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6 Sonet
6 Sonet
6 Sonet
Introduction
SONET
is a newly adopted standard for interfaces in optical networks Physical layer transmission format SONET defines a fiber based transmission scheme for ATM ATM
SONET Overview
The
standard optical signals signals, which permits the interoperation of equipment from different manufacturers a synchronous frame structure for multiplexing digital traffic procedures for operations and maintenance (OAM)
includes:
module is STS-1 Synchronous Transport Signal Signal, Level 1 STS-1 corresponds to 51.84 Mbps Frame structure: 9 rows of 90 columns of 8-bit 8 bit bytes 8000 frames/sec (125 usec/frame)
9 rows
STS-1 Framing Structure ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
90 columns 125 usec 1 byte
are transmitted one row at a time, from left to right Note: 1 byte/frame = 64 kbps First three columns of STS-1 frame are for section overhead and line overhead Remaining 87 columns are for the S Synchronous h P Payload l dE Envelope l (SPE)
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9 rows
STS-1 Framing (Cont (Contd) d) 90 columns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Synchronous S h P Payload l d Envelope (SPE) (87 columns) 8
SONET Overhead
Overhead
bytes are used by SONET equipment (e.g., (e g switches) for exchange of control and signalling information, and as a low bandwidth data channel Three types y of overhead bytes y
section line path
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Includes two framing bytes bytes, plus other control information for maintenance and provisioning
Line Path
Control info, plus 9 bytes for data channel Payload type, path status, etc. Transmitted T itt d as part t of f payload l d it itself lf (SPE)
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SPE in an STS STS-1 1 frame has sufficient capacity to carry a DS-3 (45 Mbps) There are many other ways to carve up the capacity of an STS STS-1 1 into smaller units used by the telcos These Th are called ll d Vi Virtual t lT Tributaries ib t i (VT (VTs) )
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of VTs: VT s:
VT 1.5: requires 3 columns of 9 bytes each, corresponding to North American DS1 (T1) standard (1.544 Mbps) VT 2: 4 columns, corresponds to European standard for 2.048 Mbps VT 3: 6 columns (54 bytes) per frame, corresponds co espo ds to 3 3.088 088 Mbps bps VT 6: 12 columns, 6.312 Mbps
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9 rows
STS-1 Framing Example 90 columns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
VT 1.5 15 VT 2
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STS-1 frame can hold 7 VT groups g p per frame (84 columns), with 1 column for path overhead overhead, and 2 columns empty
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rate SONET signals are obtained by interleaving N STS-1s to form an S S STS-N ( (e.g., STS-3 S S3=1 155 Mbps) ) STS STS-N N has 9 rows, and N x 90 columns Interleaving is done byte by byte
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the entire STS-1 STS 1 payload is to be used for ATM transmission, then there is no need to use VTs at all The 53-byte 53 byte ATM cells are simply packaged into the SPE portion of the STS 1 frame STS-1 frame, as they fit Cells may wrap across STS-1 overhead bytes, or even STS-1 frame boundaries Overhead byte keeps track of where ATM cell boundaries lie16
9 rows
STS-1 ATM Example 90 columns ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Start of ATM Cells
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Summary
SONET
defines a standard for framing and transmission at the physical layer on fiber-optic based networks Framing structure is designed to accommodate common telco channel rates in both North America and Europe ATM cells can be layered on top of the (synchronous) SONET framing structure
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