders of the demonstrations were jailed for two months but later on released without any charges.

Critical Collaboration: - The Catholic Church sticks to the policy of critical collaboration, wherein they criticize the dictators abuses but collaborate on the projects that benefit the people. - After the noise barrage, the Catholic Church became more critical and spoke up against Marcos headed by Jaime Cardinal Sin. These are soon followed by the artist; using arts, theater, film, sculpture painting etc. to expose poverty and corruption under Marcos regime.

Part 5 of 10 After the rigged election, some of the activists resort to violence Some of the groups are: 1. Light a fire movement used arson as form of protest 2. April 6 Liberation Movement used bombings to send a message that movements against dictatorship is still alive Various sector formed groups with a common goal to fight Marcos dictatorship: Journalists - Women Writers in Media Now (led by women, they wrote news and commentary against Marcos) Workers May First Movement Farmers - Philippine Peasant Movement Traditional Politicians - United Nationalist Democratic Organization 1980 - Ninoy had a heart attack - Marcos allowed Ninoy to go to US for a heart bypass surgery After a successful operation, Ninoy used most of his time in the US to speak against Marcos administration 1981 Marcos held another Presidential election - Opposition boycott the elections - Marcos ran against two insignificant candidates - Marcos won another 6 years term After the election Philippines was affected by worldwide recession - 1979 oil crisis - Capital flight large scale exit of financial investments and capital from a country - Dewey Dee flee and got away from100 million dollars debt - Governments foreign debt accelerated Marcos health deteriorated and suffered from a disease called lupus erythematosus Ninoy decided to come home to the Philippines to try to convince Marcos for clean and honest elections Ninoy was warned not to come home because of death threats, they foresaw that Marcos would get him killed or other people who are eyeing Marcos position after his death

August 21, 1983 Ninoy was assassinated as soon as he landed in the Philippines - Two million people joined Ninoys funeral. It triggered more Filipino People to fight for their rights. - Ninoy became a symbol of People Power Revolution Part 6 of 10: Confetti Revolution along with several protesters, businessmen joined them - Protests were held in Ayala Avenue, central of business district, it then became center of protests and rallies - It lasted for three years longer than First Quarter Storm Yellow became the color of the People Power Revolution May 1984 - Marcos held elections for the National Assembly - Initially opposition wanted to boycott the elections - They didnt want to give Marcos a chance; they thought that the sooner they get rid of Marcos the better. Cory Aquino campaigned for opposition candidates - She thought that unless there is other way to overthrow Marcos in a peaceful and orderly manner they would just need to settle for an election - NAMFREL or National Movement for Free Election was revived - 1/3 of the opposition candidates won the election To ease the anger of the people Marcos formed a commission to investigate Ninoys death The commission accused several soldiers and officers including chief of staff Fabian Ver. Later on they were all acquitted

United States were concerned that as communists gain strength this will put the businesses and military bases in danger International community including US, World Bank and IMF pressured Marcos by holding back all the new loans under his regime November 3, 1985 since his legitimacy is being questioned, Marcos called for a snap election

Part 7 of 10 Opposition debated whether to boycott or participate in the election. They chose to participate and a publisher named Chino Roces made a petition calling Cory Aquino to run as president. One million people signed the petition

Laban vs. KBL (Kilusan ng Bagong Lipunan) Cory Aquino vs. Ferdinand Marcos Doy Laurel vs. Arturo Tolentino US officials and other international observers monitored the snap elections but there were still counts of violence and fraud during the campaign. The election had two results: NAMFREL Cory Aquino won National Assembly Marcos Won People walked out from the National Assembly walked out during the vote tabulation and his proclamation, protesting against yet another fraud election International community did not recognize Marcos proclamation as president

Cory Aquino called a rally in Rizal Park called Peoples Victory - Two million people joined the rally February 22, 1986 Ramos and Enrile along with 500 men defected from the military and showed their support for the opposition There were threats of tank and artillery attack to Enrile and Ramos when they barricaded themselves in Camp Crame in EDSA. Through Radio Veritas, Jaime Cardinal Sin appealed to the people to help Ramos and Enrile by coming to EDSA to protect the armed forces. Wave of people came to EDSA to stop tanks and rebel troops sent to crush Enrile and Marcos. Other regions around the Philippines also revolted. People Power was successful as one by one the military forces defected and went against Marcos administration.