2013.

...................................................................................................................................................3
......................................................................................................................................3
...........................................................................................4
.......................................................................................................................................5
..................................................................................................................................5
..................................................................................................................................6
(Form factor) .............................................................7
................................................................................................................7
..............................................................................................9
............................................................................................................9
..........................................................................10
..........................................................................................................11
- ..................................................................12
....................................................................................12
BIOS ............................................................................................................................13
CMOS ..........................................................................................................................13
-.........................................................................................................................................14
...............................................................................................................................15


(Personal computer - PC)
.
,
.
, : (),
().
- ,
.
,
.
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(CPU) (RAM).
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.
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:
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2.
(. Adobe Reader).
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.
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, , CPU ,
.


,
( 1.1): , , .

1.1

, , ,
.

, CPU( )
RAM
, CD, DVD,...

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.
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(
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.
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1.3
:
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2. . 110V,
220V.
, .
3. / .
4. . ,
. .
.
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. . SATA
.
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. 1 .
7. (Molex) . 5V 12V
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.
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(slot).
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. (Advanced
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.
.

.
1 .
20 24 . 1.5
20 .

1.5 (20 )

24 e, 4
12V
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PG).

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20 24
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.
,
.
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1.7 12V

1.8
.

1.8



(CPU) ( 1.9).
()
() .
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,
.

.

1.9

, .
.
, (socket)
.
.

1.10

,
, .

(slot) .
,

9

 . :
, , .
, PCI, AGP, PCIe.
() .
.
, ,
, , , , ...

.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) 20
.
( Windows)

.
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. PCI AGP
.
, PCI
Express, PCIe.

1.11 PCI Express AGP () ()

(Random Access Memory - RAM). RAM
, . 1.12
.
, ,
,
.

10

 1.12 RAM

.

.
DIMM (Dual inline Memory Module ) RIMM (Rambus In-line Memory Module) .
64 128 . DIMM
168, 184 240 RIMM 184.
a , 4
. 6
4 DIMM DDR2, 2 DIMM DDR3 ( 1.13).

1.13

CD, DVD, SSD (Solid State Disk).
(PATA) (SATA).
.

1.14 (SATA)
(PATA)

11


PATA , .
. 40
( , CD, DVD, ...).
master,
slave. (jumper)
.

1.15 ( )
master

-

. , , ,

. ,
.

1.16

. (Light-Emitting Diode)
.

: , , , ...
. PS/2 ,
( ) RS232 USB (Universal Serial
Bus). USB ,
.
USB , ,
.
12

 (R-45) .
/ .
,
. .

1.17

BIOS
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
.

. BIOS
, .
BIOS

flash .

CMOS
CMOS
.
Setup
.
, . ,
BIOS ,
.
BIOS
.
, .
, .
,
. CMOS .
.

13

 1.18 CMOS

-

. ,
. - (chipset). -
.
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:
1. (North bridge) Memory Controler Hub - MCH
2. (South bridge) Input/Outpu Controler Hub - ICH.
:

,
,
(AGP PCIe)

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( ) .

.
/
. ( ,
14

, ...), PCI, PCIe USB

.
,
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1.20 CPU

,
.
,
,
.

.
Setup
,
.
.
.
.
. / ,
.
.
, .
,

. Setup ,
, .

15

2013.


...................................................................................................................................................3
...........................................................................................................4
ROM ...................................................................................................................................................4
ROM .................................................................................................................4
PROM .........................................................................................................................................4
EPROM........................................................................................................................................5
EEPROM ......................................................................................................................................5
Flash ROM...................................................................................................................................5
BIOS................................................................................................................................................5
Power-On Self Test (POST) ...........................................................................................................7
BIOS: .......................................................................................................................7
RAM ...................................................................................................................................................8
SR..............................................................................................................................................8
(Cashe) ...............................................................................................................9
DRAM ...........................................................................................................................................10



.
, ,
: ,
-.
,
.
(memory controller chip - MCC)
(RAM) .
() USB ,
.

.
.
, Input/Output
Controller Hub (ICH) Fusion Controller Hub (FCH)
( ).

.
(byte) B. (binary digit)
b. ,
,
. (KB),
(MB) (GB).
1 = 1 0 (b)
8 = 1 (B)
1 = 210 = 1024 (K)
1 (KB) = 1024 B
1 = 220 = 1,048,576 (M)
1 = 1024 KB = 1,048,576 B
1 = 230 = 1,073,741,824 (G)
1 = 1024 MB=1,048,576 KB=1,073,741,824 B
1 = 240 = 1,099,511,627,776 (T)
1 = 1024 GB =1,048,576 MB=1,073,741,824 KB=1,099,511,627,776 B


.
:
1. R (Read Only Memory) ( )
,
2. RAM (Random Access Memory)
.

ROM
ROM , RAM, . ROM , ,
:
1. ROM (nonvolatile storage),
()
.
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, . ,
flash ROM .

ROM :
,
ROM .
PROM

PROM (Programmable ROM)

, 2.1. ,
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,
. ,
PROM .
. (IS)
.

2.1 PROM

EPROM

,
. EPROM (rasable PROM.
( 2.2),
()
.
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PROM,

.

2.2 PROM ,

EEPROM

EPROM (Electonically rasable PROM),

E2PROM, . ,
,
. ,
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,

.
Flash ROM

ROM Flash ROM. Flash ROM je

EPROM ,

. 512 ,
.

BIOS
,

.
, RAM, , , USB .
Basic Input/Output Services (BIOS)
(device driver).
?
,
, ,
5

 .
, , , .
, RAM , RAM
,
.
( ) ,
.
flash ROM , ROM

: , ,
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flash ROM BIOS. firmware
ROM , BIOS
. flash ROM 2 MB,
BIOS 64 .
BIOS . ,
,
. RM , ,

, .
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor) . CMOS
, BIOS
( ,
RAM, ...). (Interrupt request line - IRQ).
, , (real time clock),
.
CMOS , CMOS .
CMOS 64 KB,
128
. ,

. CMOS je RAM ,
, , -
. CMOS (
1) , .

Power-On Self Test (POST)

Flash ROM BIOS POST (power-on self test).

POST
. , POST
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
, PG (power good)
PWR-OK (power OK). -, PG,
system reset .
,
jump address. ,
flash ROM
POST .
(POST). , BIOS. BIOS
BIOS .
BIOS ( , CD, ...).
CMOS
.
CMOS
( , CD, ...)
.
BIOS:

flash ROM BIOS

. , ,
. BIOS ,
!
:



()
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,
flash ROM.
, flash ROM (dual/quad system)
,
.

RAM
R
,
. ,
. R
() (volatile
storage). e,
( )
. , R
.
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.
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.
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R (SR)
R (DR).
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, ,
.
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,
. ,
.
, SR DR
.

SR
SR -
. 2 ( 0" 1")
.
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. ,
(/).
.
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SR
. ,
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 SR , DR

2.3 SRAM

DR
,
DR ,
. ,
(DR) SR
. .
(Cashe)

- ,
, ,
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SR .
, (SR) ,
, DR . .

,
(DR) . ,
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,
. ,
,
. (
)
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, L1 ,
.
. (L1 instruction L1 I )
, (L1 data L1 D )
.

 (L2 ) L1 ,
- ,
.
Tre (L3 )
, ,
.
2.4
.

2.4

DRAM
RAM - DRAM.
.

. ,
.
2.1 SRAM DRAM

SRAM

DRAM

, DRAM
.
, .
,
10

 . ,
.

. 30, 72
. SIMM (Single In Line Memory Module).

(), ,
. SIMM 256
KB 16 MB ( 30 o), 1 128 B ( 72 ).
DIMM (Dual In Line Memory Module).
,
. 168.
DIMM SDRAM (Syncronous DRAM),
.
64 , .
2.5. SDRAM
+3,3V.

2.5 DDR SDRAM

2.5 . SPD
(Serial Presence Detect) ,
.
,
.
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. DDR
. DDR
, ( ),
. DDR 184

. +2,5V
.
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DDR3.
DDR , 2,5V 184
(), DDR2 1,8V (
) 240 . DDR2
11

 DDR ,
. DDR DDR2
, DDR2 ,
e , ,
. ,
( ).
DDR2 30%
DDR .

2.6 DDR2 SDRAM

DDR3
,
30% DDR2. 1,5V. ,
240 , DDR2
DDR3 .

2.7 DDR3 SDRAM

2.8 DDR2 DDR3 .

2.8 DDR2 DDR3 SDRAM

: DDR4 .

12

2013.


...................................................................................................................................................3
......................................................................................................3
.....................................................................................................................4
....................................................................................................................................................6
.............................................................................................................................6
...............................................................................................................................7
......................................................................................................................7
- pipeline ........................................................................................................7
( Hyper-Threading) ............................................................8
CISC RISC .............................................................................................................9
64- ..............................................................................................................................9
: x86 x64 .........................................................................................................9
....................................................................................................................... 10
........................................................................................................................ 11
................................................................................................................ 12
........................................................................................13
..............................................................................................13


, central processing unit (CPU),
,
.
, , (graphics processing unit - GPU)
, , ,
.

.
, : ,
, , . ,
.

. ,
,
8088.
, , ,
3.1. :
1. (Adress Unit - AU)
(/) .
,
,
.
2. - (Bus Unit - BU)
,
.
.
3. (Instruction Unit - IU)
- ( ),
.
4. (Execution Unit - EU) .
:
- (Arithmetic Logicl Unit - ALU).
.
()
. :

3

, ,
(overflow) .
. ,

, , , ...
, , .
, , .
, ,
( ),
(general purpose registers) :
A, BX, C DX. .

(register size word size). 64 64 .

.

(internal data bus). 8086, , 16
16 .
64 128 .

3.1

, -
, .
.

. , ,
. ( )
.
4

 ,
( 3.2):
1. (External Data Bus - EDB)
2. a a (Address Bus)
3. (Control Bus)

3.2

,
.
(. RAM ).
()
.
.
RM RAM ,
.
.
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,
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(DB). ()
.
RAM ,
(address space) , .
, , 8086 20 ,
220 B=1 MB.
(Control Bus)
,
, .
(CLK),
READ/WRITE (r/w),
5

 (IRQ),
(RESET) .

.
.
(clock signal, CLK)
.

( 3.3).

3.3

,
(clock cycle).
(square wave)
( 3.4)
3.4

(clock chip),
.

,
.
CLK .
,
, .
, .

. , , 200 MHz.
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.
.
.

, (DIP switches).
CPUID
6

(CPU identifier) .
.

, :
1.
2.
3.
4.

(Fetch)
(Decode)
(Execute) (, ...)
(Write/Store)
.
.

,
. .
.

- pipeline

.
. (pipeline)

.
,
, ,
, ( 3.5 3.6).

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3.6

4 ,
.
, 20
. , .
,
7

 .
.
, ,
.
RAM ,
.
(wait states). , ,
( 2). ,
, RAM
. ,
L1 (level 1), .
.
,
, L2 (level 2). L1 ,
. L2
.
, RAM
frontside bus L2
backside bus ( 3.7). L3 (level 3),
, .

3.7

( Hyper-Threading)

,
(threads)
.
. ,
, Pentium 4, HyperThreading. Hyper-Threading

.
, -

.
,
.
Pentium 4,
8

 Core i7, Windows 7

.
CISC RISC
.

.
:
CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computer.
.
RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer.
, ,
.
.
x86 CISC .
RISC ,
.
. CISC RISC .

64-


. .
16 32 64 .
,
64.
64- , 64-
Windows 7 Windows 8 64- .
32- , 32 Windows XP 32- .
64-
4 GB, 32-
. 64- 264 RAM
, 224 .
.

: x86 x64

x86 .
, , Core 2 Duo ,
80386. 64- ,
, .
.
x64 , ,
. 32- x86, x32.
64- x64. ,
9

 , x64 32-
.

. ,

.
,
. ,
() ,

(socket) .
, : LGA (land grid array) PGA
(pin grid array). LGA ( 3.8) ()
. PGA ( 3.9)
. PGA
, 2004. LGA 775
, LGA
Socket H3 (LGA 1150).
PGA (Socket 3 Socket 3+).
LGA PGA ,
.

3.8 LGA

,
.

3.9 GA

10


, ,
.
.
,
.
, .
.
()
( 3.10).
,
.
.
, .
,
.
(heat sink compound)
. ,
,
.
.

3.10

+12V, .
() ,
.
.
, .
.

. ,
.
NTC
. NTC ,
,
.
3.11
() ().

11

 3.11

.
( )
.
.
:

3.12 .

3.12

,
.

. ,

.
. ,
.

,
100.

( 4 GHz 2002. )
.
() ,
.
12

 (core) .
(dual core) , ,
RAM. , ,
.
.

.
,
, .
Core i7 - : L1 64
KB, L2 256 KB L3 8 MB. L1 32 KB: L1 D
L1 I . L1 L2 , L3
.
, oj
RAM .
,
- (multicore processing). -
Hyper-Threading,
.
- , , ,
.

(integrated
memory controller IMC),
.
. IMC
L2 / L3 .
IMC RAM
.

() .

(
).
.
(graphics processing unit - GPU)

. GPU ( 3.13)
,
.

13

 3.13

,
. HD Graphics Core i3/i5/i7
GPU L2 / L3
. GPU, (ccelerated
rocessing Unit - APU),
. , GPU ,
,
.

14

2013.


...................................................................................................................................................3
HDD ..................................................................................................................................4
HDD ..................................................................................................................................4
..........................................................................................................................6
HDD ...................................................................................................................7
.............................................................................................................8
......................................................................................................9
...................................................................................................................................9
............................................................................................................................11
...........................................................................................................11
........................................................................................................................................ 12
..............................................................................................................................12
-1 ........................................................................................................................................ 12
-2 ........................................................................................................................................ 13
ATA -3 .......................................................................................................................................14
ATA -4 .......................................................................................................................................14
ATA -5 .......................................................................................................................................14
ATA -6 .......................................................................................................................................14
Serial ATA..................................................................................................................................14
eSATA .......................................................................................................................................15
SCSI .................................................................................................................................16
...........................................................................................18
SAS ............................................................................................................................................ 18
RAID ................................................................................................................................................. 18
RAID 0 (Disk Striping) .............................................................................18
RAID 1 ..........................................................................................................................................19
RAID 2 ..........................................................................................................................................20
RAID 3 4.....................................................................................................................................20
RAID 5 ..........................................................................................................................................20
RAID 6 ..........................................................................................................................................21


(RAM)
.
, ,
, . , RAM
,
.
(Hard Disk Drive - HDD) je e
,
.
. ,
HDD.
, ,
, . , HDD
: RAM, BIOS .
HDD (Flopy disk, CD, DVD,
, ...) .
: , .
HDD (nonvolatilestorage),
.

.

. ,
.
, ,
.
(backup)
.
, ,
, .
:
HDD ,
- SDD (Solide State Disk).

 HDD
HDD, ,
.

HDD
HDD, :
1. (Platters)
- : , ( 4.1).
,
,
. ,
HDD. 3.5 ,
2.5 , 1.8
.
. ,
3500 15000
( rpm - revolutions per minute).

4.1

2. (spindle)
. .
3. (Read/Write Heads).
.
, , , HDD .
,
.
,
(
). HDD ,
.

.

. :
.

 4.2

4. (Actuator arms)
.
,
( 4.2).

4.3 HDD

5. ( 4.3).
HDD, :
,
(voice coil motor).
.

.

.
. ,
.
6. HDD
.
HDD 4.4.

 4.4 HDD

HDD

( 4.5).
HDD!

4.5

,
.
(track).
,
( 4.6). ,
,
. .
, ,
, ( 4.7).
6

 .
HDD.
.
.
.
.
, ,
512 ( 4.6).
HDD. 512
,
(ECC).
571 . HDD
(sector per track).
.

4.6 HDD

,
CHS (Cilinder, Head, Sector per track).
BIOS HDD.

4.7 :

HDD
HDD
.
, .
7

 ,
HDD.
: ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, . HDD,
, :

(ECC rror
corecting code)
HDD

HDD , BIOS, RAM

.
HDD (disk buffer)
. RAM
,
HDD.
, , ,
,
. HDD
. HDD
.

. ,
.
, , ,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
.
, ,
,
. ,
8

, ,
, ,
, ,
. .

.
. ,
, BIOS HDD.
, .
HDD.

HDD. ,
HDD .
.
. HDD
. ,
.
,
.
.
HDD .
HDD
. .
, ,
. :

, .
.

.
(long seeks).
, .
.

(seek
time).

HDD,
.
, ,
.
9

 , N S .
, .
,
.
( )
.
. .
.
,
.
. ,
, .
HDD . HDD

. ,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
.
,
. ,

.
, ,
.
,
. ,
( 4.8).
,
.
.

4.8 HDD

10

 ,
, .

. :
.

[1/inch].
[bit/inch].
,
.
:
= * [bit/inch2]
() .

. ,
.
(Multiple Zone Recording)
, ( 4.9).
,
. ,
.

,
, .

4.9

, .
.

,
11

.

,
. ,
,
.
,
.
.
/ .
,
.
,
, .

, , ,
.


(magnetoresistance) .
,
.

HDD
- , ,
, , .
.
:
1. (dvanced echnology ttachment) IDE
(Integrated DriveEelectronics).
2. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface).

:
(),
(serial ATA).

.
-1

80286 , HDD
BIOS. BIOS je HDD
504 . ,
.
12

 BIOS , :
40 , .
40- HDD,
. ,
HDD
HDD. HDD
master, slave.
HDD ( 4.10),
, HDD.

4.10 HDD, ,
40-

-1 :

/ (Programmed Input Output - PIO),

BIOS HDD. PIO 8.3 /s.
(Direct Memory Access - DMA). DMA
RAM
.

HDD. , ,
8.3 /s.

-2

-2
( 8.4 G) CD . o
PIO DMA (16.6 /s), HDD.

4.11 (IDE)

13


4.11. ,
.
ATA -3

ATA -3 .
ATA -4

-4 DMA ultra DMA

HDD .
ultra DMA , 33.3 /s.
BIOS ,
137 GB.
ATA -5

66.6 /s ultra DMA ,

.
80 , 40 .
, 40 ,
.
( 4.12).
,
slave , master .

4.12 A 80

ATA -6

137 G
144.000 . ultra DMA 100
/s.
Serial ATA

-7 ,
.
.
.
50 cm HDD
.
.
,
16
2 (16 ) . ,
14


.
.

.
SATA SATA
(HDD, CD, DVD, ...) SATA host bus adapter (HBA).
SATA
( 4.13)

4.13 SATA

,
. ( 80 ),
.
1m, .
.
SSD
ini-SATA mSATA.
SATA ,
master slave .
SATA .
SATA ,
.
SATA .
( ) .
SATA 1.0 1.5Gb/s, SATA 2.0 3 Gb/s, SATA 3.0 6 Gb/s.
SATA , , ,
(Widows Vista ) BIOS
.
eSATA

External SATA (eSATA) SATA

. eSATA
, ( 4.14).

15

 4.14 SATA

SATA 2
. ,
USB 3.0 5 Gb/s. SATA
.
( USB )
SATA (Power eSATA).
Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, eSATA USB
Hybrid Port (EUHP), 4.15.

4.15 SATA

USB eSATA eSATAp

. eSATA
eSATAp ,
eSATAp .

4.16 SATA SATA

SCSI
small computer system
interface (SCSI) ( ). SCSI
(chain).
(SCSIID) .
,
.

16

Kao , SCSI . ,
,
.
SCSI , (host
adapter) SCSI .
, .
SCSI . SCSI
, (
) SCSI 50 (
68- ).
( 4.17).

4.17 SCSI

SCSI
SCSI . SCSI 15
, ( 4.18).

4.18 SCSI

17


SCSI SCSI
SCSI ID. SCSI ID 0
15, ,
SCSI . SCSI
.
()
SCSI .
.
SAS

. SAS - Serial Attached SCSI. SAS
.
65.535 /
.
10 m, 6 Gb/s.

(SAS ID)
.

RAID
,
RAID (Redundant Array
of Independent Disks). .
. RAID
RAID
.
, , RAID .
(UNIX, Linux, Mac OS, Win XP, Vista, Win7, ...)
RAID . ,
.
, .
RAID , HDD,
. HDD
,
.
ATA, SATA, SCSI, SS .
RAID 0 6.

RAID 0 (Disk Striping)

.
.
.
18


. 4.19

( ).
,
.
.

4.19 RAID 0

RAID 1
/ (Disk Mirroring/Duplexing).
, .
.
. RAID 1
,
100 GB
100 GB. RAID 1 4.20.

4.20 RAID 1 , mirroring

19

 ,
(duplexing)
( 4.21).

4.21 RAID 1 ,

RAID 2
aa
.
SCSI
.

RAID 3 4
(n n-1) .

n- .
.
RAID3 RAID 4 .
4.22.

4.22 RAID 3

RAID 3 RAID 4
RAID 5 .

RAID 5

(Disk Striping with Distributed Parity). ()
RAID 5 ( 4.23).
. RAID 5
.
20

 . , 200 GB ,
400 GB.

4.23 RAID 5

RAID 6

(Disk Striping with Extra Parity). RAID 5 ,
.

. RAID 6 RAID 5 , ()
.
( 4.24).
,
2 , RAID 5 .

4.24 RAID 6

RAID ,
, RAID 0+1 ( RAID 0 RAID 1) RAID 1+0
( RAID 10)
RAID 0 RAID 1 . RAID
RAID (multiple RAID).

21

HDD
SSD

2013.


HDD .......................................................................................................................3
(low-level format).....................................................................3
HDD ............................................................................................................3
Master Boot Record ....................................................................................................................4
........................................................................................................................6
.................................................................................................................7
(high-level format) ......................................................................................7
FAT .............................................................................................................................................8
FAT 32.........................................................................................................................................9
NTFS ......................................................................................................................................... 10
FAT 64.......................................................................................................................................11
SSD - Solid-State Drives ..................................................................................................................... 11
.............................................................................................................................. 13
CD-ROM........................................................................................................................................13
CD-R .............................................................................................................................................14
CD-RW ..........................................................................................................................................15
DVD ..............................................................................................................................................15
Blu-ray..........................................................................................................................................16

 HDD
HDD ,
.
:
1. (low-level format)
HDD!
2. o
3. a (high-level format)

(low-level format)
.
. HDD

.
HDD

. , ,
, . ,

, .

.
HDD .
HDD
.
, , .
, HDD ,
(Multiple Zone Recording,
).
.

HDD
HDD HDD
. HDD
HDD. HDD
. , HDD

.
HDD , . , HDD 1
, 250 ,
750 .
() HDD, .
,
. . Windows
, C:, D: .

,
3

 . ,
, . ,
, Windows (
service pack 1 - SP1) 137 GB,
250 GB
137 GB. Windows SP1, Windows 2000 SP3, (Windows 7
8) ,
HDD.
Windows :
1. MBR (master boot record)
2. GPT (GUID partition table)
3. (dynamic storage partitioning scheme)

basic disk, dynamic disk.

.
Master Boot Record

( MBR ) MBR (master boot record).

, 512 . MBR

HDD.
MBR, : master boot
( boot-loader) (masterpartition table), 5.1.
aster boot

Master boot 446 BIOS

. BIOS, POST , master boot
.

.
Master boot
.
.

,
.
16 . (64 ).
,
1, 2 4 . ,
,
.

 5.1 MBR (master boot record):

MBR :
(extended partitions).
, boot
(directory management structure) .
MBR.
, MBR : D:
E: F: ( 5.2)

5.2

.

(logical drives). ,
.
, 5.3. e e, ju Extended
Partition Boot Records EPBR .
EPBR .

.
. , MBR

.
. MBR
. :
, ,
, ...
( ) .
.

 5.3

, ,
(. Grand Unified Bootloader),
.

Windows 2000
.
(volume). ,
MBR , .

RAID .
,
. , , Windows
XP Professional Windows 7 Professional, Ultimate, Enterprise.
HDD Windows 7
Disk Management .
.
HDD, 5.4.

5.4

Simple,
Spanned,
Striped,
Mirrored,
RAID 5.

Simple
HDD. ,
. .
Spanned ,
HDD ().
HDD
.
Striped RAID 0 .
, HDD.
HDD
.
Mirrored RAID 1 . HDD,
.
.
RAID 5 , , RAID 5 .

. .
HDD HDD,
.

Windows
. , (hidden partition).

. BIOS .

.

(high-level format)
()
() .
Windows FDISK
Disk Management.
( ),
(file system)
.

.
7

.
. ,
.
Windows ,
:
FAT
NTFS
FAT

HDD ( 512 ).
512 ,
.
.
512 , .
, .
.
()
FAT (file allocation table). FAT ,
( 5.5) (
0000 FFFF). 16
216=64 K = 65,536 .
0000

00

0001

0001

0002

0002

0003

0003

...

...

...

...

FFFF

FFFF

5.5 FAT 16,

FAT16, 16 . FAT
.
0000. , ,
, 0000 (
MBR ).
,
.
FFF7, .
(bad sectors)
. FAT,
.
, ,
0000, FFF7.
FAT 16 64 K ,
64 K 512 = 32 . FAT 16
8

 HDD 10 MB.
, . ,
FAT 16, HDD,
.
:
.

5.6

( 5.6)
() FAT (
). ,
. ( )
, 16 ,
64 K. .
65536
. .
, FAT16
2 GB. 5.1
.

4

128 MB

256 MB

16

512 MB

32

1 GB

64

2 G
5.1 FAT 16

, ,
,
.
FAT 32

Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 , FAT 32,

. FAT 32, 32 ,

9

 . 4 K
32 K. FAT 32 2 B.
FAT 32
4 GB.

4

16 GB

16 GB

16

32 GB

32

32 GB

64

2 G
5.2 FAT 32

NTFS

New Technology File System (NTFS) je Windows

. Windows NT,
. NTFS, , FAT MFT
(master file table) .
:






MFT ,
. NTFS
, CL (Access Control List)
. ,
, .
,

.
NTFS
.
NTFS , 16 .

16 (260 B).
NTFS , , HDD.
FAT 32, NTFS

.

10

FAT64

FAT 32
: 2TB 4 GB.
FAT64 . FAT 64 64
16 ,
64ZB (260B - zettabytes). FAT64
NTFS , . FAT 64
, NTFS
, Windows 7 8
.

SSD - Solid-State Drives

Solid-State Drives (SSD)

solid-state . SSD HDD,

, (
5.7). HDD, SSD
, , ,

.

5.7 HDD SSD

SSD NAND
. , SSD R ,
,

.
SSD .
SSD ( 5.8)
SSD .
:

() SSD.
.
.
.

11

 5.8 SSD

SSD DRAM ,
HDD. SSD

.

.
SSD ( 1.8, 2.5 3.5 ),
. SSD
: PATA, SATA, eSATA, SCSI, USB.
SSD mini-PCI Express
. SSD HDD, .
SSD , .
SSD!
, , HDD,
. ,
SSD . , ,
SSD.

12



CD, DVD Blu-ray .
CD 700 MB :
CD-ROM (read onlymemory), CD-R (recordable) CD-RW (rewritable).

CD-ROM
CD-ROM 12 cm,
.

- (pit) ( 5.9).

5.9 CD-ROM:

CD- ROM
( 5.10) .
0.5 m 1.6 m.

5.10 CD-ROM:

300.000 ,
. CD
( 500 200 rpm)

(constant linear velocity - CLV).
.
150 KB/s.
,
. CD : 2x, 3x, 4x, ..., 64,
.
12x, (constant angular velocity - CAV)
CLV.
13

 5.11. CD
- , 780 nm
.

. , ,
.
, .

. ,
. , ,
.

5.11 CD:

CD-R
CD-R (compact disk recordable)
. CD-ROM
. ,
- ,
.
: .

.
,
. 30
nm ( 5.12).
,
, .
,
, CD- ROM .

14

 5.12 CD-R:

CD-RW
CD-RW (compact disk Rewritable)
. CD-R ,

.
1, ,
. 2,

. : ,
.

DVD
DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) CD
. DVD
. DVD
640 nm,
, 4.7 GB 18 GB
( 5.13). CD : DVD Recordable (DVD-R) DVD
Rewritable (DVD-RW).

5.13 CD DVD

15

 single-sided
double-sided . ,
( 5.14).

5.14

Blu-ray
Blu-ray .
405 nm
( 5.15) 25GB 50 GB.

(high definition)
CD DVD . Blu-ray (BD) :
12 cm 8 cm. BD , 50 GB,
BD , 15.6 GB
.

5.15

Blu-ray : BD-ROM (read-only)

DVD , , BD-R (recordable), BD-RW
(rewritable), BD-RE (rewritable) HDTV (Single layer 2 , Dual
layer 4.5 HD ).
.

16

2013.


...................................................................................................................................................3
........................................................................................5
PCI ..................................................................................................................................................5
GP ................................................................................................................................................6
PCIe ................................................................................................................................................6
...........................................................................................................7
GPU ................................................................................................................................................8
...........................................................................................................................8
BIOS................................................................................................................................................9
...............................................................................................................10
............................................................................................... 10
VGA ..............................................................................................................................................11
DVI ...............................................................................................................................................11


(CPU) .
, , .
:
, , ,
- .
, ,
.

( 6.1). ,
.

6.1 : (), ()

,
:
, RAM , ,
, .

.
(CRT)
CRT .
.

ASCII . 256 ASCII
(pixel), BIOS .
() BIOS ,
.
.
.
24 , 80 .
256 ,
, .
RAM ( RAM).

 ASCII ( ),
24 80 :
80 24 8 = 15,360 b = 1920
( ,
, .) 8 . ,
RAM
( 4 KB ).
, (graphics video card).
,
256
.
(),
.
320 200, 320 200
, .
(320
) (200
).
(320200=64.000 ).
640 480, 800 600, 1024 768, 1280 960, 1280 1024, 1600 1200.
( 1280 1024)
( aspect ratio) 4:3,
(CRT) . (widescreen) 16:9 16:10.
1366 768 1920 1080.
( ) ,
, 320 200, :
320 200 = 64,000 b 8000

.

, .
()
. ,
( 6.1).
( )
(color depth) 2.
: 4, 16, 32, ... RAM
.
,
24 (224 = 16.700.000).
Windows , 32
(true color), .
4

 24 , 8 (
) , .

16

256

65.536

16

16.700.000

24

6.1

.
.
VGA (video graphics array) ,
16 640 480 .
, ,
VGA .
, o
(SVGA, XGA, WXGA, HDTV 1080p, WQXGA, ...)
RAM
.
:
( ) ( ) ( [b])
1024 768 16 1.5
RAM , 24
2.25 RAM . ,
.

,
,
(). , ,
. PCI . , AGP
, PCIe .

PCI
PCI 32 ,
33 MHz () 132 MB/s.
,
. , PCI
. , 800 600, 75
( CRT ) 24 (3 ),
5

 : 800 600 3 75/ = 103 MB/s.

(132 MB/s), PCI
.

GP
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
- (point to point). AGP
. AGP
( 6.2).

6.2 AGP ( )

AGP 64 , 66 MHz. AGP

. , AGP
, .
,
, .
RAM , AGP
RAM (system memory access).
AGP
AGP 1, 2, 4, 8.
AGP 8 2133 MB/s ( 6.1).

AGP 1
AGP 2
AGP 4
AGP 8

(MHz) (MB/s)
66
266
133
533
266
1.066
533
2.133
6.2 AGP:

PCIe
AGP ,
PCIe (PCI
Express) . PCIe
AGP . PCIe
PCIe 1.0 2.5 Gb/s, PCIe 2.0 5 Gb/s
PCIe 3.0 8Gb/s (lane).
, PCIe 16, 16 .
PCIe PCIe 16 ( 6.3).

 6.3 PCIe x16

(GPU)

- (RAMDAC)
BIOS

6.4
.
, VGA
. ( R (red), G (green)
B (blue) H_SYN V_SYN),
DDC (Display Data Chanel),
. (DDC_CL
DDC_DA )
. R, G B
, (H_SYN V_SYN)
, .

6.4

GPU
GPU (graphics processing unit)
(CPU)
.
. GPU ,
. ,
CPU.
, NVIDIA, AMD, Intel
. NVIDIA AMD
, Intel .
GPU PU ,
GPU .
,
+12 V. GPU,

.
. PU,
GPU , ,
.

.

.
.

.
.
CRT , ,
RAMDAC (RAM Digital to Analog Convertor), 6.5.
RAMDAC ,
, . RAMDAC
,
(refresh rates), .
.
CRT 75 Hz .
RAMDAC GPU . LCD, LED
RAMDAC. LCD,
LED ,
RAMDAC ,
.
.
, ,
: ,
().
8

 6.5 :

RAM GPU,
, 32- 64, 128, 256, 384 512
. 32 64 ,

GPU.
(PU) GPU.
,
.
RAM ,
(VRAM, SGRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3
SDRAM, DDR4 SDRAM, DDR5 SDRAM).
,
,
. , ( DDR
) !

.
256 512 MB GB. GPU
(3D), .

.
GPU
(CPU) GPU.
, GPU
.
,

.

BIOS
, BIOS
. BIOS
9

 .

, HDD
() .
, .
,
BIOS .
(BIOS ),
.

,
(driver) .


.
.
,
.

.
()
( 6.6):

VGA
DVI
DisplayPort

, , :

RCA
BNC
Mini-DIN
HDMI

6.4 .

6.6

10

VGA
VGA 15 ( 6.7).
.
,
. :
, .
.

6.7 VGA

DVI
(TFT, LCD, LED, ...),
,
. ,
,
.
.
, ,
. VGA
, VGA
. DVI (Digital Video Interface)
. , VGA ,
DVI ,
.
DVI ,
( 6.8). dual link single link. ingle link
1920 1080. Dual link
. , DVI
DVI-I DVI-D . DVI-D
, DVI-I
.

6.8 DVI

Apple Mac DisplayPort ( 6.9) VGA

DVI .

6.9 DisplayPort

11

 ,
. mini-DIN Svideo .
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
. HDMI ,
dual-link DVI HDMI (
6.10).

6.10 DVI - DMI

HDMI : Standard, Mini, Micro ( 6.11).

HDMI
Mini HDMI.

6.11 DMI

12