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Module4: Fiber in Ducts

Lecture 20: Flow in ducts, (Nozzles and diffusers) and wind tunnels(Contd.)

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

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Since entropy can not decrease in an adiabatic process, (15) tells that ' f ' must be positive, thus the shearing stress must always act on the stream in a direction opposite to the direction of flow, as assumed. The isentropic stagnation pressure and impulse function must decrease if friction is present both in the subsonic or supersonic flow. Wall friction reduces the effectiveness of all types of flow machinery and also reduces the thrust obtainable from jet propulsion devices. Summary Subsonic Supersonic increases decreases decreases increases increases decreases

decreases increases increases decreases decreases decreases

M
u

po , F

The Mach number always tends toward unity. Continuous transition from one regime to the other is impossible. For given conditions at an initial section of the duct, the maximum possible duct length which can be employed without attiring the given initial conditions and without introducing discontinuities is that length for which the exit Mach number is exactly unity.

M is chosen as independent variable to integrate the relations above.

Lmax

1 dx = 2 4f M D

1 M 2 dM 2 1 2 M M 2 1 + 2

Defining a mean friction coefficient with respect to length as

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

f =

1 Lmax

Lmax

f dx ;

we have

Lmax 1 M 2 + 1 ( + 1) M 4f = + ln D 2 M2 1 2 M 2 1 + 2
2

max value of 4 f L

for given M

Hence, the length of duct L required for the flow to pass from M 1 to M 2 can be found from

4f
Combining (8) and (9)

L L L = 4 f max 4 f max D D M1 D M2

dp = p

1 + ( 1)M 2 dM 2 1 2 2 M 2 1 + M 2
= 1 M

21 + M2 2

+1 1

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

v
Similarly,

=M

( + 1)
1 2 M 21 + 2

T a2 +1 = = T a 2 1 2 21 + M 2

u 1 = = u M

1 2 M 21 + 2 +1

po po
F

1 M

1 2 + 1 21 + 2 M 1 +1
1+ M 2

1 2 M 2( + 1)1 + M 2
+1 2M 2 1 + 1 M 2 2
+1

s s ln M 2 cp

NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering

Hence,

p M 2 p2 = p p1 p M 1 p

and so on.

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NPTEL IIT Kharagpur: Prof. K.P. Sinhamahapatra, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering