Boyles Law Boyle's Law states the volume of a definite quantity of dry gas is inversely proportional to the pressure,

provided the temperature remains constant. Mathematically Boyle's law can be expressed as P1V1 = P2V2 V1 is the original volume V2 is the new volume P1 is original pressure P2 is the new pressure Charless Law Charles's Law can be stated as the volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. V / T =constant V is the volume T is the absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin) Charles's Law can be rearranged into two other useful equations. V1 / T1 = V2 / T2 V1 is the initial volume T1 is the initial temperature V2 is the final volume T2 is the final temperature V2 = V1 (T2 / T1) V2 is the final volume T2 is the final temperature V1 is the initial volume T1 is the initial temperature Important: Charles's Law only works when the pressure is constant. Combined Law The combined gas law is a combination of Boyle's Law and Charles's Law; hence its name the combined gas law. In the combined gas law, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature and inversely proportional to the pressure. This can be written as PV / T = constant. Since for a given amount of gas there is a constant then we can write P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2. P1 is the initial pressure V1 is the initial volume T1 is the initial temperature (in Kelvin) P2 is the final pressure V2 is the final volume T2 is the final temperature (in Kelvin) This equation is useful if you have the current volume, temperature, and pressure of a gas, and if you have two of the three final values of the gas. Ideal Gas Law The ideal gas law is a combination of all the gas laws. The ideal gas law can be expressed as PV = nRT. P is the pressure in atm V is the volume in liters n is the number of moles

R is a constant T is the temperature in Kelvin

The constant R is calculated from a theroretical gas called the ideal gas. The most commonly used form of R is .0821 L * atm / (K * mol). This R will allow the units to cancel so the equation will work out. Avogadros Law Gives the relationship between volume and amount when pressure and temperature are held constant. Remember amount is measured in moles. Also, since volume is one of the variables, that means the container holding the gas is flexible in some way and can expand or contract. If the amount of gas in a container is increased, the volume increases. If the amount of gas in a container is decreased, the volume decreases. V n As before, a constant can be put in: V/n=C This means that the volume-amount fraction will always be the same value if the pressure and temperature remain constant. V1 / n1 = V2 / n2 = V3 / n3 etc. Gay-Lussacs Law This law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. P T Same as before, a constant can be put in: P/T=C As the pressure goes up, the temperature also goes up, and vice-versa. Also same as before, initial and final volumes and temperatures under constant pressure can be calculated. P1 / T1 = P2 / T2 = P3 / T3 etc. Daltons Law of partial pressure Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of nonreacting gases is the sum of their individual partial pressures. Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc + ... or Ptotal = naRT / V + nbRT / V + ncRT / V + ... or Ptotal = (na+ nb+ nc+ ... )RT / V The pressure in a flask containing a mixture of 1 mole of 0.20 mole O2 and 0.80 mole N2 would be the same as the same flask holding 1 mole of O2. Partial pressures are useful when gases are collected by bubbling through water (displacement). The gas collected is saturated in water vapor which contibutes to the total number of moles of gas in the container. Graham's Law of Diffusion o The rate at which gases diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of their densities.

Since volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles (see Avogadro's Hypothesis), the number of moles per liter at a given T and P is constant. Therefore, the density of a gas is directly proportional to its molar mass (MM).

Graham's Law of Effusion o The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of either the density or the molar mass of the gas.

The time required for 25-mL samples of different gasses to diffuse through a pinhole into a vacuum. Source: http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html