FINAL PROJECT COMMUNICATION SKILLS TOPIC:

PROBLEMS OF WORKING CLASS( CHILD LABOUR)

GROUP MEMBERS: ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN AHSAN KHALEEQ ADNAN HAMEED ABDUR REHMAN SUBMITTED TO: MISS FAREEHA ZAHEER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (12-ME-52) (12-ME-184) (12-ME-37) (12-ME-43)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
We were fortunate enough to receive assistance from our parents, seniors and many friends who were extremely generous and gave us their time to help in our research. We would like to mention about Miss Fareeha Zaheer who gave us an oppurtunity to work on this project.She is the lecturer of English at U.E.T Taxila.Basically, she is from Basic sciences department. We would specially like to mention about Mr. Ahmed Raza (President-Hamdard foundation) who helped us in several stages of making this report. We also appreciate Mr. Zumard Khan (Ex-Managing Director-Pakistan Bait-u-Maal), Mr. Ijlal Haidar Naqvi (Chairman-Educating Child Laborers Organization-ECLO). They provided us in-depth knowledge about our report. We also express gratitude to all those people who took out time and filled our questionnaires, and all those child laborers who provided us information about their daily life

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Child labor is a common and a complicated issue that mostly exists in the third world countries. The research report points out poverty and illiteracy as the two major fundamental factors responsible for supplying child labor.While preparing the report different people were interviewed in Rawalpindi. Beside that the questionnaires assisted in compiling solid facts regarding child labor. Moreover the interviews of presidents of various charity and social welfare organization provided us a lot of information regarding child labor. The research work concludes that child labor and working condition of children are different in various localities. However many common factor supplying child labor including poverty, poor education, high population growth, out dated social customs, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and class based education. Report compiled rich information about child labor that may become a cause of campaign against child labor in Pakistan deploring the practice of child labor and exhorting the poor parents on the need to make their children educated even if it required a certain amount of sacrifice. It will create awareness among the people against child labor and will make them realize that child labor exploitation of child labor infact the destruction of nations future. It will help the policy makers to eliminate the child labor effectively.Child labor is a complex and global issue. Children are not for work but to get quality education, sound personal and social development. However socioeconomic problem and certain cultural norms compel children to work to support their family income. Despite the fact that international laws regarding child labor have been enacted, these laws remain ineffective and child labor continues to rise. Concerning to child labor, a detailed study has been made to analyze the determinant of child labor.Face to Face interviews of children and other organizations assisted in collecting detailed information about child labor and their working conditions especially the questionnaires that were distributed among people in various locations provided hard facts regarding child labor.The report reveals that parents illiteracy and poverty are the major causes of child labor.

INTRODUCTION
Child labor is the employment of children in any work which deprive them from education and exploits them physically, mentally and morally. It is considered as exploitation of children by human right commission and other international organization. Children require education and a healthy personal, social and intellectual development. The aforementioned characteristics cannot be developed if he or she is pushed to labor. Child labor not only takes out children from schooling, but also badly affects the human capital accumulation and life time earnings. Through this report we will create awareness among the people about child labor. It will inform the public especially in Pakistan that child labor is inhumane, a violation of human rights and a destruction of childrens future in the long run. The report identifies all the basic reasons behind child labor, its evil effects and recommends possible solution to the elimination of child labor. It analyzes the overall issue in a comprehensive methodology that will help the government and other policy makers to tackle down child labor. In particular, it discusses the continuous rise in child labor in Pakistan inspite of national and international legislation regarding child labor.

RESEARCH WORK:

The places we decided to go to were different markets, bus stops, and workshops. Our main area of research was workshops, and we took easiest path by going to those workshops, which were close to our homes. We visited different workshops, markets and bus stops and took interviews from child laborers working in different places. But some of them did not agree to give us interview, as it was an unusual thing for them. Most of the positive information we gathered was from different child laborers in workshops of Topi, Swabi, Ghazi, Taxila, and Rawalpindi. The working conditions in areas of Khyber Pukhtun khauwa were better than those in Punjab. Child abuse in Punjab is comparatively excessive than in Khyber Pukhtun khuwa.

We also conducted a questionnaire which was very useful regarding our survey. The sample was chosen mainly to be adults because teenagers have no knowledge about different forms of child abuse. A questionnaire was imperative to conduct so that we could know what people think about child labor, and different forms of child abuse. Usually middle-aged people and adolescents know about this.

We also took sample of teenagers and aged-people, and they had very less knowledge about it. The sample of teenagers was chosen, within the university, which was not very informative. The rest of the sampling was done at our homes. Our family members gave us a survey, which was easy to compile and helpful in our analysis, because several of them have observed these unkind things. The main analysis came from people belonging to middle class families and salaried employees.

We also met Mr. Ahmed Raza (President- Humdard Foundation), Mr. Ijlal Haider Naqvi (Chairman- Educating Child Laborers Organization), Dr. Siraj-ul-Haq

(Advisor-Project Topi) and Mr. Azfar (President-Project Topi) who were very cooperative and helped us a lot in our report. We faced some problems when we went to EDHI centre as students, because our topic of research was not in directly related to their cause, which was acceptable to all of us.

The experience was great. We got to know a lot about Child labor in Pakistan, different forms of child abuse in our society and about the daily life of a child laborer. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: The basic cause of child labor in developing countries is considered to be poverty. However, poverty alone is not responsible for the practice. A number of other factors also affect the supply of child labor in developing countries including Pakistan. Child labor contributes to further poverty by pushing down the wage rate in the labor market.

Child labor phenomenon is common in developing countries and there is growing literature on this issue and empirical evidences as well. Pakistan has a large number of child domestic workers. These include children working as child minders, maids, cooks, cleaners, gardeners and general house-helps. The lack of information is major cause of not having thorough analysis of incidence and nature of child domestic workers in many areas of Pakistan. However, there is not a significant reduction in child labor participation, especially in Pakistan. Two main characteristics of Pakistani child labor that distinguish it from child labor elsewhere is that a large part of Pakistani child labor is in the form of child domestic workers; and the bulk of Pakistani child labor is in the 1014 years age group. Poor households are more probably to use child labor and schooling reduction as strategies to mitigate with socioeconomic shocks. Low household incomes are linked with high rates of both child income generation and housework. Low wages, high cost of living and lack of adequate social security systems are the main causes of the prevalence of child labor in Pakistan. Less household income, outstanding debt, wish to start own business in future, High dependency ratio and

many others reason that include illness of family head, a gap in employment due to job switching that causes temporary unemployment are the main causes of being sending children to work.

Most of the research work is based on case studies covering a few villages, a city, a sub-national area and at best a province, state or an equivalent region, probably because of lack of systematic data collection and availability of micro-based data on child labor. Poverty is considered the most important causal factor for child labor in all these studies and provides valuable insights into the supply of child labor. However, we need to go further and ask the next question: What specific characteristics of poverty at the household level cause child labor? The proposed study will investigate the nature of child labor prevailing in Pakistan and will explore the causes of child labor in Pakistan by focusing on its supply side determinants. As child labor has a number of economic consequences, this problem needs to be analysed in detail.

DATA ANALYSIS: Child Labor is generally speaking work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education). United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) defines child as anyone below the age of 18, and child Labor Is some type of work performed by children below age 18. Some types of work make useful, positive contributions to a child's development. Work can help children learn about responsibility and develop particular skills that will benefit them and the rest of society. Often, work is a source of income that helps to sustain children and their families.

However, across the world, millions of children do extremely hazardous work in harmful conditions, putting their health, education, personal and social development, and even their lives at risk. These are some of the circumstances they face: Full time work at a very early age. Dangerous workplaces. Excessive working hours. Subjection to psychological, verbal, physical and sexual abuse. Obliged to work by circumstances or individuals. Limited or no pay. Work and life on the streets in bad conditions. Inability to escape from the poverty cycle - no access to education. Now a question arises here that why do children work? Most children work because their families are poor and their labor is necessary for their survival. Discrimination on grounds including gender, race or religion also plays its part in why some children work. Children are often employed and exploited because, compared to adults, they are more vulnerable, cheaper to hire and are less likely to demand higher wages or better working conditions. Some employers falsely argue that children are particularly suited to certain types of work because of their small size and "nimble fingers". For many children, school is not an option. Education can be expensive and some parents feel that what their children will learn is irrelevant to the realities of their everyday lives and futures. In many cases, school is also physically inaccessible or lessons are not taught in the child's mother tongue, or both. As well as being a result of poverty, child labor also perpetuates poverty. Many working children do not have the opportunity to go to school and often grow up to be unskilled adults trapped in poorly paid jobs, and in turn will look to their own children to supplement the family's income.

In Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million. During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILOs IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor). The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this age group; fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. Two million and four hundred thousand (73%) of them were said to be boys. According to survey findings, the major factors responsible for child labor were: Large population with high population growth rate; Almost three-fourths (70 per cent) of the total population living in rural areas, with subsistence agricultural activities; Low productivity and prevalence of poverty; Unpaid family helpers, especially in agricultural activities; Discriminating social attitude towards girls and women; Inadequate educational facilities. Working children come from large families in the low-income bracket. The average household size of working children was found to be eight members, which is higher than the national average. A higher proportion of economically active girls falls under households with nine plus members. The survey indicates that the most cogent reasons given by parents/guardians for letting their child work are to assist in house enterprise (69 per cent), and to supplement the household income (28 per cent). The former is pronounced in rural households, whereas the latter is more significant in urban families. Like elsewhere across the South Asia where governments are suffering from bad administration and poor governance, Pakistan is also suffering from the

lingering perilof child labor and the economic exploitation of the poor.Because of peculiar socio-economic conditions and the chaotic politicalsituations in the third world countries like Pakistan, Governments and the public sector institutions responsible for keeping an eye on the child labor and child exploitation, often fail to come up to the expectations of the society. It has been observed that rising economic costs of life often resulting in falling living standards, lingering, political crises, rising unemployment and poor planning, joblessness, unplanned population migration to mega cities, rapid urbanization, lack of education and many other factors have resulted in spiraling child labor as poor families cannot afford to cope with multipleeconomic crunch and use their children as a pawn to earn some extra rupees. Child labor, with the passage of time, has emerged as the biggest challenge to the society and the government in ensuring conductive atmosphere for the children with poor economic background. Unfortunately, child labor is deepening engraved in the social culture of Pakistan. In Pakistan children aged 5 to 14 are above 40 million. During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILOs IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labor). The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this age group; fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were claimed to beworking in the agriculture sector. Two million and four hundred thousand(73%) of them were said to be boys Pakistan are leading lines below the line of poverty, whereas the Social Policy Development Centre (SPDC) Karachi has stated in one of its reports that the ratio of poverty in Pakistan was 33% during1999 that increased in 2001 and reached 38%. The ratio of poverty in the current year is around 30%. Consider the point that if 30% of our countrys total population is leading life below the poverty-line wherein the people are deprived of basic necessities of life like clothing, shelter, food, education and medication, the children of these people will be forced to become Laborers or workers in order to survive. Another reason of child Labor in Pakistan is that our people dont have the security of social life. There is no aid plan or allowance for children in our country. Class-based education system is another reason for increasing child Labor; villages lack standardized education systems and as a result, child Labor is on increase in rural areas. The government has not put its laws into practice to stop child Labor in our country. Employers after exploiting child Labor, extract a large surplus, whereas child Labor,despite

increasing poverty, unemployment and other problems, are pressed to do anything and everything for their livelihood and the survival of their families. The issue of child labor and the economic exploitation of children of a lesser God has always been a burning issue in Pakistan. Successive governments tried to hush up this huge issue, having multiple implications, while civil society and the media attempts to draw out kaleidoscopic view of the spiraling problem. While child labor has serious impact on the childrens mental and social development, it also impedes their emotional growth. Children are our only hope for a better future and if we desire a better and prosperous Pakistan then we must give them their right of education. Education is the foremost fundamental right of the children which must be protected and given to each and every child. Although a number of protecting laws contain provisions prohibiting child labor or regulating the working conditions of children and adolescent workers but the issue still remain unresolved. Pakistan has enacted many laws for eradicating child labor. The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan states that;No child below the age of fourteen shall be engaged in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment. And also, All forms of forced labor and traffic in human beings are prohibited.Childrens like as flowers, if we force on these then their souls was broken, it is the major issue of any type of country where no any way to help poor peoples and their children, so we discuss on child labor in Pakistan. Pakistan is poor country, not poor from starting but because of our government policies are not right for any institution of our country. Pakistan always helpless. Pakistan's government never do for own country what they do for poor peoples. If anyone living in that country it means they are not in own safe country but in like as jail, but others countries jail also good from this countries people living. If any country wants progress then education is must. Means society of middleclass family they give education to their children but any poor peoples can't do this, because a lot of money need for any education for children, but our government always quite on this issue, only government of Pakistan is begging money from others countries from 61 years not for own country but only for own aims it means from 61 years no one good leader who think about their peoples and their children but here allot of corruption in any government department. Pakistan government never thinks about poor people how they survive in life and how get money, how give education to our children. So we need to think about child labor and those childrens also use drugs because they dont know about these things and they are away from their parents so they do as they like and allot of children died because of using drugs and many children died because of abusing.

Pakistan Labor force Graph and Data:

List of occupations and categories of work:

Work with power driven cutting machinery like saws, shears, andguillotines, (Thrashers, fodder cutting machines, also marbles) Work with live electrical wires over 50V. All operation related to leather tanning process e.g. soaking, dismissal, liming chrome tanning, deliming, pickling defleshing, and ink application. Mixing or application or pesticides insecticide/fumigation. Sandblasting and other work involving exposure to free silica. Work with exposure to all toxic, explosive and carcinogenic chemicals heavy metals like nickel, mercury chromium, lead, arsenic, beryllium,fiber glass. Work with exposure to cement dust (cement industry). Work with exposure to coal dust. Manufacture and sale of fireworks explosive.

 Work at the sites where Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are filled in cylinders. Work on glass and metal furnaces. Work in the cloth printing, dyeing and finishing sections. Work inside sewer pipelines, pits, storage tanks. Stone crushing. Lifting and carrying of heavy weight especially in transport industry (15bkg and above). Work between 10 pm to 8 am (Hotel Industry). Carpet waving. Working 2 meter above the floor. All scavenging including hospital waste. Tobacco process (including snuff) and Manufacturing. Deep fishing (commercial fishing/ sea food and fish processing Sheep casing and wool industry). Ship breaking. Surgical instrument manufacturing especially in vendors workshop Bangles glass, furnaces. Child Labor in Rag Picking Business: A study conducted by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) on Rag Pickers/scavenger in 2003 reveals that there are roughly 89,500-106,500 children engaged in scavenging in five major cities of the country i.e. Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Peshawar and Islamabad. The survey identifies three types of scavengers: migratory scavengers, roaming scavengers and site based scavengers.

METHOD