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The Sore Spots of Middle Europe Fourteen Districts in Which Lie

¡What Remains To Be Done at the
Peace Conference Is Far More
Than What Has Already Been
Done.Many Danger Spots
By Frank II. Simonds
IT IS, perhaps, a mere truism to raised; if Russia were conquered
remark that what remains to he after a war waged against Britain,
done at the Paris Conference is France and Italy, then terms like
those imposed upon Germany would
far more considerable alike in bulk
and in importance than what has
be.possible. But neither the one nor
the other condition is fulfilled. Rus¬
been accomplished in th« treaty with sia was long an ally, and a useful
Germany. Still, there may be a cer-i ally; she finally collapsed and made
tain surprise in pointing out that the a separate peace; but does this jus¬
tify her recent allies in treating her
treaty recently signed disposes of
less than 10 per cent of the territory
as an enemy and dividing
her terri¬
tories, cutting her off from the Bal¬
which must be apportioned before tic; in effect, ratifying the. terms of
the work of making peace is ever, tlio treaty which her enemy Ger¬
while the population awaiting alio- many imposed upon her, swovd in
hand> at B rest-Li to\»fil<?
cation is something like seventy
millions, as compared with the less Unfortunately, the progress of
than seventy millions divided in the events at Paris already
has resulted
Versailles settlement. in the permanent alienation of Italy;
The Allies, who have conquered nothing is more certain than that,
Germany and imposed their peace once the chance comes, Italy will re¬
terms upon her, have now to sepa¬ turn to her old German alliance. To
rate Austria-Hungary into its com¬ insure that Russia, when she does
ponent racial parts, deal with the become a great power again, as she
Kusso-Polish problem, the Russo- almost certainly must, because of
Rumanian question, bring about a the fashion in which her old allies
settlement so far as England is con¬ have treated her, shall also turn to
cerned, dispose of the tangled prob¬ the Germans is to provide for a new
lem of Constantinople and the war, with every chance in favor of
6hores of the Straits and impose a victory by the new alliance.
peace terms upon Bulgaria. The real difficulty which con¬
Must Reconcile fronts the men who have to carry
on the work of peacemaking is the
Racial Disputes puzzle about Russia. We have rec¬
Not less difficult is the task of ognized the independence of Fin¬
reconciling the disputes between the land, but Kolchak flatly refuses to
separate races on which the several recognize it on his part. We have
provinces of Austria are to be be¬ recognized the claim of Polaml to
stowed, accommodating the acute freedom, which Kolchak also con¬
quarrel between the southern Slavs cedes, but what is to bo Poland's
and the Italians, and thus bringing eastern limit? The boundaries of
a little order and calm out of that the old Russian Poland? But the
great central chaos which now ex¬ Polish armies are in Wilna, Minsk
tends from the Baltic to the Mgean and Kove!, fighting Bolshevist forces.
and from the Adriatic to the Black
Certainly if Kolchak will not recog¬
Sea. Until these things are accom¬ nize the independence of Finland
plished thc-Ve can be no peace in Eu¬ he will not consent to the separa¬
rope, rind in the accomplishment of
tion of Lithuania, White Russia and
eyen a temporary arrangement there
may be sown the seeds of many
Volhynia from the old Muscovite
state.
future wars. Nor is the dispute merely
To begin at the beginning, there tween the Pole and the Russian
be¬
js the Russian problem. It may be here. Qn the contrary, the Poles
{divided into two equally important desire to restore the old confedera¬
Varis; there is the question of Rus¬ tion between Lithuania and Poland,
sia itself and the question of the while the Lithuanians desire uncon¬
various races on the fringe of the ditional independence, and even if
fild Russian state, which are seeking
ndependence, union with other frac-
lions of their own race who are seek-
this were granted there is still to be
settled the age-long difference be¬
tween two peoples as to their boun¬
Ing permanent separation from Rus-
¡ia, precisely as the Danes, the
Poles and the people of Alsace-Lor¬
daries. If the Paris conference
gives Poland White Russia and
Lithuania, it alienates the Russians
raine sougjit liberation from the and the Lithuanians; if it does not,
German yoke.
it alienates the Poles. If it returns
the Lithuanians to Russia, it alien¬
Policy on Russia »
ates both these people and the Poles
Is Complex Problem
and does violence to the
As to Russia herself, what policy self-determination of peoples.right
of
will the Allies adopt? They can¬
not recognize Lénine and the Reds, Then there is the problem of Riga,
both because the things these people of Libau, of the provinces of the
Courland, Esthonia and Livonia,
represent are abhorrent to all of the
with a certain minority of German
ideas of western civilization and be¬
inhabitants and a strong separatist
cause, unless recognized by the out¬ sentiment.
side world, they will shortly collapse To take these away
of their own weight. from Russia would be to undo the
But if there is to be peace in Eu¬ work of Peter the Great and le'avn
Russia without access to the Baltic.
rope there must be peace in Russia,
and to obtain peace in Russia it is New War Against
eninntial that the western powers Russia Possible
»hould find some substitute for the
anarchy and suicide of the Lénine asking, precisely
But these people are
with
régime. Apparently the Allies now fight against the Bolshevist Allied help, a gallant
Rus¬
are placing their hopes upon Kol-
sians; shall they be rewarded by
chak, but this decision arousing betrayal to the Russians? If they
is
protest in Britain and France, are, will unquestionably fight
where Kolchak is seen as a reaction¬ with they
German aid.German troops
ary, and in neither country is there are still there.against Russia until
any desire to restore in Russia the such time as Russia and Germany
tyranny of the old, stupid and cor¬ come
rupt régime, which has gone.
Granted that Kolchak can over¬
then,
to terms over the whole set of
questions that concern them. It is,
(
The Germs of Future Hostilities
The No Man's Lands of the Balkans There Is Possibility of an Alliance
| ofin the
Germany, Russia and Italy
Complex Balkan Prob¬
lem That Awaits Solution
1,500,000 and there is not any race Rumania and Italy or conquer Jugo-
in the many who inhabit it which Slavia and suppress Greece.
has a clear majority. The Ruma¬ Both the latter frankly ask only
nians outnumber the German?, for what they are entitled to have
Serbs and Magyars, who are all according to the famous Fourteen
in considerable numbers, biff Points. Italy and Rumania, on the
thejj»
the Germans and the Magyars com¬ other hand, can point to the pledges
bined would outnumber the Ruma¬ given by their allies in secret
nians. Moreover, the southwestern treaties; moreover, in the matter of
districts are Serb, the northwest¬ Bessarabia, Rumania's claim is in¬
ern Magyar, but to give these dis¬ disputable.
tricts to the Serbs and the Magyars There remains the dispute be¬
would be to deprive the Rumanians tween the Italians and the Jugo¬
living in the uplands of their slavs over Fiume and Dalmatia, the
natural and necessary means of merits of which are so well known
communication to the Theiss and to my readers that I shall not re¬
Danube rivers, by which* they ex¬ peat former analyses here. But it
port their produce. is an element in the larger culcula-
| tion. Italy is practically outside the
Rumania Claims
All of the Banat j western alliance now; she feels her-
¡ self badly treated; she resents Pres-
Now the Rumanians claim all the ident Wilson's criticism; she feels,
Banat and have to support their not unjustly, that her European al-
claim a separate, secret treaty with lies have sided with the President
the Western allies. It was a part rather than with her. If Germany
of the reward promised them for is sullenly revengeful, Italy is
open-
entering the war. But when they iy dissatisfied; therefore no solution
entered they were betrayed, de¬ of the Adriatic problem that she
feated and compelled to make a would even consider would do jus-
separate peace. Does this invali¬ tice to' Slav rights and no solution
date the. pledge given by the which ignores Slav rights can
Western allies? At least the Ru¬ manently satisfy the great nationper- of
manians deny it. But the Serbs southern Slavs, including the best
assert this to be the caseT point to fighting race in
the fact that the population of the destined to rise Europe,
which is
on the eastern
districts claimed is Serb, and would shores of the Adriatic. Nor can we*
vote for union with the new Jugo¬ expect the Greeks ever to
slav state, and argue that Mr. Wil¬ definitely the loss of northernaccept
Epi¬
son does not recognize secret trea¬ rus or the islands of the
.'-gean,
ties anyway. Then the Magyar.; which have been Hellenic in history
claim the district about Szegedin, since the very beginning of
history.
The black areas are disputed territories the disposition of which still he decided which is Hungarian, on the same These circumstances explain Eu¬
must by the Peace ground of self-determination. As ropean despair in the presence of
_
Conference for the Germans, close to half a the problems of
peacemaking.
problem has continued to paralyze
million in number, they seem re 'But," my American friends
argue,
dispute directly with Rus¬ tion is Polish, but the Czechs have ticklish puzzle, which we may call
settle the signed to losing in any case. 'the league of nations will arrange
the Paris conference. A mistake, sia, without, however, receiving in an economic necessity tö possess the the Rumanian
tRe "backing of the wrong horse," advance any guarantee from the land, at least they allege such a Rumania is question. The new If the Western Allies recognize everything.'' But how can the league
would be fatal. Lloyd George and Western powers, although no one necessity, and the Paris conference a square, andshaped something like
on each of its four
Serbian claims and fail to accepl of nations reconcile the Serbs to the
Rumanian claims in Bessarabia, Ru loss of hundreds of thousands of
Wilson were willing to flirt with Lé¬ disputes the fact that the great ma¬ once conceded it to them. Then it sides it has a near-war in progress.
mania will make an alliance witr Slavs to Italy, the Greeks to the sur-
nine, some months ago, because jority of the population are Ru¬ repented.
neither was directly exposed to Rus¬ manian by race.
On the east it disputes with the
Ukrainians and thus with the Rus-
I
Italy, which has a dispute with ttu render of nearly half a million Hel-
Jugo-Slavs on her hands. More lenes to Italy and Italy's new ward,
sian invasion if the reactionary fac¬ Even this summary retreat does Two Slav Peoples
sians the territory once comprising over, Bulgaria, despite her quarre Albania? And how can the league
tion regained control, but France is;
has been invaded by Russians at
not, however, dispose of all the ques¬ With Daggers Drawn the Russian province of Bessarabia. with Rumania over the Dobrudja of nations reconcile Italy to permit¬
tions affecting Poland. To-day Pol¬ Now the question is open again, On the north it is at odds with might easily be placated by a prom ting a new Slav state to rise
least twice in a little more than a ish armies are fighting the Ukraini¬ with the two Slav peoples at dag¬ Husigary over a vast area of Ru-
century, and France was always op^
ise of the Macedonian territory across the Adriatic or to consent¬
ans in Eastern Galicia, and there is gers drawn. To give it to one would manian
posed to that man.uvre which ended speaking lands, which it
an historic dispute between these be to alienate the other, to estab has taken in recent months. On tho
she has waged three wars to ac¬ ing to the creation of a Greek state
ingloriously in the Prinkipo fiasco. quire, and then we should have ; which will doom all her hopes in the
peoples for the possession of East¬ lish a separate state under the guar¬ sj^uth there is the old quarrel with new Balkan problem on our hand: Kgean and on the west coast of
ern Galicia, with Lemberg, the cap¬ antee of the league of nations would Bulgaria over all of the
We have, as a result of our, peace¬
making so far, alienated Italy and
created a sullen, resentful,'revenge¬
ital, which is itself a Polish city, sur¬ be to alienate both and erect an in¬ in general and the Southern Do-
rounded by a Ruther.ian speaking defensible state, one more indefen¬ brudja in particular. On the west
Dobrudja at once. To suppose that the West Asia Minor, at the precise moment
ern powers would go to war agaii when Britain and
France, by the
to save Serbia is to suppose the new peace, are realizing their
aspi-
country. Had Russia stayed in the sible state in Europe, without any there is a new quarrel with the
ful Germany. Both circumstances
were approximately inevitable: at war she would have annexed all of desire for independence and with Serbs over the western fringe of
least there was no escape from the Galicia with the consent of the absolutely no means of defending the Banat.
its unsought independence or re¬
impossible, but this is exactly whi: rations, both in Syria and Mesopo-
would be necessary if the league oi tamia in Asia and in Egypt and
nations were to be preserved at all Morocco in Africa?
German detail. To add to these a Western powers, but what now? For the Western powers to rec¬
Problem to Atone
Russia, destined to be again the First of all, will the Ukraine en¬ »would ceiving aid from the nations which ognize -Rumanian claims to Bessa¬ Americans See But
thus create it. For Wrongs Done A
greatest power on the Continent, dure as a separate state or will it rabia would be to alienate Russian Single Solution
would be for France and Great revert to Russia? Should the West- To sum up, then, the Allies, with opinion, precisely as in the north. But. if the Serbs are denied their Then, again, the American point
Britain, with her Indian Empire and ern powers follow the German ex- cur assistance, must give Poland an But to fail to recognize Rumanian part of the Banat, if this injury is of view, influenced by the Fourteen
her Mesopotamian colony, to com¬ ample and recognize the independ¬ eastern frontier, since they have claims would be to deny the Four¬ added to the wrong, the palpable Points, conceives that there is
only
mit suicide* ence of the Ukraine or not? To recognized its right to exist. To teen Points, since the people are wrong, already done in the hinter one just solution, and that such a
recognize would be to alienate the do this they must assign Russian Rumanian and have already self- lands of Trieste, where half a mil¬ solution, if reached, will close the
Poland Has Many Northern Russians and the Poles; territory to Poland, yet it is of determined themselves to be such, lion Slavs have been turned over tc debate. Unhappily, there are fre¬
not to recognize might be to guess utmost importance that they do and, even more serious, to alienate Italy, and to the probable wrong tc quently at least 'two solutions con-
Troubles in Store
wrong, for the Ukrainians might not alienate Russian national senti¬ th.e Rumanian nation, which is des¬ be done, under the terms of the forming to justice as laid down
by
Therefore, it is not going to be gain liberty. But to bestow Eastern ment, drive a restored Russia into tined to be one of the great powers Anglo-French-Italian secret treatj the Fourteen Points, and in some
easy or rapid work, this settling the Galicia upon the Poles would alien¬ German arms. * of the future in Europe, larger in affecting Dalmatia, then we shal cases, as in the Banat, a situation
eastern frontiers of Poland and Ru¬ ate both the Russians and the The same problem must be faced area than the mainland of Italy, and have exactly the same menace tc where the Fourteen Points have no
mania and the future status of the Ukrainians and lead to serious con¬ in
dealing with Finland, the Baltic capable of sustaining at least as world peace that Serbia constitutec application, since self-determination
Baltic provinces. I should guess sequences: Meantime the Poles provinces, while there large a population. If Rumania from the Congress of Vienna dowr is impossible as a whole, and, if the
that in the end Finland would be hold all of it, as'^a result of their also is the Lithuania, incident
grave danger tc finds her claims denied, she unques¬ to the assassination at Serajevo vote of the people be had in the vari¬
confirmed in her independence, Po¬ victories, and mean to hang on. alienating the Poles, the Lithua tionably will renounce her associa¬ when the whole world was em ous districts, commercial ruin will
land in the possession of not much Then there is the dispute between nians, the peoples of the Baltic tion with the Western powers; so broiled. Moreover, Italy and Ruma result.
more than the old area of Russian the Poles and the Czecho-Slovaks
provinces and the Czecho-Slovaks much she has already threatened nia, two Latin states, with strong Finally there is the
Poland, including Cholm, while Ru¬ over Teschen, a tiny'territory, im¬ as each or all feel their own rights to do. sympathies and a common enemy point of view, which no European American-
manian possession of Bessarabia, mensely rich in minerals, lying be¬ under the Fourteen might easily find a basis of agree k reckons with, the point of view of
which exists, might be tolerated but tween Polish and Czech peoples at by the necessities Points, abridgec Then there is the dispute with the
of the Greai Serbs over the Banat. Now the ment with Germany, looking for al the French and British, who have to
would hardly be sanctioned. That the headwaters of the Oder and the Powers. lies and necessarily prepared U face the eventuality of a restored
Banat exists to confute the Four¬
is, it might be left for Rumania to Vistula. A majority of the popula There remains an almost equalh teen Points. It has a population of trade upon the differences and profi Russia, the certainty of a vengeful
by the mistakes of the Paris Peaci Germany and the growing fact of a
Conference. thoroughly dissatisfied Italy, whose

no simple tangle, this problem

throw Lénine and Trotzky, however, of the Baltic and Polish hinter¬
Will America Adopt the Armenians? /
There is also a Greek complicatioi dissatisfaction grows out of the re-
to be reckoned with. The Greek: ! jection of claims she holds %just,
and Serbs have a treaty of allianci which were agreed to by her allies,
against the Bulgarians and Greeci but rejected by President Wilson, in
this only raises new problems. He .r- ^ / .'--
claims the old .Egean coast of Bui j accordance with his views of justice,
Will come to Moscow and Petrograd lands. New York Tribune
Special Cable Service Greeks charge
the Italians with secret¬ etanism, always have refused to "It is necessary at the outset to garia in western Thraee. In addi views which, in the abstract at least,
a« the champion of a restored Rus- In the solving of it, the main ques (Copyright, 1919. New York Tribuno Inc.) ly pricking the Turks to attack the
on recognize the religious supremacy of make a distinction. There will be two tion, Greece has a quarrel with thi cannot be disputed.
rta, of a reunited Russia, and is it tion necessarily will be the self-in¬ PARIS, July 12.-Official circles ad- Greeks. Constantinople is the key to the Sultan, whi'e Mussulman authori¬ different classes of states or communi¬ Italians affecting northern Epirus If Germany, Russia and Italy
conceivable that he will consent, that terest of the Western powers. Ii mit that the sole reason fbr post¬ the Turkish problem, and the American ties by their official acts and docu¬ ties under mandate. There will be, the Dodecanesus Islands, witl find a common basis for cooperation
'
bis countrymen will consent, to any would be idle to expect Great Brit poning the Turkish problem is the answer on the Constantinople mandatp ments avow that Constantinople has in the words of the covenant, 'those
colonies and territories which
Rhodes and the western shore o in upsetting the present settlement
treaty by which the nations, yester¬ ain ceding and France to alienate Russia necessity of knowing whether America is matter of pressing importance. preserved its Christian and Hellenic . .
Asia Minor, including Smyrna in Europe, where is the force coming
her territories to Polana American officials here formerly were character. When certain Moslems liv- are inhabited by peoples not yet able
day Russian allies, shall have appor¬ and by will accept a mundate for Armenia, Con¬
to stand by themselves under the
Northern Epirus is Greek by right from to defeat them? Certainly
tioned Russian territories between one or more independent Baltic stantinople and Asia Minor. It is un¬ impressed by the argument that the ing outside the frontiers of the Otto¬ but Italy has prevented Greece fron France and Great Britain cannot do
man empire declare that the removal strenuous conditions of fthe modern
i the several border states, erected a states, thus insuring a speedy com¬ derstood that before hjs departure Sultan'g removal from Constantinople world.' And there will be 'certain occupying it, and now, as th thijä. Even if we sent new millions
would deeply offend the Mussulman of the Sultan from Constantinople
.ew Poland, liberated Finland, allo- bination of Russia and Germany tc President Wilson told Clemenceau and
would wound #e susceptibilities of the communities formerly belonging to mandatory of Albania, occupies i to Europe they would hardly arrive
* cated Bessarabia to Rumania and undo this work. Lloyd George that he thought the Ar¬ populations everywhere. They now herself. The Dodecanesus an I in time to save France from a new
The fact that every Europear
'
menian mandate was feasible, but it confess that fuller knowledge destroys faithful, it merely means the. persist¬ the Turkish Empire which have
reached a stage of development where Rhodes are Greek speaking, bu invasion. As for the league of na-
»«cognized the independence of the and most Americans dis was utterly impossible to offer an this case. The experts and scholars ence ef the great Panislamic propa¬
their existence as independent nations
.everal tribes of the Baltic prov- recognizes ganda inaugurated by Abdul Hamid can be provisionally Italy has held them since her Tr: tions. what power has it, outside of
regard is that the German victory opinion in regard to Constantinople who have been consulted declare that recognized, sub¬ politan War. Finally, the wester the power of the nations which eon-
faces? and Asia Minor. Constantinople never has been consid¬ and continued by the Young Turks at ject to the
the kaiser's instigation. The general; advice and rendering
over Rus'sia destroyed the balance of administrative
ered a sacred place by the Mussulmans, powers promised Smyrna to Italj stitute a real part of it, and these
fMay Join Germany of power in Europe, which was re Constantinople Is still less the sacred city of Islam, for
assistance
world interest as well as the interest until such time as by are
they
a 'nandatary
able to
but have recently permitted Greec are Britain, France and ourselves?
Bo Red i vide Poland stored only when we sent great Ke^ to tbe Problem it always has retained a Christian of the powers governing the Mussul¬ stand alone.' German East Africa is to occupy it. Such briefly, then, is a conspectus
Instead of accepting such a situa- armies to the Continent. Thest Armenian representatives here pro. character. man populations demand the removal an obvious instance of the
first class, Thus the Balkans are beginnin; of some of the remaining problems
; tlon, is it not almost inevitable that armies have mostly departed; theii fess that they have reason to be hope¬ The Turk never was more than a cf the Sultan aAd the liberation of Con¬ Armenia of the secor.d.- to divide again, with Greece an< of peace; such is the unfinished
the new Russia, the restored Russia, return under any cirmustances i; ful that America will assume a man¬ temporary resident, and it is now urged stantinople. To allow him to remain
on the Bosporus, either as Sultan or
Thc Duties of u Jugo-Slavia in ore camp and Ital; business before the Paris conference.
will join hand» with Germany in a at least problematical ; therefore, i< date. Meanwhile the urgency of a de¬ that the Sultan's departure will result and Rumania in a second, with Bu! ence.
Sew partition of Poland, in a new is of Utmost importance to the West cision on the Turkish problem was ae- among other benefits in cleansing the Caliph, would be to recognize a power
which even those most particularly
Mandatary Nation garia destined, it would Keem, t (Copyright, 1919, by The McClure Newspaper
if they are to exist, t( centuatcd with the arrival of news city of thousands of unproductive "It is clear that the civilized manda¬ Syndicate)
arrangement «n the Baltic lands, em powers, alliance between Russir from official sources that the generals hangers on living at the expense of concerned never recognized. tary power, whichever it be, in dealing
join the Latin powers. But thi
S which shall reproduce the situation prevent an
which would be al commanding three Turkish forces in the population and constituting a "To lose the opportunity of changing with nr African colony has two main makes a new Eastern question an
bwhkh has existed steadily since the and Germany, serious obstacle to the peace and the Sultan's place of residence would duties, Its primary duty is toward the gives Germany a chance to .selec rfy>
irresistible. This b< Asia Minor.the first in Amsia and Established 1827 ^S«i
Policies of a great Russian and a most
great Prussian, Peter and Freder¬ avoided only, if at all,asby not
ick, brought Russia to the Baltic the termstheof Russia peace
can
so framinf
to dis
Sivns, the second in Halikersi, where
they confront the Greeks, and the third
'in Konia, where they confront the
progress of the Orient.
Status of Sultan Is
permit the continuance of. a permanent natives of the colony; its secondary
danger to the great powers as well as duty is toward the rest of Cue world.
to the Christian population 01" the "As for the duties of the mandatory
partners from one pide or the othe
while the F'aris Conference, if
acts justly, must offend at least or
f R. Simpson s Co.¿KSKKS
143 We.t,42d St.
Inc. *
and excluded Poland from the open xatisfy of to-morrow Itnlians.refuse to obey orders ema¬ Brought Into Question
'

Levant." power toward the outside world, they side, and probably. both, and ca Broadway, cor. 67th St.,
Manhattan
S0i> Fulton S\, Brooklyn
fea? which, one must assume, will b< nating from Constantinople, thus Charles, a member of the Turkish The thorny problem of colonial man¬ may be summed up in two words.the not enforce any decision it m¡

I
ren-
If Russia were condemned always strong and mindful of its histori«
to he the thing It is, it would be easy greatness.
dering immediately possible
clashes.
serious parliament and a noted authority on
Moslem law, declarea: "Medina and
dates under, the league of. nations is maintenance of the. 'open door.' There
must be complete equality of commer¬
discussed by the Paris correspondent of cial rights, as well as of religious
reach in any case since its writ \v
not run where it has no armies
LOANS
of Anjr Amount on
il« aettl« all th« question» now That is w>y the whole Russiar The danger <¦ greater alnea the Mecca, the chief centrée of Mahom- "The Manchester Guardian." Be says: rights, for all nations." go and it has no armies ttß flg Pledget of Personal Property