Progress of Theoretical Physics Supplement No.

110, 1992
---- Missing Link :between Virasoro and sl(2) Kac-Moody Algebras
Mitsuhiro KATO and Yasuhiko YAMADA*
Institute of Physics, University. of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo 153
*National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK), Tsukuba 305
---
We discuss the representations of the fractional level sl(2) affine Kac-Moody algebra and
their relation to the Virasoro representations. A practical way of calculation of the free field
null vectors and explicit relation between those .for both algebras are given with many
examples. For the complete degenerate representations some subtle points about the repre-
sentations on and beyond the boundaries of the conformal grids are clarified.
1. Introduction
----
291
Virasoro algebra and sl(2) affine Kac-Moody algebra are the simplest examples
of infinite dimensional Lie algebras and have been studied extensively from both
mathematical and physical points of view.
-------- An important relationship between Virasoro and sl(2) Kac-Moody algebra is
known as hamiltonian reduction.
1
>-a> Starting from the latter with level k, k+2=pfq,
---- by imposing a constraint on one of the sl(2) currents, one obtain the Virasoro algebra
with central charge c=l-6(p-q)2jpq.
So far general framework for the correspondence of these algebras is well
established. For the representations, however, there seems to be some uncertainty in
the literature.
Let us consider, for instance, minimal
4
> and admissible
5
>.
6
> representations for each
s s
q
------------,
q
------------,
I I

I
I
I

I
I

I
I
I.
r r
p p
(a) Virasoro (b) sl(2)
Fig. 1. Grids for the minimal representations for the Virasoro algebra (a), and admissible repre-
sentations for t h ~ algebra (b).

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292 M. Kato and Y Yamada
algebra. Their highest weights are given as hr,s={(rq-sP)
2
-(q-p)
2
}/4Pq with 1
l<sS:q-1, for Virasoro, and 2jr,s+1=r-s(k+2) with 1<r<p-1. o::;:s
------ -----
< q -1, for sl(2). Apparently counterparts of the s=O representations for sl(2) are
missing in the Virasoro representations, the correspondence is not complete (Fig. 1).
To understand such subtle problems, more precise comparison of the structure of
both representations is needed.
. ----
The aim of the present paper is to analyze the Virasoro and sl(2) representations
on and beyond the boundary of the conformal grids, and to generalize the correspon-
dence between them.
Although many of the facts discussed here are already known for each algebras,
they are separated in literature andthe precise comparison has not been done except
for one exception.
8
> So it would be worth to review them and study their relations.
The paper is organized as follows. In the first two sections we summarize the
basic known results on the structures of the Verma modules over the Virasoro and
--- .
sl(2) algebras, in the case of generic value of c and k ( 2) and in the completely
degenerate cases ( 3). We will see very similar results hold for the Virasoro and
--;[(JJ cases,
8
> except for the case of the boundary of the grids, where the structure of
the representations are slightly different between them. In 4, we give an explicit
--- relation of the null vectors of the Virasoro and sl(2) algebras in terms of the free field
realization, which explains the similarity given in 2 and 3 from the point of view
of the hamiltonian reduction. In 5, we clarify the correspondence between the
------
Virasoro and sl(2) representations including the case for the boundaries of the grids.
Section 6 is devoted to discussions.
2. Null vectors in the Verma modules
We briefly summarize the generic structure of the Verma modules over the
---- Virasoro algebra and sl(2) algebra.
1) Let us start with the Virasoro algebra
(21)
The Verma module Ml,Yz over the Virasoro algebra is generated by the highest weight
vector lh>, such that Lnlh>=O (n>O) and Lolh>=hlh>.
A vector lx>EM that satisfies the conditions Lnlx>=O (n >0) and Lolx>
=(h+N)lx> is called null vector (or singular vector) of grade N.
It is known
9
>-I
2
> the following:
THEOREM 2.1.
For the value of central charge c=13-6(t+1/t) and highest weight hr,s
={(rt-s)
2
-(t-1)2}/4t with t(=!=O)EC and r, sEZ, rs>O, there exists unique (up to
normalization) null vector lxr,s>EM'/,Yz of grade N=rs (Fig. 2). Notice that hr,s+N
=h-r,s.
We give some examples

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----
Missing Link between Virasoro and sl(2) Kac-Moody Algebras 293
tL-2)ih2,1>,
lx1.2>=( L2_1- L-2 )lh1,2>,
+2t(2t -l)L-3)1hs,1>,
+2t(12t -5)L-sL-1
+9t
2

+ l)L-4)1h4,1>,
lx2.2>=( Z(t
2
: I) L-2L2_1

+I) L-sL-1
+ L-4)1h2,2>'
lx1.4>=(
1
f L-22_1
2
(
5
tt-; IZ) L-sL-1
+ ;
2

L-4)1h1,4>. (22)
The null vectors ixr,s> and lxs,r> are related by the exchange of t and 1/t. To find a
complete expression of the null vectors is still open problem. See Ref. 18) for an
interesting recent development.
---- 2) Similar result holds for s/(2) Kac-Moody algebra/
4
>'
15
>
[Hn, Em]= En+m ,
8


X---+---

r




Fig. 2. Allowed values of ( r, s) for the generic
degenerate highest weight hr,s for the Virasoro
algebra. For example, a highest weight vector
corresponding to the symbol 0 generates a
unique null vector with weight corresponding
to X.
8


X --+--i....,..@

r




Fig. 3. Allowed values of ( r, s) for the generic
degenerate highest weight jr,s for the s/(2)
algebra.

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294 M. Kato and Y. Yamada
[Hn, F m] =-Fn+m , [En, F m] = 2Hn+m + knon+m,o . (23)
----- Let Mt.zp> be the Verma module over sl(2), generated by the highest weight vector lj>,
such that Enlj>=Hnlj>=Fnlj>=O (n>O), Eolj>=O and Holj)=jlj). This lj> is pri-
mary with respect to the Sugawara energy-momentum tensor with ck=3k/(k+2), hj
= j(j + 1)/(k+2).
A null vector ix>EMt.zp> (of grade Nand charge Q) is defined by Enix>=Hnix>
=Fnix>=O (n >O), Eoix>=O, Hoix>=(j + Q)ix> and Loix>=(hj+ N)ix>.
We have the following:
16
>'
17
>
THEOREM 2.2.
For level kE C, k+2=t=O and highest weight j parametrized as 2jr,s+ 1
=r-s(k+2) with r, sEZ, rs>O or r>O, s=O, there exists unique null vector ixr,s>
EMg,Zp> of grade N=rs and charge Q=-r; here we have a relation jr,s+Q=j-r,s
(Fig. 3).
Note that the s=O sequence was missing in the Virasoro case.
Examples:
ix-r,-1> = ,
ixr,o>=Forljr,o),
Cr 2:0)
(r 2:0)
lx-1,-2>=(E:.1Fo-Ck+ 1)(k+2)E-2+2(k+ 1)E-1H-1)V-1.-2>,
lx1,1>=(E-1Fo
2
-(k+2)(k+3)F-1-2(k+3)H-1Fo)lh,l>,
ix-2,-2> =(E'!_1Fo
2
+ X1E-2E:_1Fo+ xaH'!..1E:_1 + X4H-2E:_1
+ + X6E-aE-1 + X1E-2H-1E-1 + XsE:_2)1j_2,-2) ,
ix2,1>=(E:.1Fo
4
+ Y1F-1E-1Fo
2
+ Y2H-1E-1Fo
3
+ YaH'!..1Fo
2
+ y4H-2Fo
2
+ y5E-2Fo
3
+ y6F-2Fo+ xsF'!..1)ij2,1>, (24)
where xl=-2k(k+7), x2=4k, xa=4k(k+1), x4=2k(k+7), x5=2k, x6=-2k(k+2)
X (k+7), x1= -4k(k+ 1)(k+6), xs=k(k+ 1)(k
2
+9k+22) and Y1 = -2(k+3)(k+4), Y2
=-4(k+4), Ya=4(k+3)(k+1), Y4=-2(k+3)(k+4), y5=2(k+4), y6=2(k+2)(k+3)
X ( k + 4), Y1 = 4 ( k + 2 )( k + 3 )( k + 4), Ys = ( k + 3 )( k + 4 )(k
2
+ 3k + 2).
The first two examples are familiar in the integrable representation theory (k
EZ The null vectors ix-r.-s> and lxr,s+1) are related by the algebra automor-
phism a,
a(En) = Fn+1 , a(Fn)=En-1,
. k
a(Hn) =-Hn +z-on,O .
For general formulas see Refs. 17) and 19).
The above statements of Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 are so similar for both cases that
one may ask if there exist any relations between the explicit form of the null vectors.
In 4, we give the answer for this question by using the free field realizations.

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----- Missing Link between Virasoro and sl(2) Kac-Moody Algebras 295
3. Completely degenerate representations
_......_Here we discuss about completely degenerate representations of Virasoro and
s/(2) algebras. Some subtle points for the representations on or out of the boundary
of the conformal grid are clarified.
1) For the Virasoro algebra, it is known that all the nesting structures are classified
into the several types of diagrams in Fig. 4 and subdiagrams of them.
10
>'
23
> More
precisely we have:
THEOREM 3.1.
The completely degenerate representations fall into four subcases,
Subcase C for t=qjpE Q>o and r=t=O (mod p) and s=t=O (mod q),
Subcase D for t=qjpE Q>o and r=O (mod p) or s=O (mod q),
Subcase E for t= -qjpE Q<o and r=t=O (mod p) and s=t=O (mod q),
Subcase F for t= -qjpE Q<o and r=O (mod p) and s=O (mod q) .


l

(A) (B)


1\ l

.
lXl
l
lXI l

lXI I
JXJ

\I
j


(C) (D) (E) (F)
Fig. 4. Classification of nesting structures.

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296 M. Kato and Y Yamada
The representation whose diagram
is E or F with t'=- qjp negative rational
number and h'-r,s= h-r,s(t') is "mirror"
of the representation with t = qjp and
hr,s (c+c' 26, hr,s+h'-r,s=1). The
nesting diagrams of the mirror represen-
tations E, F can be obtained from C, D by
reversing the arrows and taking appro-
priate subdiagrams.
--- 2) For s/(2) algebra, the nesting dia-
grams are also classified as in Fig. 4.


s





. . . . ..
THEOREM 3.2.
The completely degenerate repre-
sentations fall into four subcases,
Fig. 5. With the twisted highest weight condition,
degenerate highest weights appear in different
positions.
Subcase C for k+2=pjqE Q>o and r=t=O (mod p),
Subcase D for k+2=pjqE Q>o and r=O (mod p),
Subcase E for k+2=-pjqEQ<o and r=t=O (mod p),
Subcase F for k+2=- pjqE Q<o and r=O (mod p).
There is also the mirror correspondence between the representations related by
k+k'=-4 ;'+;''=-1.
' ' -------
We stress that in the case of s/(2), the nesting structure is irrespective of the value
of s. The origin of the difference from the Virasoro case is theextra null vectors for
s=O mentioned in the previous section.
The irrelevance of s in --;t(2) has another explanation as follows. If we apply
twisted highest weight condition En+P-llj>=Hnlj>=Fn-Pij>=O (n>O), the diagram in
Fig. 3 will change as in Fig. 5 (for P= -2). Thus the boundary line s=O moves under
the affine W eyl translation.
4. Null vector correspondence via Hamiltonian reduction
,_..---__
Here we give an explicit relation between Virasoro and s/(2) null vectors. Both
the algebras (21) and (23) are realized by free fields [an, am]=non+m,o and [,Bn, Ym]
=on+m,o as
1
Ln=-
2
:an-mam:+(n+ 1)Aan
meZ
(4 1)
and
En= fin,
(4. 2)

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----
Missing Link between Virasoro and s/(2) Kac-Moody Algebras 297
where c=l-12.-1
2
and k+2=l/t=2/a+
2
.
For the Virasoro null vectors there are two possible identifications of the vacuum
state ihr,s> in the Fock space such as a+(ao+tl)ihr,s>=+(rt-s)ihr,s>. We pick up the
case + since otherwise corresponding null vector will vanish in the Fock space
(co-singular vector). Similarly, the Sf{JJ null vectors lxr-,s>sz<z> in the Verma module
correspond to a co-singular vector in the W akimoto module. So we concentrate on
IX-r.-s>st(2).
After the above remarks, we give the null vectors as
(4 3)
where f(zi) is multivalued function on {(z1, , Zr)E Crizi=i=Zi, Zi=i=O} such as
(4 4)
From these formulas, it is easy to see the following:
THEOREM 4.1.
The coefficient of !3nr in the expression of lx-r.-s>sz<z> is nothing but the Virasoro
null vector lxr,s+n> Vir. .
We need very nontrivial integral formulas to show that the integral (43) is non
vanishing.
1
1)-IS) Once we know that it is so, nevertheless, it is rather simple to get the
explicit expression for null vectors. To do this, we introduce a convenient basis Pn
(n>O), of oscillators defined as follows. First recall the Schur polynomial Pn(x)
= Pn(XI, Xz, Xs, ) defined by
00 00
exp( XnZn) = Pn(X )zn .
n=l n=O
(4 5)
For example Po(x)=l, P1(x)=x1, Pz(x)=xz+(l/2)xl
2
, Ps(x)=xs+xzXI +(1/6)xi
3
,
Then the basis Pn is given by the substitution xn=a+(l/n)a-n.
In terms of this basis, the Virasoro null vectors take the form
(4 6)
where
f
r r
I
(r,s). = IT dzIT(z-z)2ti1z<I-r)t-s-l+v;
Vl,,Vr . t . . t J , t
t=l Z,J t=l
(4. 7)
and the summation runs over !.II,, vr:?:O such that
We can derive the following relation
10
> for the integral I, for n>O

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298 M. Kato and Y. Yamada
This relation can be derived by partial integration, and is equivalent to the null vector
condition. It is interesting to note the similarity to the Virasoro condition for the
matrix integrals (see 6).
Using the above formulas, we get the explicit form of the null vectors,
lx1,;> = P2l h1,2> ,
lx2.1>=( P1
2
- t
1
P2)lh2,1>,
lx1.s> =Psi h1,s> ,
(
6 6t )1
lxs.1>= P1
3
2
t+
1
P2P1+ (
2
t+
1
)(t+
1
) Ps hs.1>,
lx1.4> = P41 h1,4> ,
lx2.2>=( P2
2
- t
1
PsP1 + (t

P4)ih2,2>,
I > (p
4 12t np2+ 12t
2
n2
X4,1 = 1 3t+1 T2 1 (2t+1)(3t+1) T2
6t
2
24t
3
)
+ (2t + 1)(3t + 1) PsP
1
(t + 1)(2t + 1)(3t + 1) p
4
jh
4
'
1
>
(4 9)
Note that we can express the null vectors in fewer terms of Pn's than that of an's
or Ln's.
----- --- Let us turn to the s/(2) case. Since the integral in the s/(2) null vector is
essentially the same encountered we get
where the summation runs over m1, ... , mr>O and l/1, ... , Vr2:0 such that
r
mi)= rs.
i=1
As before, we get the explicit form of the null vectors,
lx-1,-1>= P-1V-1,-1),
lx-1.-2>=(,8-2+ P-1P1)Ij-1,-2>,
IX-1.-s>=(/3-s+ P-2P1 + P-1P2)Ij-1,-2>,
lx-2,-1>= p:.1V-2.-1>,
lx-2.-2>=(,8:.2-

.8-sP-1+ t!l .8-2.8-1P1+,8:.1(P1
2
- P2))V-2,-2>,
(4 10)
(4 11)

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---- Missing Link between Virasoro and sl(2) Kac-Moody Algebras 299
5. Correspondence of the representations
It is known
24
> that the irreducible characters and

z) inside the grid

-----
for Virasoro and s/(2) algebras are related by the relation
(5 1)
This simple correspondence can be naturally understood since the representations
inside the grid have the same structure for both cases and the relation csl(Z) /24
= cv
1
r /24-1/12 holds.
At this point a question may be raised, namely, are there any relations between
---
the representations on the boundaries of the grids for Virasoro and those for s/(2)?
For r-o the answer for the question is simple since the nesting diagrams are the
same for both cases and the relation above holds without any modification.
. But for s=O and r=t=O, it seems that there is no natural relation between Virasoro
----
and s/(2) representations since the embedding structures are different with each other
--- (type D or F for Virasoro and type C or E for s/(2)). As we discuss shortly,
nevertheless, there also exists a relation between these representations.
For s 0 representations, the L.H.S. of (5 1) vanishes, because we have extra null
vectors Fonlj> which terminate the infinite degeneracy at the ground level (origin of
the z= 1 pole). ____
On the diagram for s/(2),
1-r,o
}r,2q }-r,2q }r,4q
}r,O }-r,-2q }r,-2q }-r,-4q }r,-4q
all the arrows from SW to NE are of this kind, thus in passing to the Virasoro algebra
this diagram splits into two copies of corresponding Virasoro embedding diagram
(remind the relation hr,s=h-r,-s),
h-r,O hr,2q h-r,2q hr,4q
hr,O h-r,-2q hr,-2q h-r,-4q hr,-4q (5 2)
The upper row has overall minus sign relative to the lower row. This provides
another explanation of the vanishing residue in (51). ---.....
In summarize, the hamiltonian reduction of the s=O representations of the s/(2)
are difference of two identical copies of corresponding Virasoro representations.
6. Conclusion and discussion
We have analyzed the structure of the completely degenerate representations of
;::..---:---,._
the Virasoro with central charge c=l-6(p-q)
2
/Pq and s/(2) with level k+2=p/q.
The relation between these representations is quite interesting from the point of view
of the quantum hamiltonian reduction and 2d gravity.
7
> The correspondence

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300 M. Kato and Y. Yamada
between the representations in the conformal grid {(r, s)l1 <r<p-1, 1 <s<q-1)} is
well known and they (and, more generally, the representations with r=t=O (mod p) and
s=t=O (mod q)) have the same structures (subcase A).
For the representations on the boundaries of the grids are, however, slightly
different between two algebras. In the Virasoro case both boundaries of r==O (mod
p) and of s=O (mod q) are associated with the exceptional (subcase D or F)
----- representation, but for s/(2), only r=O (mod p) boundary is the exceptional one. The
-----
difference comes from the existence of the extra null vectors in the s/(2) algebra.
Although the structures are different, we have shown the correspondence between
the representations on the boundaries. Especially, for the missing sequence for s=O,
------
the nesting diagrams of s/(2) split into two copies of that of the Virasoro algebra.
We will give some comments.
1) In terms of the Schur polynomial basis. Pn introduced in (45), the expression of
the null vectors becomes quite simple one. These basis enjoy the following matrix
equations
(61)
with n-vectors F=(Pn, 0, , O)Y, !=(Pn-1, , Po)Y and A-, A+ are given by
0 0
0 0 1
A-= 3 0 A+= 0 1 (62)
2 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0
It is interesting to note the similarity with the expression for Virasoro null
vectors given by Bauer et al.
18
>
2) The Schur polynomial XY(x) is defined for any Young tableau Y and it is known
that the polynomials Xr,s(x) for square tableau Yr,s give c=1 null vectors.
25
> Our
expressions for lxr,s> agree with Xr,s(x) when c=l. It would be interesting to look
for the generalization of the Schur polynomials that gives the c =I= 1 null vectors when
Y= Yr,s.
------
3) The integral (4 7), which plays the crucial role to connect the Virasoro and s/(2)
I
null vectors, has further applications. For example, we can give the null vectors of
N = 1 super Virasoro algebras as follows. The N = 1 algebra
[Ln, Gm]=( ~ -m )cn+m,
{Gn, Gm}=2Ln+m+ ~ ( n
2
- ~ )Bn+m,o
(63)
can be realized by free boson (z) and fermion (z)= m z +1/Zbmz-m-I!z, {bn, bm}

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---- Missing Link between Virasoro and s/(2) Kac-Moody Algebras 301
= 8m+n,o (for NS sector) as
T(z)=- :o(z)o(z):- i)..o
2
(z)- :cf;(z)ocf;(z):,
G(z) = icf;(z) (z)- 2)..ocf;(z) .
The central charge is given by

(64)
We have a null vector lxr,s> on the primary state lhr,s> with a+ a-= -1, a++ a-
= -2).. and a+
2
=2t, and it is given
IX >
N=I_ "'"' "'"' J<r,s/2) b b p ... p lh )
r,s - .L.J .L.J ll!+mJ,,vr+mr -m1 -mr ll! llr r,s
(65)
mJ,,mr liJ,,llr
The summation runs over mr,,mr>OEZ+(1/2) and Vr,, Vr20 such that
L:r=r(ri+ mi)= rs/2. Though indices run half integer, theintegral I can be obtained
by the same formulas (4 8). The generalization to N =2 algebra is also straight-
forward.
4) Equation (4 8) can be derived from the following relation
(66)
For n21 we get Eq. (48). For n=-1, 0 we have
(6 7)
respectively. The last one gives the condition L:r=rvi= rs. Introducing the generat-
ing function
1rr(z Z )-"J<r,s) Z -v1 ... Z -vr
':1:' 1, , r - .L.J liJ,,llr 1 r ,
(68)
ll
the above conditions can be written as
Lnlf!= L: +2tL: Zi -zj lf!=O. (69)
[
r { 0 } n+I n+I J
k=I UZk i<j Zi- Zj
These Ln's (n2 -1) satisfy the Virasoro algebra, so the n >2 conditions are included
in n=1 and 2. The above method to get the Virasoro condition by partial integration
can be used for the matrix model integrals for finite N.
5) Finally we give a comment on the ambiguity in the hamiltonian reduction. The
relation (5 1) shows the correspondence (h, s) vir r, s )st<
2
> of the Virasoro and -;[(jJ
representations. But this correspondence is not the unique one. We have evidences
that indicate another correspondence (r,

sYt<
2
>. One of them is the
weights correspondence via improved energy-momentum tensor, hr,s+I = jr,sUr,s+ 1)
/(k+2)- jr;s. The other is the correspondence of the null vectors. Under the con-
straint E(z) = /3(z) = 1 (/3n = 8n,-r), the coefficient of f3?:_r in the expression of lx-r.-s>st<
2
>
will remain, and as mentioned at the end of 4, which is nothing but the Virasoro null

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302 M. Kato and Y. Yamada
vector lxr,s+l)v
1
r. The existence of two different correspondences (r,

s)sz<
2
>

and (r,

sYz<z> is not a contradiction, since the structure of the s/(2)

representations is the same for all sEZ.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Professor S. K. Yang and Dr. H. Awata for valuable
discussions.
References
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