Lecture 2

Chapter 1: Example Problems

Chapter 2: Concurrent Force Systems
Sections 2.1-2.2,2.4,2.5
TA Help Sessions
Teaching Assistants:
Eleazar Marquez
David Trevino-Garcia
Time:
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 2
Time:
Wednesdays from 5:00PM-6:00PM
Location:
Mechanical Laboratory Building (MEL) 251
Important! Trigonometry
Law of Sines:
sin sin sin
a b c

= =
b
a

Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 3
Law of Cosines:
sin sin sin

c
2 2 2
2 cos c a b ab = +
Newtons Law of Gravitation
(From Lecture 1)
m
2
1 2
2
m m
F G
r
=
F
r
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick
m
1
F
G = Universal Gravitational Constant
Newtons Law of Gravity is a mathematical result from a
theoretical model of how bodies interact.
4
Some Important
Numerical Values
8 3 2 11 3 2
3.439(10 ) /( ) 6.673(10 ) /( ) G ft slug s m kg s

= = (Page 9 of
textbook)
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 5
Calculation Of
Acceleration of Gravity
23 24
7 6
4.095(10 ) 5.976(10 )
2.090(10 ) 6.371(10 )
e
e
m slug kg
r ft m
= =
= =
If the earth were really a sphere
8 3 2 11 3 2
3.439(10 ) /( ) 6.673(10 ) /( ) G ft slug s m kg s

= =
Given
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 6
If the earth were really a sphere
( )
23
8 3 2
2 7 2 2
2 2
2
4.095(10 )
3.439(10 ) /
(2.090(10 ))
(3.439)(4.095)(10)
/ 32.24 /
(2.090)
e
e
m slug
g G ft slug s
r ft
g ft s f s

= =
= =
Note:
2 2
32.17 / 9.807 / g ft s m s = =
Are the usual or official values used.
Example Problem: Problem 1.5/p14
Given: The planet Venus has a diameter of 7700 miles and a mass of
3.34(10
23
)slug.
Find: Determine the gravitational acceleration g at the surface of Venus.
Other Information:
2
venus
venus
venus
m
g G
r
=
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 7
8 3 2
3.439(10 ) /( ) G ft slug s

=
where
Therefore
2
23
8 3 2
2
2
3.34(10 )
(3.439(10 ) / ( ))
((7700 )(.5)(5280 / ))
27.7965 / sec
venus
venus
venus
venus
venue
m
g G
r
slug
g ft slug s
miles ft mile
g ft

=
=
=
(See page 9 of text)
Example Problem: Problem 1.21/p14
Given: The first U.S. satellite, Explorer 1, had a mass of approximately 1
slug. Its perigee (low altitude) was 175 miles and its apogee (high
altitude) was 2200 miles.
Find: Determine the force exerted on the satellite by the earth at the low
and high points of the orbit.
Forces to calculate:
exp
2
earth lorer
m m
F G =
| |
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 8
( )
( )
8 3 2 23
exp
7
3.439(10 ) / ( ); 4.095 10 ; 1
2.090 10 ; 175 5280 ; 2200 5280
e lorer
e perigee apogee
G ft slug s m slug m slug
ft ft
r ft h mi h mi
mi mi

= = =
| | | |
= = =
| |
\ \

2
earth
altitude
F G
r h
=
| |
+
|
\
where
Results
29.57 and 13.32
perigee apogee
F lb F lb = =
Let MATLAB Do The Numbers
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 9
Example Problem: Problem 1.24/p14
At what distance, in kilometers, from the surface of the earth on a line from
center to center would the gravitational force of the earth on a body be
exactly balanced by the gravitational force of the moon on the body.
a
b
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 10
Earth Moon
b
Body
Given
( )
/ /
2 2
/ /
8
;
;
3.844 10
e b moon b
body earth body moon
body earth body moon
m m m m
F G F G
a b
F F a b R
R m
= =
= + =
=
Example Problem: Problem 1.24/p14
Earth Moon
a
b
Body
Given
;
e b moon b
m m m m
F G F G = =
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 11
Given
( )
/ /
2 2
/ /
8
;
;
3.844 10
e b moon b
body earth body moon
body earth body moon
F G F G
a b
F F a b R
R m
= =
= + =
=
Find and . Then calculate and . b a
earth
a r
moon
b r
Example Problem: Problem 1.24/p14
Therefore
2 2
0
e b moon b e
moon
m m m m m
G G b a
a b m
= =
And, we must solve simultaneously
0 1 0
e e
m m
a b a
(
=
( (
(
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 12
0 1 0
1 1
1 0
1
1 1
1 1 1
e e
moon moon
e e
moon moon
e e
moon moon
a b a
m m
b R
a b R
m m
a
R
m m
b R
m m
m m
=
( (
(
=
`
( (
(

(
+ =
)
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (

( (
+ +

Example Problem: Problem 1.24/p14
Given
( )
( )
( )
( )
8
8 8
24
1
1
3.4603 10
0.38375 10 3.844 10
5.976 10
e
moon
e
moon
m
a
R
m
b
m
m
m
a
b
m R m
m

(
(
(
=
(
(


(
+

(

= (
`
(
( =

=

Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 13
( )
( )
22
5.976 10
7.350 10
e
moon
m
m
=

=

)
Also
( )
( )
8
8
3.3965 10
0.36637 10
e
moon
m a r
b r
m
(

(
= (
(

(

Example Problem: Problem 1.53/p24
Given: The equation, where r and R are lengths and n
is dimensionless. Also, k is the modulus of a coil spring (force per unit of
length.
4
3
4
Gr
k
R n
=
Find: The dimensions of G
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 14
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
3
3
2
4 4 2
4
4
F
L
k R n
FL F
L
G
L L L
r
(

= = = =
(

Note: [G] reads dimensions of G
Chapter 2
Concurrent Force Systems
Three Characteristics of Forces
Forces are Vectors
Magnitude
Direction
With respect to a fixed frame of reference
Point of Application
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 16
Can think of force as a function of position whose value is a
vector.
Body
F
Point of Application
z
x
y
0
More On Direction of a Vector
With respect to a fixed frame of reference
Line of Action
Sense
F
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 17
x
y
z
0
Line of Action
F
Sense:
Denoted by
arrowhead
Representation of Vectors
F
In Two Dimensions
Magnitude
One Angle
x
y

z
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 18
In Three Dimensions
Magnitude
Two Angles
Will explain later!
x
y
z
0

z
F
Interesting Fact
Consider a force F on a Rigid Body
F
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 19
F
Since the body is rigid,
Point of action of F is anywhere on line of
action
Sometimes called a sliding vector.
Types of Loads
You will learn by examples that forces can
be classified two ways
Contact forces
Reaction of bodies in contact
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 20
Body forces
Forces that act at points in body from external
sources
Best example
The force of gravity
Another one
Electromagnetic forces
Contact Forces
Concentrated Forces
Area of contact is small compared to size of
body
Can be treated as applied at a point
Distributed Forces
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 21
Distributed Forces
Applied over an area of contact
Realistically
All contact forces are distributed
Thus, contact forces are approximations of reality
Good approximations!
Examples
Concentrated forces
Automobile sitting on
bridge
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 22
Distributed forces
Concrete bridge floor
sitting on beam
Frankly!
You will learn about types of loads by the
many examples we will see.
Most of the loads will be idealized so that
they can be treated as concentrated.
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 23
they can be treated as concentrated.
Other Stuff About Forces
Concurrent Forces
All forces act through a
common point
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 24
Coplaner Forces
All forces lie in a single
plane
More Stuff About Forces
Parallel Forces
All forces are parallel
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 25
Collinear Forces
All forces have the
same line of action
Some Vector Algebra
(Appendix A)
Addition
Parallelogram Law
+ A B
A+B
B
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 26
A
A+B
+ = + A B B A Commutative Property
Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
Scalar Multiplication
Changes length or magnitude
A
A
A
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 27
A
Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
Notation
If A is a vector, its magnitude or length is written
Sometimes we write
Note if A=1, then A is a unit vector
A
A = A
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 28
Dot Product
cos = = A B B A A B
A
B

Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
Cross Product
sin = A B A B n
B
n
Where n is a unit
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 29
A

n
Where n is a unit
vector perpendicular to
plane of A and B in
direction of right hand
rule
Note:
= A A 0
Cross Products
Relationship to Area
B

n
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 30
sin = A B A B
A
=Area of parallelogram
Note A B = B A
Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
Component Representation of a Vector
z
x y z
A A A = + + A i j k
x
A = A i
where
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 31
x
y
0
i
j
k
x
y
z
A
A
A
=
=
=
A i
A j
A k
where
A
( ) ( ) ( )
= + + A A i i A j j A k k
An Identity
Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
z
k
1, 1, 1
0, 0, 0,
= = =
= = =
i i j j k k
i j i k j k
Because unit vectors are mutually orthogonal
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 32
x
y
0
i
j
, ,
etc
= = = i j k j k i k j i
Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
, ,
etc
= = = i j k j k i k j i
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 33
i
j
k

Vector Algebra
(Cont.)
( ) ( )
x y z x y z
x x y y z z
A A A B B B
A B A B A B
= + + + +
= + +
A B i j k i j k
2 2 2
x y z
A A A A = = = + + A A
Lecture 2-Kirkpatrick 34
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
x y z
y z z y z x x z x y y x
A A A
B B B
A B A B A B A B A B A B
=
= + +
i j k
A B
i j k
x y z
A A A A = = = + + A A