Etoepic Virgin

rD;tdrf&Sipf mtkyw
f kduf
tcef; (7)? wdkuf (1)? jynf&yd rf Get
f dr&f m? emewfawmvrf;?
urm&GwNf rdKUe,f? &efukeNf rdKU/
zkef; - (01) 536738? (01) 539923? (01) 525015/
 
 
  
  
 

  
 
  
 


 
        
  
  

 

 
 
  
 
 
                               

 
 

 
                             

                                            
 
 
 
 

 
 

ECTOPIC VIRGIN
 

yHkESd yf rSwf w rf ;
        
   

    
    
    
      
     
     
 
      
   
   
   
          
    
   
      
    
   
   
       
 

    
    
   
  
   
   
   
    
tufwdk;ypftysdKpif
urÇmBuD;rSm rde;f r&Sdonf/
rde;f rwdkYwGif tysdKpif? tdraf xmif&Sirf ? wpfckvyf? rkqkd;r
[lí 0daoo trsdK;rsdK;&SdMuonf/
rde;f rwpfa,muf\ wefzkd;*kPo f u d ©mudk rnfokdYqHk;jzwfMu
ygoenf;/
uRefr ,HkMunfcsuft& ajym&vQif
xdkrdef;r\ udk,fydkift&nftcsif;? ukd,f&nfudk,faoG;?
udk,uf siw hf &m;ESifh pdwx
f m;jynf0h jrihrf m;rIuom ta&;BuD;onf/
,Ofrif;OD; (aq;wuúokdv)f


       




      


pma&;ol\trSm
rdef;rom;wpfa,muf\b0rSm wpfcgwnf;om&SdNyD; wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom
ydkifqdkirf IrSm ]]tysdKpif}} qdkaom *kPfjzpfonf/
tysdKpifb0onf *kP f&SdonfrS efaomfvnf; uHraumif;taMumif;rvSí
tdraf xmifNydKuGJysupf D;&aom wpfckvyfrdef;uav;rsm;udk ¤if;wpfckvyfqdkonfh
avS um;xpfr sm;aMumifh wefzdk ;ESihf *k Pfodu© m edrhfq if;avQmusoG m;wmrsdK ;
rjzpfapcsifyg/
rdef;rwcsdKUrSm olrwdkY\ avmfrmazmufjym;rIaMumifhr[kwfbJ tdrfaxmif
zufa,musfm;\ trsdK;rsKd ;aom csKd U,iG ;f csuaf Mumihfaomfvnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usif
todik ;f t0kid ;f \ ½dkucf wfraI Mumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? 'grSr[kwf uHw&m;\ aphaqmfrI
aMumifhaomfvnf;aumif; tdraf xmifNydKuGJysuq f ;D &aomwpfcv k yf rjzpfoifhbJ jzpfomG ;
Muolrsm;jzpfonf/
avmuü rdef; rwpf a,muf\ wefzdk ;ES ih f* k Pfodu© mudk oHa cs;wufae
aom a&S ;½dk;tpOftvm jy|mef;csuBf uD;twdki;f tysdKpif[al om wpfckvyf[al om
0daooESihfom rlwnfowfrSwMf urSyJvm;? ¤if;vlrIa&;Oya'rSm rde;f rwpfa,muf\
udk,fykdift&nftcsif;? udk,f&nfudk,faoG;? udk,u f sifhw&m;ESihf pdwfxm;jynfh0
jrifhjrwfrIwdkYukd xnhfoGi;f a&;qGJ rxm;oifhaybl;vm;/
wpfc kv yf rde f;rwpfa,muftay: yHk aoenf;wpfc kwnf;ESi h f rSm;,Gif;
qHk;jzwfwwfMuaom vlrItodki;f t0dkif;wcsKdU em;vnfcHpm;rdapzdkYESihf rdef;rom;
wpfa,muf\ tvGeu f sO;f ajrmif;aom vrf;aMumif;wpfct k ay:rSm olr\ wefzk;d tppf
trSefudk avmuygvw&m;\ ppfrSeaf omqHk;jzwfcsuft& &SmazGay;Edkiyf gap
[k&nf&G,Nf yD; uRefr þ0w¬Kudk a&;zGJUcJhygonf/
zk ef;jzifhwpfrsdK; pmjzifhwpfoG, f pmaya[majymyGJr sm;wG if tBudrf B udrf
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;\ awmif;qdkrIt& 'kw, d tBudrf xyfrHxkwaf 0ygonf/
cspfaompmzwfy&dowftwGuf cspfjcif;arwåmjzifh
,Ofrif;OD; (aq;wuúodkvf)





     

  


    

















       





pma&;ol\trSm
rdef;rom;wpfa,muf\ b0rSm wpfcgwnf;

om &&SdNyD; wefzk;d rjzwfEkid af om ydkifqkdirf IrSm
]tysKd pif} qdkaom *kPjf zpfonf/
tysKd pifb0onf *kP&f o dS nfreS af omf vnf;
uH r aumif; taMumif ; rvS í td rf a xmif
NydKuGJysufpD;&aom wpfckvyfred f;uav;rsm;udk
¤if; wpfckv yfq dkonfh avSum;xpfa Mumifh
wefzk;d ESifh *kPof u d m© edrhq
f if;avQmusomG ;wmrsKd ;
rjzpfapcsifyg/
rde;f rwcsKd UrmS olrwd\ kY avmfrm azmuf
jym;rIaMumihf r[kwfbJtrd faxmifzufa,musmf ;
\ trsdK;rsdK;aom csdKU,Gif;csufa Mumih faomf
vnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usif todkif;t0dkif;\
½kducf wfrIaMumifhaomfvnf;aumif;? 'grSr[kwf
uHw&m;\ aphaqmfrIaMumihfaomfvnf;aumif;
rjzpfoifhb J wpfckvyf jzpfoG m;Mu&ol rsm;
jzpfonf/
avmuü rdef;rwpfa,muf\ wefzk;d ESihf
*kPo f ud ©mudk oHacs;wufaeaom a&S;½dk; tpOf
tvm jy|mef;csuBf uD;twdki;f tysKd pif[laom?
wpfck vyf [ l a om 0d a ooES i h f om rl w nf
owf rS wf M urS y J v m;? ¤if; vl rI a &;Oya'rS m
rdef; rwpfa ,muf\ udk,f yd ki ft&nf t csif; ?
udk,&f nfuk, d af oG;? udk,u
f sihw
f &m;ESifh pdwx
f m;
jynfh0 jrifhjrwfrIwkdYudk xnhfoGi;f a&;qGJ rxm;
oifhaybl;vm;/
wpfckvyf rdef;rwpfa,muftay:rSm
yHkaoenf;wpfckwnf;ESihf rSm;,Gi;f qHk;jzwfwwf
Muaom vlrItodki;f t0dkif;wcsKdU em;vnfcHpm;
rdapzdkYESihf oabmaygufoGm;apzdkYtwGuf acwf
NydKif cHpm;rIwpfcktaejzifh vuf&Sda&pD;aMumif;
wpfck\ wpfp dwfwpfa'oudk &ifememES ih f
vSp[ f zGihjf yvdkuf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
rde;f rom; wpfa,muf\ tvGef usO;f
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11
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12
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1
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94 ,Ofrif;OD;
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98 ,Ofrif;OD;
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100 ,Ofrif;OD;
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udk,fowfzkdYqdkwm pdwu f l;xJrSmawmif rxnfh0Hhygbl;
uG,f? usKyfwdkY [if;&GufjyKwf&nf oGefawmhr,fqdk&if
awmif ajrBuD;ay:u ydk;aumifav;awG aoukerf mS pdk;vdkY
tat;cHNyD;rS oGew f myg? tazray:wJhuav; arG;&wJh
'ku©yJ usKyfwdkY cHyg&ap q&m&,f}}
aMomf-jzpfrjS zpf&av tar&,f? vlem&Sif tbGm;
tdkukd av;pm;jrwfEkd;pGm ai;Munfhaerdaom a'gufwm
oufjrwfEdk;? rdrdtem;,lrnfh tcef;odkY jyef&efvSnhf
txGuf....? jywif;wHcg;rS jzwf0ifvmaom jyifyrS
odyfonf;q rwlnDonfh avxk\ wdk;0if½kducf wfjcif;
cHvkdu f&onf/
odyo
f nf;q rwlnjD cif;onf tvGev
f sijf refaom
tvif;wef;wpfckudk ,drf;,dkif auGUaumufoGm;ap
wwfaMumif; oufjrwfEdk;wd kY i,fpOfu ½lyaA'
bmom&yfrSm oifMum;cJhzl;onfukd jyefvnftrSw f&rd

onf/
2
nae ig;em&Dxdk;vQif aq;cef;ayguf0rS vnfwqefY
qefYjzifh apmifah rQmfaeMurnfh olr\ vlem rsuEf mS rsm;udk
jrifa,mifvsuf oufjrwfEk;d uref;uwef; t0wfavQm?f
a&csKd ;NyD;vQif naepm xrif;rpm;Edkit f m;vJ bvufcf
aumfzw D pfcu
G o f m ysm,D;ysm,m azsmaf omufí aq;cef;
odkY ajy;&onf/ a&Ttdka&mif naecif;rSm a'gufwm
oufjrwfEkd; jyKaeus0wå&m;rsm;ygay/ aq;wuúokdvf
pwifwufa&mufuwnf;u olr pD;aeus ]yef;urÇm}
pufbD;pdrf;pdrf;uav;udk tazmfjyK&if; raeYu 0,fzdkY
rSwo f m;xm;aom aq;pm&if;av;twdki;f aq;½HkBuD;
a&SUu udk[efwif aq;qdkirf Sm tavmoHk;q,faq;0,f
NyD; olrtm; tm;udk;wBuD; apmifhBudKaeMurnfh olr\
cspfaom vlemrsm;qDodkY uysmuoD...../
a'gufw mouf jrwfEdk ;\ aq;cef;a&SUwGif
0dki;f tHkapmifhpm;aeMuaom vlrsm;wGif wpf0ufavmuf
aom y&dowfrSm 0g0g0if;vsuf..../ a&Trsm;ñGwaf e
106 ,Ofrif;OD;
atmif 0wfpm;Edkiaf om olaX;ol<u,fwkdY\ tm;udk;&m

q&m0efrBuD;tjzpf txifBud; rapmapcsifyg/ olr
q&m0efjzpfpuwnf;u omoemjyKyk*¾dKvf? omoem
awmf pnfyifjyefYyGm;&ef apmifha&Smufaeaom yk*¾dKvf?
bkef;BuD; &[ef;rsm;ESifh oDv&Sirf sm;udk aq;zdk;yifvHk;0
r,lbJ tcrJh ukoay;cJhonfhtwdkif; ausmif;xdkif?
'kvb? tm*EÅK? oHCmawmfrsm;\ ouFef;ESihf oDv&Sif
rsm;\ 0wf½Hkrsm;jzifh xdex f de0f if;aejcif;yif/ usefonfh
vlem wpf0ufavmufrsm wcsKd Ua&m*ga0'emcHpm;ae&í
aq;cef;odkY vmjcif;r[kwfbJ olwkY\ d vlrIa&;jyóem
rsm;twGuf q&m0efrav;xH ,kH,HkMunfMunf &ifzGifh
tultnDa wmif;&ef apmifhq dkif;aejcif; jzpfonf/
oufjrwfEk;d rSm xdkoakY d om vlemrsm;\ vlraI &;'kur© sm;udk
olr wwfpGrf;oavmuf tBuHÓPfay; ulnDajz&Sif;
ay;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfa&m*g? ESvHk;a&m*g a0'emrsm;
avsmhyg; usqif;oGm;a&;twGuf olr wpfydkiw f pfEkdif
pGrf;aqmifjcif;[k cH,lxm;\/
aq;½HkBuD;rS vkyfazmfukdifzuf q&m0efrsm;u
oufjrwfEk;d udk (udk,yf kid af q;cef;atmifjrifol
bk&ifr) tjzpf uifyeG ;f wyfMuonf/ rk'w d mjzifh wifpm;
ac:a0:olwcsdKU? rapä&,d pdwEf Sifh avSmifajymif twdkY

taxmif vkyfcsifoluwcsdKU/ rsufrkef;usdK;olwcsdKUu
oufjrwfEdk;\ naecif;tcsdef (q&m0efrsm; udk,fykdif
aq;cef; xdkifa eustcsdef) rsm;pGmudk aq;½Hk*sLwD
csxm;&ef 0dkif;0ef; wGef;ydkY tm;xkwfcJhMuaomfvnf;
oufjrwfEk;d uawmh tNyHK;rysuf/ olwkYd xifjrifxm;Mu
ovdk oufjrwfEdk;\ aq;cef;a&SUrSm apmifhqdki;f aeaom
xlxyfrsm;jym;vSonfh vlemy&dowfBuD;aMumifh ouf
jrwfEdk;\ ydkufqHtdwfav; xlxJa zmif;um;vmjcif;
r&dyg/ ta<u;pm&if;pmtkyfrsm;om wpftkyNf yD;wpftkyf
xlxyfvmavonf/ xdkpm&if;pmtkyrf S oH;k yHk ESpyf ckH efaY om
pm&if;onf b,fawmhrS vma&mufay;qyfrnf r[kwf
aom ta<u;pm&if;rsm;jzpf\/ odkaY omfvnf; oufjrwf
Edk; ESpfESpfumum auseyfaeygonf/ olwkdY\ a&m*g
a0'emrsm; oufjrwfEdk;\ aq;ynmtpGrf;aMumifh
aysmufuif; oufomoGm;jcif;onfyif oufjrwfEkd;\
atmifjrifrI[k olr cH,lxm;aomaMumifhyif/
]]q&mra&? q&mra&}}
]]aMomf-Munfrmav;ygvm;? vmav nDr?
'geJY nDr tara&m aeaumif;&JUvm;}}
108 ,Ofrif;OD;
]][kwuf ?hJ aumif;ygw,f? araru q&mrav;

ay;vdkuw f Jh aq;awGodyfaumif;wmyJvdkY ajymaeoH
Mum;w,f q&mr&JU? tck orD;vmwm arar rodap
eJYaemf? [dkav q&mrudk orD; cspfvnf; cspfw,f?
,Hkvnf; ,HkvdkY tultnDwpfck awmif;csifvdkYyg}}
]]at;yg nDrav;&,f? tpfrwdYk q&m0efawG[m
tpfrwdkY vlemawG&JU twGif;a&;udpöawGukd twwfEkdif
qHk; vQdKU0Sufodkodyf ay;xm;wwfMuygw,fu G, f?
nDrav;rSm bmtcuftcJawG BuHKaevdkYvJ}}
]]orD;av? [dk oHk;vcHaq; (oHk;vcHuk, d 0f ef
wm;aq;) xdk;csiv
f ykYd g? tJ'g tarhukd jyefrajymygeJaY emf}}
]][if-bk&m; bk&m;? 'Duav;r rESpfurS
q,fwef;atmifNyD; pm;aomufqikd w
f pfcrk mS tvky0f ifpyif
&dSao;onf/ oufjrwfEdk;aq;cef;rSm aq;ukaeusvnf;
jzpf? rdom;pk jyóemrsm;udk tNrJ&ifzGifh aeusvnf;
jzpfaom oufjrwfEdk;udk tvGefcspfcif,HkMunfonfh
rkeYf[if;cg;onfBuD; a':apmaiG\ om;orD; ajcmuf
a,mufteuf 'kwd, orD; Munfrmav;jzpfonf/
a':apmaiGrSm cifyGef;onf aemuftdrfaxmifjyKoGm;NyD;
uwnf;u om;orD; ajcmufa,mufpvHk;udk b,folY
taxmuftyHhukdrS r,lbwJ pfukd,w

f nf; yifyifyef;yef;
½kef;uefauR;arG; ynmoifay;aeoljzpf\/
aMomf-orD;wpfaumif EGm;wpfaxmif xdef;&
ovdkygyJvm;/ a&S;vlBuD;olrwdkY\ pum;rsm; tvGef
rSefaeygyaum/ oufjrwfEdk;&ifxJrS rdcifpdwfjzifh
Munfrmav;twGuf ylyefaomu jzpfro d nf/ rdrdtm;
,HkMunftm;udk;vGef;aom rdom;pkxJrS þ rde;f uav;
tm; olrawmif;qdkaeonfhaq; xdk;ay;vdkufvQif rdrd
w&m;yghrvm;/ tJ'D rdom;pkukd opömrJh&m usavrvm;?
(q&m0efr sm; y#dnmOfjy|mef;csuf)
udk azmufzsu&f m a&mufEdkifovm;/
tu,fí oufj rwf Edk; udk, f0 efw m;aq;
rxdk;ay;cJhí 'Dred f;uav;rSm rvdkvm;aomudk,f0ef
&&dSvmcJho jzifh awGU&mae&mrSm
BuHK&mvufonfrsm;ESihf jzpfovdk zsucf svkduvf kdY a&m*g
ydk;awG0ifNyD; aoG;ref;wufjcif;  &vQif
touftEÅ&m,f pdk;&dr&f onfh tajctaexd jzpfomG ;Edkif
onf/ Munfrmav;onf 'kwd, eDvmcsdK jzpfoGm;
cJhvQif oufjrwfEdk;\ ya,m* uif;Edkifyghrvm;/ tdk
'Dred f;uav;u oufjrwfEkd;udk ,HkMunfpGm yGihfyGifh
110 ,Ofrif;OD;
vif;vif; tultnDawmif;í q&m0ef tppftrSefESifh

oifhavsmaf om aq;0g;tppftrSejf zifh BudKwif umuG,f
jcif; jzpfojzifh uav;\ toufab; vHkNcHKpdwcf s&yg
ao;w,fav/
[if;....? ylavmifaom tawG;rsm;jzifh OD;aESmuf
ajcmufatmif aomu ay;&ufygvm; nDri,f/
]]q&mr&,f? b,favmufay;& ay;& orD;ay;
yghr,f? orD;wdkYu ausmif;rNyD;ao;awmh twlaeEdkizf dkY
a0;ao;w,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'gaMumifhyg? orD;udk
txifrao;ygeJY q&mr&,f aemf}}
]]uJyg nDrav;&,f? nDr xdk;csifwJhaq;udk
tpfr xdk;ay;vdkufyghr,f? nDrav; tarudkvnf;
tpfr todray;ygbl;? pdwcf syg? 'gayrJh ighnDrudk
tpfr wpfcak wmh rSmvdkuyf g&apaem? wdkY rde;f uav;awG
twGuf ]tysdKpif} qdkwJh *kP[ f m bmeJYrS vJvkdYr&wJh
ydkuq
f Hb,favmufay;ay; 0,fvdkYr&EdkifwJh odyfudk
wefzdk;jrifhrm;wJh ydkifqdkirf I wpfckyguG,f? 'gaMumifh
wefzk;d BuD;rm;wJh tysKd pifb0av;udk nDrav; vufvw G f
py,f oabmrxm;bJ wefzdk;xm;zkYd tpfr owday;
vdkufcsifw,f nDr&,f}}
acgif;idkupf ku
d cf svsuf ausmcdik ;f xGucf mG oGm;aom
Munfrmav;udk ai;Munfhaerdaom oufjrwfEkd; &ifxJ
rSmawmh tvGeaf v;vHaom t&mwpfcku zdp;D xm;ovdk
wif;usyf emusifaeonf/ a[m'D urÇmavmuBuD;rSm
eDvmcsdK aemufxyfwpfa,muf ray:aygufapzdkY
oufjrwfEk;d rsufppd kHrwdS vf suf rvkycf sio f nfh tvkyu f kd
vkyfaqmifvkduf&jcif;yJ/ tJ'D vlrIa&;u@udk olr
rwm;qD;Edkifayr,fh olr q&m0efwpfa,muftaejzifh
olr\ vlemwpfa,muftm; toufab;rS umuG,f
ay;vdkuf&\/
]]q&mr? [dak v xdk;aeusaq;av; xd;k csiv f yYkd g?
[dk t&ifwpfcgxdk;xm;wJhaeYuae oHk;vjynfhzkYd ig;&uf
vdkao;w,f? 'gayrJh reufjzef tarvmac:rSmrdkYvdkYyg?
tareJY &efukefvdkuo f Gm;&rSmrdkY tJ'g BudKxdk;oGm;csifvkdY
aemf? aMomf armifuvJbmvdkY 0ifvm&wmvJ? oGm;yg?
cspfapmifhcdkif;wJh ae&muyJ apmifhygvdkYqkd? aemf q&mr?
tJ'g xdk;vdkY&ygw,faemf? vkyfyg xdk;ay;ygOD;}}
oufjrwfEk;d pm;yGJay: vSr;f wifvu
kd af om vG,f
tdw fuav;xJrSm ausmif;pmtkyfawG/ wuúodkvfrS
jy|mef;pmtkyfawGvnf; ygonf/ oufjrwfEdk;xHrSm
112 ,Ofrif;OD;
oHk;vcH udk,0f efwm;aq; vmxdk;cdkif;aeaom þ

rdef;uav;\ vG, ftdwfuav;/ þrdef;uav;u
aq;cef;tjyifo dkY twif;xGufcdkif;aeaom (olr\
cspfoljzpfyHk&aom) aumifav;rSmvnf; ausmif;pmtkyf
rsm;ESifh vG, ftdwfuav; vG,fvsuf/ wuúo dkvf
ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm; jzpf[efwlonf/ 'gESifh
þ rdef;uav; ,ciftacgufu twlwGJvmaom
a,musfm;av;tazmfrSm ,ck þ aumifuav;awmh
r[kwfyg/ þ rdef;uav;onf udk,fvHk;udk,fayguf
zGUH xmG ;vSyNyD; rsuEf mS uav;uvnf; acsmarGUí csppf zG,f
jzpfonf/ wpfcgjrifzl;NyD;vQif ESpfcg jyefMunfhp&m
rvdkt yfbJ rSwfr dapEdki favmufaom xl;jcm;onfh
½kyf&nfykdif&Sifav; jzpf\/
oufjrwfEkd; i,fpOf q,fausmo f uft&G,f
ausmif;olb0udk jyefvnfowd&rdonf/ tESDred ;f uav;
rsm;uJhodkY owdår&dS? twifhr&J0Hhygay/ olr\ bGm;at
jzpfol rMumcP oGefoifyJhjyif? tarGtqufquf
ay;cJhonfh [D&Md owåy t&SuEf Sifh taMumufw&m;udk
BuD;pGm axG;ydkucf Jhívm; rod/
aMomf-oufjrwfEkd;yJ rdkiw
f kdirf sm;pGm aemufus
usef&pfcJha vovm;/ 'grSr[kwf olwkdYuyJ tvGef
vsifjrefaomEIef;xm;jzifh &mpkESpfrsm;udk jzwfoef;

a&muf&dSESihfMuovm;qdkwm ra0cGJwwfawmhyg/
]]od*aÐ & reufjzefomG ;&r,fh r*FvmyGu J ta&;
BuD;w,faemf? owdkYom;taru wdkY a,mufrav?
odyfBuD;us,fwJhaumifraygh? wdkYudkaMumwm wdkYu
enf;enf;rS cHcJhz;l wm r[kwb f ;l ? 'geJY Edkiif jH cm;opfcu
G dk
aps;tBuD;qHk; taumif;qHk; aocsmrSmay;xm;OD;aemf?
qHxHk;rSm a0aeatmif yefoGm;csifvdkY? eufjzefreuf
apmapmvmcJhr,f? wdkYukd tvSqkH;jyifay;&r,f odvm;?
tck p&Hvmay;wm b,favmufay;&rvJa[h? b,f
avmuf ukeu f kef taumif;qHk;yef;udk rSmay;xm;aemf?
arhraeeJYO;D }}
a'gufwmoufjrwfEdk;\ aemufusad wGa0ae
aom pdwt f vsOfonf wpfzufcef;&dS tvSjyifqdkifrS
pl;pl;&S&S us,fus,favmifavmif xGufay:vmaom
toHaMumifh vefYzswf vGifhpifoGm;&awmhonf/ 'DtoH
olrESi f h tvGef &if;ESdD;aomtoHyg/ Mum;zl; aeus
toHwpfckygyJ/
]]q&mrudk t&ifay;p&m&dw
S t
hJ a<u;awG ay;rvdYk
ygyJ? uav;taz c&D;xGufoGm;vdkY vufxJ aiGrvnf
114 ,Ofrif;OD;
ao;bl; q&mr&,f? 'Dwpfcgvnf; ta<u;rSwfxm;

vdkufygOD;? aemufwpfcg aygif;&Sif;yghr,f}}
aemufwpfcg aemufwpfcg..../ b,fawmhrS
qHk;Edkifrnf rxifaom aemufwpfcgrsm;udk wGifwGif
oHk;&if; a'gufwmoufjrwfEkd; aq;cef;odkY raeYuwif
ta<u; aq;vmxdk ;ol a':usifMuL;BuD ;ygvm;/
'Drde;f rBuD; aq;cef;odkYvmNyDqdkvQif vlrjrif&ao;cif
OD;pGm Mum;&wwfonfrkYd 'DtoHBuD;udkawmh oufjrwfEk;d
aumif;pGm usufrdaeNyD/ 'Dred f;rBuD; aq;vmxdk;onfh
tcgwdki;f avjzwfí tdyf&mxJvJaewmMumNyDjzpfaom
olr\taz OD;at;MuL;wpfa,muf acgif;udkufaeí?
acgif;rl;aeí ponfjzifh taMumif;wpfckckjyum aomuf
aq;av;wpfjym;avmuf ay;ygOD;[k tqpfvnf;
awmif;wwfpNrJyif/ aMomf tckawmhvnf; oufjrwfEk;d
taotcsm Mum;vdku f&onfh a':usifMuL;BuD;\
toHrSm 'DZdki;f topfESifhygwum;/
oufjrwfEkd;\ aq;cef;xJu ta<u;pm&if;
pmtkyfu av; rsufESmi,fa ecsdef0 ,f wpfzufc ef;
tvSjyifqkdif pm;yGJay:odkY qHxHk;? rdwfuyf? tvSjyifc
p&HaiGtjzpf a':usifMuL; ypfcsay;aom aiGpuúLrsm;
u txyfvdku/f
olr\ a'gow&m;rsm;udkyif Edkief if;pGm cRef;tkyf

xm;NyD;jzpfaom olr &ifxJrSm q&m0efwpfa,muf\
u½k P m? tMuif emw&m;rsm;ud k oufj rwf Ed k ; u
aESmifBudK;r&dS t<uif;rJh ouf0ifaeqJjzpfonf/
]]vlwpfa,muf\ aysmf&Tirf I tppftrSeo
f nf
auseyfrIyifjzpfonf}}
avmuü rdrv d dkcsifaomt&m &aeorQumv
ywfvk;H csr;f om<u,f0jcif;rsm; jynfhpkaH ernfpm jzpf\/
3
qGwqf GwfjzLaom cGJpdwfcef;oHk; vlem0wfpHkESihf olrudk
vufw Gef;vSnf;jzifh wa&GUa&GU o,faqmifoGm;Mu
onfudk ai;Munfhr&d if; twdkif;tqr&dSaom tHhMo
wkefvIyfrIu a'gufwmoufjrwfEkd;udk zdpD;ESdyfpufae
onf/
cGJpdwfcef;\ py&defwyf wHcg;rBuD; xyfceJ
jyefyw
d foGm;onfhwkdiaf tmif tJ'D wHcg;rBuD;udk azmuf
xGi;f jrifae&onfhtvm; ai;Munfhaerdao;onf/
aq;½HkokdY olr a&muf&Sv
d myHku yHkysuyf ef;ysuf
Edkiv
f Sonf/ olrESihf oufwl&G,w f lrde;f uav;oHk;OD;u
116 ,Ofrif;OD;
EGrf;vsaysmhacGaeaom olrudk rEdkifreif; o,faqmif

vmyHkuyif tm;r&csifp&m/
]]Adkux
f Juemw,fvdkYajymNyD; rl;vJoGm ;wm
q&mr&JU? olu 'Dvkyd gyJ? cP cPrl;Ny;D tefwwfw,f?
cP cP aoG;tm;enf;vdkY tm;aq;ykvif; oGi;f &w,f?
tm;enf;NyD; &moDrvmwmvnf; ESpfv&dSNyD ajymw,f?
ckvnf; ½kwfw&ufBuD;}}
]]reufuwnf;u Adkux
f rJ mS aevdrkY aumif;bl;
vdkY ajymae&if;u wtm;emvmw,fvdkY ajymw,f
q&mr? aemuf jAKef;qdk owdvpfoGm;wmyJ}}
]]Adkux
f u
J wtm;emw,fqkad wmh ol&moDaoG;
ray:wmuvnf; MumNyDrdkY aoG;cJaevdkYjzpfrSmayghaemf
q&mr}}
olr\ oli,fcsi;f rsm;u xif&mjrif&m aumuf
csuq f JaG eMuonf/ olrwdkYtm;vHk; bGJU&NyD;aemuf BuHK&m
&&m ajryGJpm;? wdkufyGJpm; ausmufyGJpm;tvkyjf zifh BuD;
yGm;csrf;omrIudk &SmazGaeMuolrsm; jzpfaMumif; ajymjy
onf/ tdraf xmifr&dSao;aom tysdKpifrsm;yif ..../
oli,fcsif;wpfawG pka0;NyD; taqmifiSm;&rf;aexdkifí
tvkyv f kyfaeMuolrsm;[k od&onf/
olrudk ck w ifa y:wif a pNyD; oufjrwfEdk;

aocsmpGm prf;oyfppfaq;Munfhonf/ vlem\ trnfukd
ac:Munfhonf/
]]MuLMuL0if;? nDrav; MuLMuL0if;? bmjzpfovJ
nDrav;}}
vlemxHrS jyefxl;oH r&yg/
]]tm;....? emw,f emw,f}}
qD;pyfudk xdawGUprf;oyfvkdufwdki;f vlemu
txdrcHyg/ emvGef;ojzifh wGefYvdrf vl;vdrfhaeonf/
at;pufa p;xef;aom ajczsm;vufzsm;rsm;ESifht wl
vlem\ wpfudk,fvHk;onf jzLzwf jzLavsmf/ olr\
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118 ,Ofrif;OD;
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vdIufpm;cHae&\/
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120 ,Ofrif;OD;
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122 ,Ofrif;OD;
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4
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124 ,Ofrif;OD;
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pifMu,fa eaom tm;emwwfrIudk acwåord f;qnf;
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f l bke;f jrifharmfEiS hf uGJomG ;
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126 ,Ofrif;OD;
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q&m0efrsm;\ ½Hk;cef;xJ0if&ef qifem;&Guf
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128 ,Ofrif;OD;
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vGifharsmaeaom acwfynmwwf wpfckvyf rdef;r
wpfa,muf\ yef;csDum;xJu aq;a&mifawG/
134 ,Ofrif;OD;
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tcGifhomwdkif; rñSmrwm ñSO;f qJwwfqJ/
tv,f*w d af ygufu 0ifa&mufcw hJ kid ;f rsu&f nf
rsm; &pf0kdi;f vmwwfNrJ/ tJ'DckHwef;av;em;rSm jzwfoef;
aecsifpw
d fukdvnf; azsmufzsu fypfvdkY r&Edkiaf o;/
wu,fawmh avSmifcsKd ifhxJu xGufajy; vGwf
ajrmufvmcJhaom iSufuav;wpfaumif\ vGwv f yf
aysm&f TifcGifhrsm;xuf twdwfumvrS 'Pf&m'Pfcsuf
rsm;u ydkrdk zdpD;ESdyfpufaewwfaMumif;udk tJ'D iSuf
uav;\ ESvkH;om;uom em;vnfoabmaygufEkid af y
vdrfhrnf/ b,fvkdjy|mef;csuf Oya'urS pD&ufqHk;jzwf
ydkicf Gifhr&dSaom udk,fydkicf Hpm;cGifhwpf&yfom jzpf\/
pdwq f o
kd nfu cufygonf/ b,fvykd if jiif;y,f
a&Smifwdrf;zdkY BudK;pm;ayr,fhvnf; ywfoufaeaom
taMumif;t&m wpfckckukd xdawGUrd? Mum;rd? jrifro d nfh
tcgwdki;f tJ'Duwpfzef qufE, G Nf yD; owd&rd wrf;w
rdwwfjyefonf/
tckwavm oufjrwfE;kd \ tm½Hk tawmfrsm;rsm;
udk cspfolbke;f jrifharmfu ae&m,lvTrf;rdk;aewwfonf/
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nawGrSm bke;f jrifharmf\ yHkwyl ef;csu

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f kd zHk;um
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yJjyKwf} [k pl;pl;&S&S us,favmifpGm atmfvdkufaom
toHMum;rS zswfceJowd0ifvmwwfNyD; *sLwDcsed ftrD
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aq;½HkBu;D \ tv,f *dwaf ygufem;rSm [dkwek ;f u
rSwrf Swf&& twloGm;cJhMuwmawGudk jyefjrifa,mif
aerdovdk oufjrwfEdk; udkxG#facgifESifh vufxyfNyD;p
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ao;yg/
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aeonf/
136 ,Ofrif;OD;
]]Edk;Edk;udk bmvdakY &SmifaewmvJ udkuk&d ,f? Edk;Edk;

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awmhAsm? awmfygawmh}}
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rIawG? olY&JU EIwzf sm;u yGifhtefvmwJh acsmf&nfylawG/
]]r[kwaf o;bl; udu
k &kd ,f? Ed;k Ed;k tptqH;k &Si;f jyrS
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xm;NyD; onf;cHem;axmifay;ygaemf}}
]]awmfygawmhAsm? awmfygawmh? &ufpufw,f
qdkwJh pum;&JU oufa&mufrItm;[m b,favmuf
jyif;xefpl;&Sw,fqkw d m uRefawmf vufawGU odvkdu&f
ygNyD q&m0efrBuD; a':oufjrwfEkd;&,f? tJ'DtwGuf
avmifuRrf;usef&pfcJhwJh jymyHkav;udkMunfhNyD; cifAsm;
auseyfyg? aysmyf g? aysm&f iT rf IawGeYJ wnfaqmufvdkuw
f Jh
cifAsm;wdkY&JU tdrfa xmifa&; om,mcsrf;ajrhygapvdkY
uRefawmf qkawmif;ay;cJhygw,f}}
ajymajymqdkqdk csmceJ vSnx hf u
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f mG ;aom bke;f
jrifharmf? oufjrwfEk;d qkyu f kid q
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vS\/
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rsm;udk wpfppDaumuf,l qufpyfMunfhayr,fhvnf;
b,fvdkrS yDjyifvmrnf r[kwfawmhyg/
ausmcdki;f oGm;wJh udkuk&d UJ ausmjyifukd aemufqk;H
jrifvdku&f wJh 'Dae&mav;/ 'D*dwfaygufu0if? 'Dae&m
av;udka&mufwdkif; rsuf&nfwpfaygufudk tNrJwrf;
*dwaf Mu;ay;cJh&ayr,fhvnf; 'Dae&mav;uyJ jzwfoef;
aecsifro d nfh qEúdkawmh b,fvdkrS wm;qD;vdkY r&
Edkifyg/
aq;ynmr[modyw ÜH ef; 
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aMumfjim oifyke;f BuD;ay:wGif uyfxm;aom atmif
pm&if;pm&Gufudk azmufxGif;vsuf &Tef;vJh&Da 0aeaom
138 ,Ofrif;OD;
rsuv f Hk;rsm;ESifh  [k ajymvdkufaom

olYrsuEf Smav;udk jrifa,mifaerdonf/ 'Dtcsed rf mS olr\
cspfol b,fa&mufaeovJ/ b,fNrdKU b,f&GmrSm 
 (wm0efcsx m;jcif;) usaeovJ/
[dkwke;f u ]udk,fh&nfrSef;csufuav 

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f jH cm;ynmawmfoif) tjzpf oGm;Edkizf u kYd yxr
tqifh? udk,fwwfwJh tqifhjrifhynm&yfawGeJY vlem
awGukd tvkyftauR;jyKEdkifzkdYu 'kwd,tqifh? tck
udk,fwkdYatmifwJh  bGJU[m q,fwef;atmif
ovdky?J avSum;xpfay:udk ydkiyf kid Ef kid Ef kid f ajcrcsEkid af o;wJh
 (tBudK) tqifhavmufyJ&Sdao;w,f Edk;Edk;&JU} vdkY
&nfrSe;f csufBuD;pGm tm;cJxm;aom bke;f jrifharmf/ pdwf

awav [if;vif;jyifxJrSm vGifharsmaysmufqHk;aecJh
NyDvm;/ wu,fawmh olr\ cspfolonf rsuf&nfjrpf
xJrSm tcspfavSwpfpD;ESifh a&pkefarsmwwfaom tajc
,dkifonfh cyfnHhnHh vlpm;rsKd ;awmh r[kwfEdkiyf g/
aq;ynmr[modyÜHoifw ef; pwuf&onfh
&ufawGrSm olYukdyJ pl;pl;epfepf owd&aejzpf\/
2
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r[kwf[k xifrSwfxm;cJhaom cspfoludk rarQmfvifhbJ
rsuEf Smcsif;qdkif bGm;ceJ qHkawGUrdMuaomtcg..../
&ifwpfckvHk; yGifhxGufoGm;rwwf tHhMowkefcg
oGm;&ovdk....?
tdyfrufxJrSm vrf;avQmufcJh&ovdk...?
rsuf&nfpav;awGxJu tvif;a&mifwpfcsuf
jyufceJvif;vuf0if;yoGm;ovdkvdk..../
umvMumjrifhpmG aysmufqk;H aecJah om tjrwfEk;d
qHk; ypön;f av;wpfckukd ½kww
f &uf aumuf&vdkuo f nfh
uav;i,fwpfa,muf\ 0rf;omyDwrd sdK;? oufjrwfEk;d
\ ESvHk;om;rSm ½dkucf wf cHpm;vdkuf&onf/
aq;½Hktyk Bf uD;½Hk;cef;odkY vuke&f ufu wm0efrsm;
ESifh ydjym; rtm;rvyfjzpfae&ojzifh ,aeYrS vpm
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t0if? txJrS xGuv f maom ]ol} ESihf rsufESmcsif;qdkif
&ifcsif;wdkurf rd rwf jzpfoGm;&onf/ tJ'D ae&mav;rSm
tawmfhudk arSmifaeaomfvnf; ]ol}rS ]ol}/ odyu f dk
140 ,Ofrif;OD;
aocsmygonf/ olr &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifNyD;om; udk,o f if;

&eHYESifh AdkYtm;jyif;aom vQyfpD;vdIif;wpfcku olr\
ESvHk;om;tm; ½kwfjcnf; qkyfqGJ cg,rf;ypfvdkufí/
olr wkev
f Iyaf csmufcsm;pGm? pdk;&GHUxdwfvefYpmG ?
NyD;awmh 0rf;om wke,f ifpGm/
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jrifharmf}}
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xifawmh xifom;? Edk;Edk; bmvmvkyw f mvJ? aeaumif;
&JUvm;? awmfawmf ydefoGm;w,faemf}}
]]Edk;Edk; aeaumif;ygw,f? Edk;Edk;av udkbke;f jrifh
armfukd [dk [dk}}
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f rsm; rsKd odyo
f rd f;qnf;xm;cJh&aom
pum;vHk;rsm;u vnfacsmif;0rSm wpfae\/ &ifxJrSm
awmh wif;usyfqkdYeifhvsuf/ b,fupNyD; b,fvdkajym
&rSe;f rod/
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pum;ajymMuwmaygh? Edk;Edk; cPav; tcsdef&w,f
r[kwv
f m;? Ek;d Edk;ajymcsifwmawG ajym? tukeo f majym
udk,fem;axmifr,f? udk,fhrSmvnf; ajymcsifwmawG

trsm;BuD;&dSw,f Edk;&,f}}
aq;½HkBu;D tv,faygufuxGu?f vrf; 30 wpf
avQmuf....? aq;½HkBuD;buf yvufazmif;ay:rSm olEiS hf
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qdkrSyJ ]cs,&f }D tat;qdkix f J a&mufaeaMumif; owdxm;
rdonf/ wdrw f ku
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cJw
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qkyu f kdif ac:,lcw Jh m/ wdrcf sdKifhawGxJrmS ajctcs &dycf eJ
&dycf eJ &ifxJrSm vdIuzf kdchJ&wm/ a0a00g;0g; rdk;om;xk
u vsifjrefaom EIe;f xm;jzifh olrtm; xdk;azmuf
jzwfoef;oGm;cJhwm/ olr tdyfrufxJrSm vrf;avQmuf
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csicf hrJ w
d m? tck ]ajym} qdkawmhvnf; [dk? bmajym&rSe;f
awmif rodawmhbl;? tm;vHk;[m uRefr&JU tjypfawG
ygyJ&iS f? uRefrudk cGifhvTwyf gvdkY awmif;yefcJh&if uRefr
142 ,Ofrif;OD;
rw&m;bl;qdkwm odayr,fh [dkav? udkbek ;f &JU cGiv

hf w
T rf I
[m uRefr &ifxJu tvdktyfqHk; qE´wpfckygyJ}}
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wu,fawmh Edk;Edk;wpfa,mufwnf;&JU tjypfcsn;f vnf;
r[kwyf gbl;? 'Dupd örSm udk,hwf m0efvnf; ruif;ygbl;
uGm? ywf0ef;usiu f ½dkucf wfvmwJh wGe;f tm;ay;rIawGukd
udk,f wu,f,HkcJhrdwmudk;? udk,f rSwrf daeygw,f?
]b,fvdkvJ}qdkwJh ajymifacsmfacsmf tMunfhawGaMumifh
udk,h&f ifxJrSm rD;avmifaewJhtcsed f Edk;Edk; csde;f qdkxm;wJh
twdkif; taqmifa&SUrSm udk,fxkdifapmifhaecJhwm Edk;Edk;
a&mufrvmcJhbl;? tJ'DrSm oef;acgifausmftxd udk,f
wpfa,mufwnf; ikww f kwf}}
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rsm;ESihf MuufOylwif; pm;yGJay:vmcsay;onf/ bke;f jrifh
armfu Edk;Ed k;a&SUod kY wdk;ay;vdku f &if; oluvnf;
vdar®m&f nfwpfykvif; vSrf;,lNyD; wpfikpH ky,
f vl kud o
f nf/
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apmifhaecJh&wJh tJ'Dtcsed af wG[mav udk,hbf 0rSm pdwf
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vnfyif;&Snaf e&wm? a&mufr,haf &mufvmawmh Edk;Edk;u
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EIwcf rf;qdk;aq;r&dSeJY NyD;awmh tJ'Dvlu naejyefvm
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b,favmufxd cHpm;&rvJqdkwm Edk;Edk; pOf;pm;Munfh?
qufNyD;&ifq dkifzdkY tiftm;r&dSawmhvdkY udk, ftavm
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144 ,Ofrif;OD;
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av;rsm;udk 'DaeY jyefawGU&\/
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uRefru tdraf xmifonfwpfa,mufrkYd 'gawG rar;oifh
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ar;vdkY &Edkifw,faygh}}
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b0uay;vmwJhtodaMumifh ydkNyD; xdef;csKyfzdkYvkdtyf
aeNyDav? tckvkd ESpfa,mufwnf; tat;qdkifxJrSm
twlxdkifaeMuwmudk wpfa,mufa,mufursm; jrif
oGm;&if ESpaf ,mufvk;H twGuf odum© usp&mawG jzpfvm
OD;rSm udkbke;f &JU? tJ udkbke;f u tckxd tdraf xmifrjyK&
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146 ,Ofrif;OD;
tckvkd udkukEd iS hf 'kw,

d tBudraf jrmuf jyefvnf
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]]udk,f yJc;l aq;½HkrmS  usw,f Edk;Edk;&JU?
tJ'Duae &efukef aq;(1)rSm 
twGuf  0ifajzwm atmifoGm;w,f? udk,hf
azazu rEÅav;wdki;f ½Hk;udkajymif;&wm ig;vavmuf
&dSNyD? tJ'gaMumifh udk,fvnf; rEÅav;rSm 
 qufwufzkdY  (ajymif;a&TUpm) wifvdkuf
&wmaygh? ck udk,w f kYrd o
d m;pktm;vHk; rEÅav; ajymif;vm
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rSm? tJ'Du q&m0efawGpm&if;rSm Edk;Edk; emrnfvnf;
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3
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148 ,Ofrif;OD;
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f m;?
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zsef;ceJ MuufoD;xoGm;&onf/
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usus jym;usus b,fvdkyJ jzwfoef;& jzwfoef;&
cHEkid &f nf &dv
S movdk xrif;ESpef yfukd 0wå&m;t& pm;ae
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ygbl;&Sif}}
]]Edk;Edk;u rufruf rrufruf udk,u f awmhav
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wrf;wNyD; odyfauR;csiw f myJ? Edk;av; Nrde&f nf,u
S &f nf
pm;aewmMunfhNyD; udk,h&f ifxJrmS wu,f csr;f ajrhw,f?
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cspfoltm; cspfjrwfEkd;pGm NyHK;Munfh&if; olr

acgif;ndwfjyvdkufrdonf/ udkukd&,f....? [dkwke;f u
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pm;twl? oGm;twl? b0a[mif;udk
vGrf;arm wrf;wrdonf/ olru cspfolyef;uefxJ
[if;wpfzuf tNrJOD;cswwfovdk oluvnf; olr
yef;uefxJtaumif;qHk; [if;wpfzufudk a&G;cs,fxnfh
ay;wwfNrJ/ wpfcgwpf&H tm;rvdk tm;r&jzpfum
yg;pyfxJxd twif;vdkucf HGYauR;onfhtcg t&Suo f nf;
vsuf olr wGe;f z,fypfwwfonf/ w,kw, *½kpkduf
cJhaom ol\ tMuifemav;rsm;? NyHK;ppESifh ol\ yDwd
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armfuawmh ypöKyÜef ½kyyf kHvTmrsm;udk ESpEf Spfumum jc,f
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Ä Ä Ä
150 ,Ofrif;OD;
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aeraumif;jzpfovJrodbl;}}
eHeufwkdi;f jyKaeus bk&m;&dSckd;? arwåmydkY? ykwD;
pdwaf epOf (em;xJrSm pdrf;aeaom) wD;wdk;nifom
wHcg;acgufoHukd Mum;vdkuf&jcif; jzpf\/ cgwdkif;
&yfuGufxJrS vlrrmrsm;twGuf q&m0efvmyifhvQif
Mum;aeus wHcg;acgufoHrSm þodkYr[kwfbJ tquf
rjywf pl;&Sus,favmifpGm..../
oufjrwfEk;d awG;awG;qqESihf wHcg;udk tom
zGifhMunfhvdkufaomtcg/
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d ?J apmapmpD;pD;BuD;
bmjzpfvdkYvJ[if}}
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bk&m;BuD;oGm;zl;&atmif? NyD;awmh rEÅav;awmif
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&efuif;awmifrmS yJjzpfjzpf udk,w
f EkYd Spaf ,muf 'efaygufeYJ
aysmyf GJpm;Muwmaygh? tjyefrSm vrf; 80 u 
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f ;l ?
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152 ,Ofrif;OD;
wHcg;zGihpf Ofu awGUvku

d &f aom NyHK;aysmf&iT jf rL;
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ysuf,Gif;tdkpmoGm;&onfhtwGuf pdwfraumif;jzpf&
onf/ olr\ cspfolrSm-[dkwke;f u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
olrwdkY cspfolESpfOD; &ifckeMf unfEl; twlvnfywfcJhzl;
aom ae&mrsm;udk wpfywfausmv h kjd cif;yif/ olrrSmawmh
olESifh 'kwd,tBudraf jrmuf qHkqnf;cGifh&jcif;twGuf
vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm &ifrckefEkdifawmhyg/ udkudkYtwGuf
olr &ifrckef&ufawmhyg/ udkukYdudk tm;emaeygvsuf
udkudk\ tcsdefjynfh csOf;uyfrIudk olr Oayu©mrjyKEdkif
cJhyg/ tcspfqHk;ESifh tcspfOD;jzpfoludkudkYtwGuf olr\
EGr;f a<uvkvkb0udk jyefvnfjyKpk ay;oifhao;wmygyJ/
udkudkYudk olr b,fvdka&Smifz,fEkdifyghrvJ/ rdrdwpfOD;
wnf;aexdkifaom tdrcf ef;av;xJrSmrSwpfyg; udkudk[k
olr EIwfuRHrxGufvmapzdkY xdef;csKyf ydwfqD;xm;&
onfrSm yifyef;qif;&Jvkdufonfhjzpfjcif;/
oufjrwfEkd;udk em&DwMunfhMunfhESifh vnfw
qefYqefY arQmfai;ae&if;u bkef;jrifharmfwpfa,muf
(udk,hfudk,fudk tvGefwefzdk;xm; xde;f odrf;wwfaom)
cspo
f u
l kd pdwrf qdk;&ufyg/ oluk,
d w
f kid u
f cspo
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J &J vJ&? b,fvkyd J &if;ES;D &
&if;ESD;&? ay;qyfzkdY toifhjzpfaeNyD/
ol\ rsupf dvnfaeaom arQmfvifhjcif;rsm;udk
oltrSefwu,f taumiftxnfazmf&awmhrnf/ tJ'D
twGuf ol\ qHk;jzwfcsuf cdkifrmae&efESihf olYrSm
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d iftm;rsm; jynfh0ae&efvkt
d yfaMumif; ol aumif;
aumif; odygonf/
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cGihrf ay;cJh/ ay;rjyefapcsiyf g/ xdkaY Mumifh aps;csKd naps;
wef;rSm 0ufom;wkwx f dk; oGm;pm;Mu&if; em&Dpif
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onf/ oufjrwfEk;d uawmh olr\ aq;cef;rSm apmifharQmf
aeMuawmhrnfh vlemrsm;twGuf aemufqHwiifiifEiS h/f
'gayrJh ol NidKjiifoGm;rSm pdwt f aESmuft,Sujf zpfoGm;
rSmudkvnf; olr pdk;&dryf k&H onf/ xdt kY wGuf cspOf ;D olav;
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[dkt&if vGecf Jhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuvnf;
þae&mav;odkY oufjrwfEdk;udk ol rMum rMum
154 ,Ofrif;OD;
vdkuyf kYad y;jzpfonf/ &Sm;yg;vSaom wefzk;d rjzwfEkid af om

pmtkyt f a[mif;av;awGudk wpfcgwpf&H &wwfonf/
,ckvnf; ]tuf*gt,fvifyk;d }\ uAsmpmtkyf
wpftkyfukd oufjrwfEk;d awGU&So d Gm;onf/ aps;ar;Munfh
awmh ig;usyfwefwJh/ bkef;jrifharmfuvnf; jyifopf
pma&;q&mwpfa,muf a&;om;jyKpkxm;aom ]urÇm
ausmf yef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;taMumif;} pmtkyfukd aumuf
awGUoGm;onf/ aps;uvnf; wpf&mhtpdwo f m qdk&Sm
onf/ yef;csDjrwfEkd;aom oufjrwfEk;d udk ol trSww f &
vufaqmifay;vdkojzifh vHk;0 aps;rqpfawmhbJ 0,f
vdkuf\/ tJ'DtrdIufyHkab;u pmayjzefYjzL;a&; vrf;
aMumif;wpfckudk i,fpOfuwnf;u ESpo f ufcJhrdonf/
ta[mif;qdkix f Ju ]&Sm;yg;wefzkd;&dS} pmayawGukd aps;
aygaygESihf 0,fvk&d wwfaMumif; todwpfck acgif;xJrmS
&dSEiS hNf yD; jzpfaomfvnf; pmtkytf a[mif;wpftkyf 0,fcg
eD;wdkif; ol b,fawmhrS aps;rqpf&ufcJhyg/
pmtkyw f pftky\ f pm&Gurf sm;udk usKd ;aMuae½HkrQ
ESifh wefzkd;xm; jrwfEdk;aumif;aom tJ'Dpmtkyf\ rlao
wefzdk;wpfck[m b,fvdkrS avsmhusoGm;rSmr[kw[ f k
oufjrwfEdk;u olr\ ,HkMunfcsufudk azmfjyzl;onf/
bkef;jrifharmfuvnf; pwdk;qdkifBuD;rsm;rS rSefbD½kdxJrSm

tvSjyxm;aom axmifESihfa omif;ESihfcsDí aps;ac:
wwfovdk vltrsm;ESpfESpNf cdKufNcdKuf 0,f,lavh&dSaom
(pum;rajymwwfaom) aumfywf½kyrf sm;xuf wefzdk;
jrifhrm;aom pum;rsm;pGmajymwwfonfh tJ'D pmtkyf
ta[mif;av;awGudkyJ wefzdk;xm; vdkcsifrd\/ olESifh
tawG;tac:? t,ltq xyfwlusavh&Sdaom ouf
jrwfEdk;udk ol vufvGwfqHk;½IH;rcHEdkifyg/ oufjrwfEdk;
uJo h kYd &Sm;yg;wefzk;d &dS rde;f rwpfa,mufukd ta[mif;qdkirf S
ta[mif;aps;ESifh 0,f,lzdkY ol BudK;pm;aewmr[kwf
aMumif; ywf0ef;usifodkY b,fvkd em;vnfap&yghrvJ/
oufjrwfEdk;udk ol toufwrQ cspfjrwfEdk;
onf/ b,folawGuyJ NidKjiifrmefzJGUaeygap oluawmh
oufjrwfEk;d rS oufjrwfEk;d / oufjrwfEk;d udk ol vufxyf
,lrnf/ b,fvdk tajctaersdK;eJYyJjzpfjzpf? oufjrwfEkd;
udk vufxyfrnf/ ol\ qHk;jzwfcsufu wpfaeYwjcm;
cdkirf mpGm/
4
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udk udk,jf yefNyD; &nf;pm;pum;ajym&w,fvdkY rSefxJ
MunfhNyD; udk,hfudk,fudk pum;ajymae&ovdkyJ}}
156 ,Ofrif;OD;
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k ek ;f &JU? udb
k ek ;f bmjzpfaewmvJ}}
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k f Ed;k Ed;k udk b,favmuftxd cspw f ,fqw kd m
Edk;Edk;odrmS yg? Edk;av;udk odycf spcf hw
J hJ udk,h&f JUtcspaf wG[m
ckcsdefxd wpfpufuav;rS avsmhroGm;wJhtjyif wdk;
wdk;vmw,f? t&ifwke;f uawmh tdraf xmifa&;qdkwmudk
w&m;ao rlwpfckeJY owfrSw fNyD; udk,fw dkif&SmazG
pkaqmif;vdkY&wJh aiGaMu;OpömeJYyJ xdkufxdkufwefwef
wnfaxmifMur,fvkYd arQmrf eS ;f cJhrw d ,f? 'gayrJh avmu
BuD;rSm ude;f *Pef;wpfck&JU cGifhjyKcsuf? umvwpfck&JU
taES;tjrefqkdwm udk,fwdkYrydkiw f Jh udpöawGyJ? ckawmh
udk,foabmaygufoGm;ygNyD? Ek;d Edk;udk udk,f vufxyf
yg&ap}}
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bke;f jrifah rmf\ ycH;k pGe;f av;ay: acgif;av;rSw
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½dIuBf uD;wiif idkcsvdkuaf wmh\/ rsuf&nfrsm;u ajz
rqnfEkid .f .../ bke;f jrifah rmfu cspo f \
l rsu&f nfprsm;udk
w,kw, okwfoifz,f&Sm;ay;onf/
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avmufyJ wrf;wcJh? wrf;wcJh? b,favmufyaJ rQmfvifhchJ
arQmfvifhcJh? b,fawmhrS jyefr&Edkiaf wmhbl;vdkY xifrSwf

xm;cJw h hJ udku&kYd UJ arwåmudk Edk;Ed;k wu,fyjJ yef&w,faemf?
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wefzdk;ESifh odu©mudk jyefvnf trSw&f vdkufrdonf/
tumt&HrhJ? avjyif;awGxefaeaom tJ'D avSum;xpf
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158 ,Ofrif;OD;
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'gaMumifhvnf; bkef;jrifharmfrSm cspfOD;ol oufjrwfEdk;
twGuf puúefYwdki;f rSm tm;rmefawGtjynfh/
5
aemufwpfaeYeHeuf bkef;jrifharmf xJawmfawmfESihf
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tawmfav; tcsed af ESmif;rS ol a&mufvmonf/

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NyD;rS wjznf;jznf;csi;f jyefvTwfay;onf/
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udk,feJY Edk;Edk; eufjzef w&m;½Hk;rSm vufrSwfxkd;NyD;
160 ,Ofrif;OD;
vufxyfMu&atmif? NyD;&if udk,w f kYd tdrcf ef;av;wpfcef;

iSm;aeMur,f? tcspt f rd af v;ayghuGm? udk,hrf mS pkaqmif;
xm;wJhaiGu Edk;Edk;eJYudk,f wpftdk;wpftrd f xlaxmifzdkY
twGuf txdkuftavsmufawmh vHkavmufygvdrfhr,f?
udk,fwdkY}}
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awGu uRefrwdkYudk oabmrwlEdkifbl;vdkY ajymvdkufNyD
r[kwfvm;[if}}
olu ½kww f &uftajzray;bJ oufjrwfEk;d em;
odkY olY ukvm;xdkiu f kd tvGeyf ;l uyfpmG a&TUxkid v f ku
d o f nf/
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u udk,fwdkYESpaf ,muf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf
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&dSMuzdkYyJvdkygw,f? 'Dwpfcgawmh udk,fwdkY owåd&SdMu
&atmifaemf}}
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]]jyóemrjzpfap&ygbl; Ed;k av;&JU? ud, k thf aru
udk,fhudk odyfcspfwm? avmavmq,f aoG;ylaewkef;rdkY
araru ajymwmaerSmyg? aemufawmh arar pdwfajy
oGm;rSmyg? udk,w f kdY om;awG orD;awG &vmwJhtcgus

ydkem;vnf oabmaygufvmygvdrfhr,fuGm}}
]]tJ'gqdkvnf; udkbkef;&,f? udkbkef;tar
em;vnf oabmaygufvmwJhtxd apmifhMuwmayghaemf?
'DMum;xJrSm udkbke;f u udk,fhtarudk wjznf;jznf;
acsmha rmhpnf;½Hk;aygh? tm;vHk;ausauseyfeyfeJY pdw f
csr;f csrf;omom jzpfomG ;awmh ydkaumif;wmaygh? r[kwf
bl;vm;}}
olu acgif;wcgcg/ oufjrwfEdk; &ifarm&
ygonf/
]]r[kwb f l; Edk;Edk;? tcsed fqGJvdkY vHk;0rjzpfbl;?
udk,w f kdYtjrefqkH; vufxyfxm;MurSjzpfrmS ? ararwdkYu
olwdkY rdwfaqG&JU orD;wpfa,mufeJY ay;pm;zdkY pDpOf
aeMuNyD}}
oufjrwfEkd; tHudk wif;wif;BudwfBudwfvdkuf
onf/ NyD;awmh tm;,lí wpfcsufNyHK;vdkufonf/
]]uRefr odygNyD? ukb d ke;f tarwdkYu udkbkef;eJY
ay;pm;csiw f ,fqkw d hJ rde;f uav;u tysKd pifav; r[kwf
vm; [if}}
]tif;....? tysKd aygh Edk;Ed;k &,f? rEÅav;wuúov kd f
u r[modyÜH atmifNyD;pyJ &dSao;w,fwJh? olYtazeJY
162 ,Ofrif;OD;
udk,t hf aru oli,fcsi;f awGw?hJ udk,w f kYd rEÅav;ajymif;

vmcgprSm olYtazu awmfa wmfulnDcJhw mwJhuGm?
araruawmh tJ'Daumifrav;udkyJ twif;oabmwl
aeawmhwmyJ}}
]]aumif;om;yJub kd ek ;f &JU? awmfawmfvv S m;[if}}
]]udk,f pdwrf 0ifpm;ygbl;uGm? Edk;Edk; "mwfyku H kd
MunfhNyD; azazuawmh ajymygw,f? ararh aumifr
av;xuf omw,fwh?J om;eJY q&m0efcsi;f wlwq l kad wmh
a&SUoGm;aemufvku d nf DNyD; aysmpf &mvnf; aumif;rSmyJwh?J
tif;-wpfckvyfwpfa,muf r[kwyf J tysKd pifomjzpf&if
odyaf umif;rSmyJumG wJh? azazuawmh odyrf xefvyS gbl;?
ararvnf; aemufawmh aysmhajymif;oGm;rSmyg}}
emusivf aS om tNyHK;wpfcsuf\ aemufuG,rf S
jywf&cS Rex
f ufaom aumufcsuw f pfckawmh olr ay;qyf
&awmhrnf/
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'Dwpfnawmh uRefrpOf;pm;zdkY tcsed af y;OD;aemf? reufjzef
rSm uRerf wdkY qufNyD; aqG;aEG;Muwmaygh [kwNf yDvm;}}
nae *sLwDcsed fNyD;vdkY EGr;f vsaysmhacG tdrt f jyef
c&D;rSm avjzwfxm;ovdk av;uefxkdif;rdIi;f aeMuonfh
ajcaxmufESpaf csmif;udk renf;tm;,l '&Gwq f Jv G rS f;&if;

*dwaf yguf0udk ausmfjzwfvmuwnf;u a0hoD0Jus
vmaom rsuf&nfprsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;xm;vdkuf
rd\/ wpfaygufayguf pifusvmaom rsu&f nfprsm;u
wpfpuf-ESpfpuf--oHk;av;puf---twm;tqD;r&dS
a<uususef&pfonf/ uscsifoavmuf usvdkufprf;yg/
tcktcsderf Sm vrf;avQmufjcif; 'óersm;udk
olr arhavsmo h Gm;\/ 0efxky0f efyk;d wpfck\ zdp;D xm;jcif;
udk olr weifhwydk; vufcHae&onf/
yef;csDum;wpfcsyf\ tem;owfrsm;udk bm
aq;a&mif jc,fay;oifhw,fqdkwm ....oufjrwfEdk;
a&G;cs,f xm;oifhwmaygh/
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tawG;rsm;ESifh &efjzpfae&í nwke;f u awmf
awmfEiS hf tdyrf aysmcf aJh om oufjrwfEk;d vnf; wHcg;acguf
oHMum;rS zswcf eJvefYEk;d vm&onf/ aerif;BuD;yif ta&SU
rdk;ukypf uf0kdi;f qDrS aumif;pGm wufrvmao;/ tvif;
a&mifu cyfysysyif/
164 ,Ofrif;OD;
]a'guf a'guf a'guf}

wD;wdk;nifom wHcg;acgufoaH Mumifh oufjrwf
Edk; &ifxJrSm vIycf wfoGm;onf/ olyJjzpfrnf/
]]tdk udkbke;f ? apmapmpD;pD; b,fvdkjzpfvm
jyefwmvJ}}
]]udk,f pdwaf wG odyvf yI &f mS ;aew,f Edk;Edk;&,f?
wpfnvHk; Edk;Edk;eJY tcspftdraf v;xJrSm om;awG orD;
awGukd b,fvkd jyKpkysdK;axmifMur,fqkw d m pdwu f l;awG
,OfNyD; tdyfvkdYraysmfbl;? pdwfxJrSmvnf; wpfckckudk
pdk;xifhaeovdkrsdK; cHpm;ae&w,f? Edk;Edk; rsufESmjrefjref
opfuGm? udk,f vufzuf&nfqkdifu apmifhaer,f}}
]]jzpf&av udkudk&,f}}
olr\ ESvk;H om;udk A[djk yKí wkecf gEIe;f rsm;aom
ivsifvIid f;wpfck ½dkufcwfoGm;onf/
oufjrwfEk;d ysm,D;ysm,m rsufEmS opfvku d Nf yD;
olYaemufodkY tjrefqHk; vdkufvmcJhonf/ 0if;oDwm
vufzuf&nfqkid af &mufawmh vufzuf&nfEpS cf u G af &SUrmS
bkef;jrifharmfu acgif;BuD;idkufpdkufcsvsu/f
]]udkbke;f vufzuf&nfaomufav}}
]]Edk;Edk; a&mufvmNyDvm;? vufzuf&nfeJY rkefY

rSmay;xm;w,f? jrefjrefpm; jrefjrefaomuf? NyD;&if
wpfae&m oGm;pum;ajym&atmif}}
]]tif;yg udkbkef;&,f? udkbkef;vnf; aomuf
ygOD;}}
wpfcsuf wpfcsuf cdk;Munfh&if; oufjrwfEdk;
rsuEf Smay:rSm ol tajz&Smae\/ vufzuf&nf
aomufNyD;wmESihf olrvufukd cyfokwo f kwq
f JaG c:vmcJh
onf/
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oufjrwfEdk;udk xdkifapNyD; oluawmh olrtem;rSm
rwfwwf&yfvsuf tay:pD;rS rdk;Munfhaeonf/
]]udk,w f dkY b,faeY vufxyfMurvJ Edk;Edk;?
b,fw&m;½Hk;oGm;rvJ}}
]]udkbke;f ? uRefrajymwmudk aoaocsmcsm
em;axmifygaemf? uRefr uRefr? udkbke;f udk b,fawmhrS
vufrxyfbl;? udkbkef; rdbawG pDpOfaewJh tysdKpif
uav;udkyJ udkbke;f vufcHvdkufyg}}
]bm- bmajymw,f Edk;Edk;}
166 ,Ofrif;OD;
us,favmifpGm aygufuGJjrnf[nf;oGm;aom
toHaMumifh oufjrwfEdk;udk,af v; qwfceJwkeo f Gm;&
onf/ olr vefYoGm;\/
]]Edk;Edk; udk,fhudk vufrxyfvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ?
Edk;Edk; udk,fhudk vufxyf&r,f? vufxyfukd vufxyf
&r,fuGm}}
oufjrwfEk;d acgif;udk wGiw f iG f ,rf;aerdonf/
a0hvnfvnf rsu&f nfpu avQmceJyg;jyifay: vdrhq f if;
pD;usoGm;wm odvdkufonf/
]]uRefr...udkbke;f udk odycf spyf gw,f? tJ'v D kyd J
udkbke;f &JU tcspfudkvnf; uRefr t<uif;rJh ,HkMunfyg
w,f? 'gaMumifh uRefr udkbke;f udk vufrxyfEkdib f l;vdkY
jiif;&wmyg}}
]]tcspfol&aumif; vkyw f ,fqkdwm vlMum;
aumif;ayr,fh um,uH&Siaf wGcH&wm &ifeJYtrQyg/
t"dymÜ ,fr&dSwmawG acgif;xJu xkwfypfvdkuyf g Edk;Edk;
&,f? rif;udkyJ vufxyfyg&ap}}
]]r[kwaf o;bl; udb k ek ;f ?uRerf wpfnvH;k pOf;pm;
NyD;rS 'Dtajzudk ay;wmyg? uRefrom udkbke;f tar
ae&mrSm &dcS h&J ifvnf; udk,o hf m;udk tdraf xmifysux f m;wJh
wpfcv k yf rde;f rwpfa,mufeJY ay;pm;csirf mS r[kwyf gbl;?

q&m0efrçruvdkY rdk;ay:uusvmwJh ewforD;av;yJ
jzpfapOD;awmh? wpfckvyfrqdkwm odwmeJY b,frb d rqdk
udk,fh&JUom;eJY ay;pm;zdkY aemufwGefYoGm;MurSmygyJ? rdb
wdkif;[m udk,fhom;orD;udk qifpD;NyD; jrif;&HwmudkyJ
jrifcsiMf uwmaygh? udk,ho f m; vlysKd EkEkxw
G x
f Gwaf v;udk
wpfywfEGr;f rde;f rwpfa,mufeJY b,foabmwlEdkifygh
rvJ&iS ?f 'g[m b,fvkrd S tjypfrqdkomwJh w&m;rQwwJh
t,ltqwpfckyg udkbkef;}}
avmuopömudk vlwkid ;f udk;uG,q f nf;uyfcsif
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rvSnfhjzm;? rvSnhpf m;wwfíyJjzpfrnf/ trSefw&m;rSm
acgif;ESihf yef;vdkygyJ/ rdrad &;xm;aom pmrsufEmS udkom
rdru
d trSefyg[k wZGwx f dk; jiif;qdk [pfa<u;aeí
r&Edkipf aumif;/ idkiaf wGaeaom cspo f l\ &ifrSm aMuuGJ
aernfrSe f; odygvsuf emusifaeaom EIwfz sm;rS
oufjrwfEdk; b,fvdktm;wif; &Sif;jy&yghrvJ/
usHK;a&jyifay:rS jzwfoef;wdkucf wfvmaom
eHeufcif;avEkat;onf qHEG,fqHpav;rsm;udk xdcwf
168 ,Ofrif;OD;
aqmhupm;ae\/ pdkpGwfaeaom yg;jyifrsm;udkvnf;

wdk;a0SYoGm;Muonf/
]]'gu uRerf ESv;kH om;xJu rdcifpw d ef YJ udkbek ;f
tarudk udk,cf sif;pmNyD; awG;cJhrw d myg? aemufwpfcsuf
uRefr ajymcsifwmuawmh uRefr&JU cspfol udkbke;f
twGuf uRefr&JU udk,fydkifcHpm;csufudk ajymyg&ap?
udkbke;f udk uRefr ESajrmw,f? uRefrvdk wpfckvyf
wpfa,mufeJY udkbke;f udk uRefr vHk;0oabmrwlEkid b f ;l ?
udkb kef;vdk vlysdKq&m0ef wpfa,muf u tysd Kpif
wpfa,mufudk &Edkiyf gvsufeJY uRefrvdk tdrfaxmifysuf
rde;f rwpfa,mufeJY vufxyfoGm;w,fqdk&if udkbkef;&JU
oli,fcsi;f awG? aqGrsKd ; todki;f t0dki;f awGu udkbke;f udk
b,fvkdtjrifeJY MunfhMurvJ? pOf;pm;prf;yg udkbke;f &JU?
uRefr&JU &ifwpfckvHk; yGifhxGufoGm;rwwf pl;pl;epfepf
jrwfEkd;wG,w f m&wJh udkbke;f udk tJ'Dvkd tjzpfrcHEkdib f l;?
uRefr odyfcspf&wJh cspfoludk tysKd pif rdef;uav;
wpfa,mufeJYyJ &oGm;apcsiyf gw,f udkbke;f &,f? uRefr
&JU cspfoltwGuf b,fawmhrS rjy,fEkdifwJh uRefr&JU
apwem? arwåmawGyg&Sif}}
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'Davmufawmif *½kpku d af ewmvJ? udk,u f awmh *½krpdkuf
csifawmhbl;}}
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&JU twåqdkwmvnf; &dSygao;w,f? uRefr&JU twå
pnf;0dkif; usdK;aygufNyD; uRefr&JUrmetdrfrSm b,fvkdyJ
ta&mifajymif;oGm;oGm;? b,favmufyJ ta&mifrSdef
oGm;oGm; pl;&Sxufjrufaeao;wmudk udkbke;f em;vnf
ay;yg? uRefrudk vufrcHEdkifwJh todki;f t0dkif;xJudk
rsufpdrSdwfNyd; ZGwfwdk;r0ifEdkifw mtwGuf uRefrudk
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f kwof if
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<uif;usef&pfcJhrSmygyJ/
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f kd r&ufpufygeJYuGm? udk,f
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olr\ vufEpS zf ufudk arQmv f ifhwBuD;qkyu f kid f
xm;aom cspfol\ iHhvifhaeaom rsufvHk;rsm;udk olr
&ifrqdkif&Jyg/ pdwftm;xufoefpGm w&m;r0if
170 ,Ofrif;OD;
pnf;½Hk;aeaom cspfolukdudktm; olr acgif;armhrMunfh

0Hhyg/ olr&ifxJ EGrf;vsaysmhacGvm\/ olr pdwfavQmh
vdkurf zd kYd wJwaJ v;om useaf wmhonf/ olr\ cspo f ul kd
tvdkwltvdkyg acgif;rndwrf dapzdkY olr yifyef;BuD;pGm
BudK;pm;aewmod&JUvm; udkudk/
]]aemufqk;H taeeJY udkbek ;f udk uRerf arwåm&yfcH
csiyf gw,f? udb k ek ;f &JU rdbawGuay;pm;wJh rde;f uav;u
udkbke;f twGuf taumif;qHk;yJ jzpfvdrfhr,fvdkY uRefr
,lqrdwmaMumifh udkbkef; tJ'D rdef;uav;eJY tjrefqHk;
vufxyfyg}}
]tdk vHk;0 vufrxyfEkid fb;l Edk;Edk;? udk,o f Yu
l krd S
rcspfwm? olYudk vHk;0 pdwfr0ifpm;bl;}
]]'guawmh udkbke;f &JU oabmqE´twdki;f ygyJ/
uRefr 'DaeY ½Hk;rSm cGifh&uf&SnfoGm;wifr,f? udkbke;f
vufrxyfNyD;rcsif; uRefr  jyefrwufawmh
bl;vdkY qHk;jzwfxm;w,f? uRefr[m [dkwek ;f uvdk tm;em
awGa0wwfwJh Edk;Edk; r[kwfawmhbl;aemf? avmu"H&JU
txkaxmif;aMumifh cdkifrm&J&ifhwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf
jzpfaeNyD? b0rSm jywfom;oifhwmawG jywfom;zdkY
twGuf 'D  bGUJ ukd pGev Yf Twzf kYrd ajymeJY? toufeYJ
&if;&r,fqk&d ifvnf; Edk;Edk;raMumufwwfawmhb;l qdkwm
udkbke;f ,Hkyg}}
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waygufaygufpD;usvmaom cspfol\ rsuf&nfpuf
rsm;onf olr&ifukd yljyif;avmifNrdKufaponf/ udkudkU
rdbrsm;\ oabmwlaom tysdKpifowdkYorD;qdkolESifh
om vufxyfvdkuzf dkY udkudkYukd acsmharmh azsmif;zsa y;
cJhwm udkudkYb0 ]aeESifhv? a&TESifhjr} jzpfoGm;cJh&if
Edk;Edk; 0rf;omauseyf&rSmyg/
]]uRefroGm;awmhr,f udkbkef;? udkbkef;udk
uRefr EIwfqufcJhygw,f}}
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½kwwf &uf ½kef;xGufvdkufNyD; olr csmceJausmcdkif;
xGufcJhonf/ tcspfBuD;cspfMuolESpfOD; a0;Mu&jyefNyD/
cspfol\ rsuf&nfpufrsm;[m aemufqHk; EIwq f ufjcif;
ygyJ/
]a0;cJhMuNyD udkuk&d ,f}vdkY yJhwifoHawG &iftESHU
½dkucf wfwkecf gaeovdk? rsuf&nfjrpfzsm;u wpf[kex f kd;
pD;qif;vmaom rsuf&nfprsm;eJY..../
[efaqmifaumif;aom ausmufcwJ k;H av;rsm;om
vQif ]vuf0wf&wem}tjzpf qifjref;cH&wwfonfh
avmued,mr aywHBuD;udk udkudk arhae[efwlonf/
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axG;odyf tem;,lcJh&wmavmuf b,ft&murS tm;
jynfhvef;qef;aprnf r[kwyf g/ Nidr;f csrf;rIEiS hf aEG;axG;rI
rsm;u olr\ cGeftm;rsm;udk topfwpfzef jyefvnf
arG;zGm;ay;cJhonf/
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wpfzufowf pGJcsuw f if emMunf;pum; qdkomG ;cJhaom
cspfol\ wD;wdk;a&&GwfoH ryD0dk;w0g;udk ausmcdkif;
pGefYcGmcJhNyD;onfhaemuf ..../
aemufqk;H awmh udkudk vufavQmhoGm;vdrhrf nf/
tem;vdwf aMurGaeaom twdwfonf olrudk vrf;
176 ,Ofrif;OD;
aMumif;ay:od kY b,fawmhrS ajccscGi fha y;vd r hf rnf

rxifyg/ ESajrmworIESihf qHk;½I;H epfemoGm;rIwkY\
d csdecf iG f
vQmonfvnf; b,fawmhrS nDrQoGm;Edkirf nf r[kwf
awmhyg/
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wpfa,muf\ b0u udk,yf kid t f odw&m;ESihf wm0efykid ;f
awGrmS owfrwS cf supf nf;0dki;f usO;f ajrmif;vGe;f vSonfh
twGuf....? cGifh&ufaphvQif tvkyjf yef0ifcJh&onf/
&ifcek o
f H AvH;k AaxG;ESihf vIy&f mS ;aeaom &iftpHu
k kd
tm;wif;xde;f odr;f vsuf olr wm0efEiS hf 0wå&m;rsm;&dS&m
zsm;emaqmif (1)\ q&m0efrsm; ½Hk;cef;twGif;odkY olr
tomvSrf;0ifcJhonf/
q&m0efawG pkpka0;a0;xdkiaf eMuaom pm;yGJ
ay:wGif zdwfpmuwfjym;wpfa pmif a&SUrSmcsxm;NyD;
wpfa,mufwpfaygufajymqdkaeMuoHudk wpfpeG f;wpfp
Mum;vdkuf&onf/ olr 0ifvmwm jrifvdkuo f nfESifh
tm;vHk; rsupf drsufESmysuu
f kefMuonf/ zdwpf mav;udk
wpfa,mufu qwfceJqGJ,lNyD; zdkiw f GJwpfckatmufodkY
rodrom xdk;xnfhvdkufonfukd olr jrifjzpfatmif
jrifvdku&f \/
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apmapmu zdwpf mav;wpfapmif jrifvdkufrdw ,f?
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
 



       








   

         
         





       
     

 

      

 
 






  









 
       









 
     





        


 


        

        




      



        






 
      



    







 
     





       


 
   






 





         
 





     


      







       





 








 






        





        







 




       







         

        







  





 
        









      










   


      




 








       

    




        



  


       




      

 






 



 










    







 








     
 










    




  



 







       



       

    












  


        
 




















        

 






 












       





      
 



        




 






  




  


 


      

        

     






       
 











     
       
    















 

















       
 


         

   


       

 












      




        









 













         











 



 





















       








 






        

        
      
     







   
    








 
        


      



         

   
       




   
 

       
 






      

     

 

    


       
























 





     
       






         
         





       







 




       










   





     



     
      

 
         
 
        




















        





 
  



















  


      



       


 










    

       








       

 

        



 






    

  












  

 



  

 

        









         




        











      
 
























          
  



 




       








   



    











 




   











       
 







    
       


 












          



      

      





      



 














 
     













 
 

    













       







      


        

      
 
         


     

























 















   













 














        

      

       










 
      



   















      








 

        

      
       











  



    








 



" What is food to one man may be
poison to other. "
Lucretius
Roman Poet and Philosopher.
  

  

       
       



     
      



       







 
       


   
      


      




   





      






       
     

       
 


     










  




      



      


 






  











    





     

 


 


        


       





        

        





     


   

    




 












    




     
 










 

     



      





        







  


       

      
        



 


     

         







       





     









 



    




  


        





    




       






 

      



 
     







  














 

   





    

  


      







       
      







 

        

         
 



   

       













       


     

 



        



       
     

   





         












 
      






 
    

         

          




       
       






      



 


  

       
    

  





 














 









    



















 










     



     




        








 


     
     




     

   









   



      
     


 

 
       


























 











      


    






      
       
      





 
         





  












     
     


  
      




 
   






       













      








 

     










 

    









         

       
    

 











        
   





       


        







 



    



       


      




        












 








      







      
         




     






 

   





















 
 
     



 




     




    






        












 










      










     

 




 

        


























 











       














      

   
 


  

     














   


     
      





 







  
       





 
       


      

     

       
        


       

 




       
       



    



       
    






 

       


 


 





   




       







       




      
         




 

        

    

      








        














 


       



         
     




















 









   






    











 





      










  




    







 










    











       






 


   

















      









 














      















      
 






      

       


 


      
        













 














        












        

 
      

      





















    





 





        
       



       








  








 
      




      

  
 








      




        







 







       


     






    
     
      






   


 




























 




           
















 


Translated by
WIN NAING OO.

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