Chapter 5 Civil Rights Terms AP Government & Politics, 5th period Paul Zuo Identify and describe: 1.

civil rights- Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals 2. 14th Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdictio n the equal protection of the laws. 3. equal protection of the laws- Part of the fourteenth amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent protection to all people. As one member of Congress said during debate on the amendment, it should provide equal protection of life, liberty, and property to all a states citizens. 4. 13th Amendment- The constitutional amendment passed after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude. 5. Civil Rights Act of 1964- The law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination. 6. Suffrage- the legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the fifteenth amendment, to women by the nineteenth amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the 26th amendment. 7. 15th Amendment- the constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans. 8. poll taxes- Small taxes, levied on the right to vote, that often fell due at a time of year when poor African American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. Poll taxes were declared void by the 24th amendment in 1964. 9. White primary- One of the means used to discourage African American voting that permitted political parties in the heavily Democratic South to exclude African Americans from primary elections, thus depriving them of a voice in the real contests. The Supreme Court declared white primaries unconstitutional in 1944. 10. 24th Amendment- The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void. 11. Voting Rights Act of 1965- A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, federal registrars were sent to Southern states and counties that had long histories of discrimination; as a result, hundreds of thousands of African American elected officials increased dramatically. 12. 19th Amendment- The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. 13. Equal Rights Amendment- A constitutional amendment originally introduced in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification, stating that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. Despite substantial public support and an extended deadline, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. 14. comparable worth- The issue raised when women are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill. 15. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)- A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabil ities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment. 16. affirmative action- A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group. Identify and describe: 1. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)- The 1857 Supreme Court decision ruling that a slave who had escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territories. 2. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)-An 1896 Supreme Court decision that provided a constitutional justification for segregation by ruling that a Louisiana law requiring equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races was not unconstitutional. 3. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)- The 1954 Supreme Court decision holding that school segregation in Topeka, Kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14 th

Chapter 5 Civil Rights Terms AP Government & Politics, 5th period Paul Zuo amendments guarantee of equal protection. This case marked the end of legal segregation in the US. 4. Korematsu v. United States (1944)-A 1944 Supreme Court decision that upheld as constitutional the internment of more than 100,000 Japanese descent in encampments during World War II. 5. Reed v. Reed (1971)- The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. 6. Craig v. Boren (1976)- In this 1976 Supreme Court decision, the Court determined that gender classification cases would have a heightened or middle level of scrutiny. In other words, the courts were to show less deference to gender classifications than to more routine classifications, but more deference than to racial classifications. 7. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)- A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. The Court did not, however, rule that such affirmative action policies and the use of race as a criterion for admission were unconstitutional, only that they had to be formulated differently. 8. Adarand Constructors v. Pea (1995)- A 1995 Supreme Court decision holding that federal programs that classify people by race, even for an ostensibly benign purpose such as expanding opportunities for minorities, should be presumed to be unconstitutional. Such programs must be subject to the most searching judicial inquiry and can survive only if they are narrowly tailored to accomplish a compelling governmental interest. Compare and Contrast: 1. 14th Amendment and equal protection of the laws While both the 14th amendment and equal protection of the laws deal with the equality portion of the constitution that has driven forward Civil Rights movements in the United States, the equal protection clause is a part of the 14th amendment, and it says that laws must provide equal protection to citizens, while the 14th amendment is broader in scope and includes depriving of life and liberty. 2. Dred Scott v. Sandford and 13th Amendment While both the Dred Scott case and the 13th amendment deal with the status of slavery in the United States, the Dred Scott case found that slavery was constitutional and slaves were property, and the 13 th amendment outlawed slavery as a whole. 3. Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education While both Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education deal with segregation of African Americans in public facilities in the South, the Plessy case upheld the constitutionality of separate but equal, a concept that was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education. 4. Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 While both the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were landmark victories for the Civil Rights movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made segregation illegal in public places whereas the Voting Rights Act of 1965 tore down many of the Voting Barriers for African Americans. 5. suffrage and 15th Amendment While both suffrage and the 15th amendment deal with voting rights, suffrage is the legal right to vote and the 15th amendment extended that right to African Americans. 6. poll taxes and white primary While both poll taxes and white primary were ways that kept African Americans out of politics in the South during the early twentieth century and much of the Reconstruction era, poll taxes were financial restraints to prevent African Americans from voting and white primaries kept African Americans out of the primary elections. 7. 24th Amendment and poll taxes While both the 24th amendment and poll taxes deal with the right to tax the right to vote and place a financial burden on a specific minority group, poll taxes were the financial restraints specifically for poor African Americans and the 24th amendment outlawed the policy of poll taxes. 8. 19th Amendment and Equal Rights Amendment While both the 19th amendment and the Equal Rights Amendment deal with womens rights and have been a major part of the womens civil rights movement, the 19 th amendment dealt with granting women suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment stated that equality of law shall not be denied by sex. The ERA was not ratified; it fell 3 states short. 9. Reed v. Reed and Craig v. Boren

Chapter 5 Civil Rights Terms AP Government & Politics, 5th period Paul Zuo While both Reed v. Reed and Craig v. Boren deal with the Supreme Courts ruling on gender discrimination, Reed v. Reed was the first time the Supreme Court dealt with a gender discrimination case and Craig v. Boren gave gender discrimination cases a heightened level of scrutiny. 10. affirmative action and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke While both affirmative action and Regent of the University of California v. Bakke deal with granting advantages to a group that was previously discriminated against, affirmative action is the granting of the advantages and the Regents of the University of California v. Bakke upheld the constitutionality of affirmative action but stated that universities couldnt admit based off of solely race. 11. affirmative action and Adarand Constructors v. Pea While both affirmative action and Regent of the University of California v. Bakke deal with granting advantages to a group that was previously discriminated against, affirmative action is the granting of the advantages and Adarand Constructors v. Pena put a limit on the scope of affirmative action by making any classification by face, even opportunities for minorities, unconstitutional.