COMPONENTS OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

Chapter 7_II UV, Visible and IR Instruments

Topics
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. GENERAL DESIGNS SOURCES WAVELENGTH SELECTORS SAMPLE CONTAINERS RADIATION TRANSDUCERS SIGNAL PROCESSORS AND READOUT FIBER OPTICS TYPES OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS PRINCIPLES OF FOURIER TRANSFORM OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS

Semiconductor Diodes Lasers

Semiconductor diode
A device that has greater conductivity in one direction than in the other

Chap.2 p. 45

Forward biased current

Reverse biased Resistance to current

Semiconductor diodes
Made by forming n-type and p-type region within a single silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) crystal Interface between the regions: pn junction Si : group IV element, semiconductor n-type: doped with group V element
Arsenic (As) or Antimony (Sb) introduces one unpaired (non bonding) electron in the lattice negative charges are the majority charge carriers

p-type: doped with group III element

Gallium (Ga) or Indium (In) introduces a hole in the Si lattice Movement of holes from silicon atom to silicon atom constitute a current. positive charges are the majority charge carriers

pn junction: add p-type imputrity in minute Si chip doped with an ntype impurity

Semiconductor diode lasers

Electrons are excited into the conduction band by application of a forward bias voltage across the semiconductor Some electrons relax back to the valence band by emitting light of energy equal to the band gap, Eg = h LEDs are fabricated so as to enhance their light emitting capacity Example:
Gallium Arsenic Phosphide: 650 nm Gallium Aluminum Arsenide: 900 nm

Applications
Indicator lights Readout devices

Limitation: red and IR ER only.

Nonlinear Optical Effects with Lasers

Linear optical phenomena Relationship between polarization and field strength is linear P= E : Non linear phenomena 2 P = E m sin t + E m sin 2 t at high radiation intensities, especially when E 1 sin 2 t = (1 cos 2t ) approaches the binding 2 energy of electrons.

P = E + E 2 + E 3 + ...

P = E m sin t +

2 Em

f f

(1 cos 2t )

C. Wavelength Selectors
Function: to isolate a narrow band of wavelengths Why: To improves selectivity To insure linear response Effective bandwidth

C-1 Filters
Interference filters:
Based on destructive and constructive interference of radiation Consists of a dielectric (transparent nonconducting substance:CaF2 or MgF2) sandwiched between two semitransparent metallic films. Efffective bandwidth: 2- 5 nm

2t n

wavelength of radiation transmitted after internal reflection

t: thickness of dielectric n: order of interference : retfractive index of the material

Absorption filters
Selectively absorb portions of the spectrum of the source. Colored glass Dyes suspended in gelatin sandwiched between glass plates Effective bandwidth: 30 250 nm Transmittance can be only 10% at the band peak!

C-2 Monochromators
Components of Monochromators 1. Dispersing element: Grating or Prism: 2. Slits: narrow rectangular opening 3. Lenses: for collimating and focusing 4. Mirrors: for reflection 5. Windows: for transmission

Components of Monochromators
Dispersion by Prism and Grating

Linear Dispersion is constant for a grating monochromator Linear Dispersion is wavelength dependent for a prism monochromator

Prism Monochromators
Prism material must have a large d/d Hartman equation for the refractive index of glass

= 0 +

c 0 d c = ( ) d
0

d d is large for shorter wavelengths

Angular dispersion
Angular dispersion = a.d. =

d d d = d d d

d : dispersion, depends on geometry of prism d dn : material dependent d

2 sin 2 c d = d ( ) (1 sin 2)
2 2 2 o

12

The angular dispersion is a function of the prism apex angle and the refractive index

Resolving Power

R=

d =b d
d varies d

b: width at base of prism R changes as wavelength with