A

Single-Phase

Active Power Filter for Harmonic Compensation

N. A. Rahim, S. Mekhilef and I. Zahrul Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Email: saadgum.edu.my
Abstract-This paper presents a single-phase active power filter for harmonic compensation which is consists of a series active power filter and a shunt passive filter. The active filter connected in series to a source acts as a harmonic isolator between the source and load whereas the shunt passive filter is connected in parallel with a load and suppresses the harmonic current produced by the load. The PSpice, Matlab/Simulink and MAX PLUS IIt softwares are used for simulation and

hardware implementation. From the simulation and experimental results it is confirmed that the filter topology is capable of compensating the load current and voltage harmonic distortion within the stipulated limits laid down by the international standard.

Keywords. single phase activefilter, harmonic compensation, and PWM.

IV.

INTRODUCTION

Power-electronics circuits are widely used in industrial equipment, such as frequency changers, motor-drive systems, etc. Such equipment presents nonlinear impedance to the utility, generating large harmonic currents with well known adverse V. PROPOSED TOPOLOGY effects, such as low power factor, low efficiency and destruction of other equipment (e.g. the power capacitor can be damaged by The proposed topology consists of a series active power the resonant overvoltage etc.). Also, some precision instruments filter and a shunt passive filter. The active filter connected in and communication equipment will be interfered with the EMI. series to a source acts as a harmonic isolator between the Therefore, utility power quality has become an important issue source and load whereas the shunt passive filter is connected recently. Many research papers and methods have been proposed in parallel with a load and suppresses the harmonic current to solve these problems. Conventionally, a passive LC filter was produced by the load as shown in Figure 1. used to suppress the harmonics, capacitors being used to compensate the lagging power factor. [1-3] Passive filters consisting of a bank of tuned LC filters and/or a high-pass filter have been broadly used to suppress harmonics because of a low initial cost and high efficiency. However, passive filters have the following disadvantages: 1) Source impedance strongly affects filtering characteristics. 2) Parallel resonance between a source and a passive filter causes amplification of harmonic currents on the source side at specific frequencies. 3) A passive filter may fall into series resonance with a source so that voltage distortion produces excessive harmonic currents flowing into the passive filter. [3-5] The effects of current harmonic distortion are poor Active Filter utilization of distribution wiring and plant, increased power loss, high current flow in the neutral line and dangerous cable Fig. 1. System configuration of hybrid active power filter overheating. Voltage harmonic interrupts the proper operation of digital electronics mainly communications and process

control, which needs sinusoidal supply voltage. Harmonic problem may result in mal-operation of protection equipment, which does not; itself draw harmonic currents from the supply. [6-9]. To overcome the limitation of the passive filter Active Power Filter is introduced. The effectiveness of Active Power Filter depends on the requirements, inverter type and topology. On the basis of topology Active Power Filter can be classified as series connected Active Power Filter and Shunt connected Active Power Filter. Series connected Active Power Filter can be connect before the load in series with the mains using a matching transformer to eliminate the voltage harmonics and to balance and regulate the terminal voltage of the load. Also it can be used to regulate the negative sequence voltage at the load. So the series Active Power Filter works as a controllable voltage source. The drawbacks of this series connected Active Power Filter is, it only compensates the voltage harmonics and another problem is for the short circuit in the load end. This short circuit current passes through the series transformer winding, which may overload the series transformer.

0-7803-9484-4/05/$20.00 2005 IEEE

1 075

A single-phase voltage source inverter is connected in series between the ac source and a single-phase full bridge diode rectifier with a non-linear harmonics producing load. This configuration is known as Active Power Filter. A passive filter is connected in parallel before the load at the load end.

The frequency is considered as main clock frequency,

fclk =9.83MHz
Period of the main clock frequency, TClk =
lclk

Sec

III. TUE MODULATOR

Total step for a carrier frequency, N = (21 _-1)* 2, n is the bit value of the counter

The single phase PWM generated using a carrier wave =510 which is compared with the modulating signal data. The modulating signal is the multiplication of a sine data and an Time for one carrier wave, Tc = N * Tclk external data. The sine data are stored in internal ROM unit as a look up table format. The external multiplicand and the = 510* stored data will determine the modulation index of the PWM. fclk Determination of carrier frequency is the first step of design process, where the clock frequency needs to be calculated =510 1 1 precisely as shown in figure 2. The carrier frequency (fQ) has 9.83MHz been decided to operate 19.2khz. The decision is based on -52ps various factors such as inverter topology, acoustic radiations, type of power switching devices used and the limitation of Carrier frequency, f= peripheral components. Operating at high frequency is better than the low frequency where the harmonic components can be shifted to higher order. However at high frequency, more switching stresses and power losses occur in the device. 52 Ps

= (28

_21)2

Two carrier wave are compared with one modulating data Total modulating value in rom, M = 49 Total modulating data for half cycle (1480),
I-

19.215kHz

L~~~~,o ry-m irnar&tn courier siep

n u

_T

- Ih
tstep

MT= (49 - 1)*2

required

c~arrier

Time

for

data), Thalf

* (2*

Fig.2. pattern of a carrier wave

Tj)

half

cycle

(96

=96

modulb ating

The carrier frequency has a relationship with the main clock frequency, and the up-down counter, can be expressed by the following formula:

= 96* (2* 524s)

=

fC

(2n _I 1) 2

fclk

Time required for full cycle, T = 2

9.984ms

---(1)

Thf =2*9.984ms
O 0.019968s
=

Where f, is the carrier frequency, fI1k is the main clock frequency and n is the bit size of the up-down counter. Up-down counter and some peripheral logic gates are used to develop a triangular wave. The counter is clocked externally by a clock generated from the phase locked loop circuit. The rate at which the up-down counter incremented or decremented is determined by the main clock frequency (f,1k) When the counter starts counting in up direction, and goes to maximum, some logic gates monitor it, and generates a signal for down counting similarly, when the counter reaches to minimum counting value, the monitoring logics interrupt the counting, and the counter changes its counting direction, and the process repeats continuously.

Frequency of the PWM output, f

0.019968s =50.O1Hz
A sine voltage equation is used to generate data to store in ROM for sinusoidal waveform. Total 49 data is generated for 900 (quarter cycle) of a sine waveform. A Up-Down counter is used to read the data from ROM. Each counting value determines the address of ROM for each data. For up counting

1076

mode, it counts from 0-48 decimal value, and for down counting mode, it counts from 47-01 decimal values. Thus, one complete half cycle is represented by 96 data. If the previous cycle is considered as positive half cycle, for negative half cycle, same data is counted continuously, and separated by digital and technique with a 1 and 0 pulses of lOins length. Figure 3 shows the experimental result of SPWM. The carrier frequency of this SPWM\ is 19.2khz. Figure 4 shows the large scale of the PWM\ pattern.

vx YV
-LI

Dwm IT\4 -ivu,

presented.

The source curr ent and its spectrum before compensation, after compensation by passive filter and compensation by active power filter and passive filter are shown in different load separately. For the frequency spectrum Mathcad' software is used, data from the Matlab R workspace is exported to MathcadR' software. To display the bar graph of different harmonic component including the fundamental component, the 'cfft' of data is analysed. Total harmonic component is also calculated by MathcadRsoftware. To compare the results between the simulations and experiments some tables are
A- Simulation Results with Inductive Load As an inductive load an inductor with a variable is connected in DC side of the AC to DC rectifier. Figure 5 shows the voltage and current source for the inductive load without compensation by active and passive filter after analyzing the waveforms harmonic spectrum of current source has a THD of 23.80 .
400

M2

I) Ci7h1

10 Xz1>t ~5r I
TV,__
Ti lT

Fig.3. Experimental SPWM

Time

-4001
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time

0.06

0.07

0.06

0.09

El

7.

(D

4-

t.o
ct

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06 Time

0.07

0.06

0.09

0.1

Fig.5. Voltage and current source without compensation

Time

Fig.4. Large scale presentation of SPWM

Figure 6 shows the voltage and current source for the inductive load with compensation by active and passive filter. After analyzing the waveforms harmonic spectrum of curr ent
source

VI.

RESULTS

has a THD of 2.60

The model shown in Figure 1 is simulated for the proposed hybrid active power filter by using PSpice R' and 400 00 00 00 00---00 ----01 Matlab/Simulink R simaulation tool. The prototype consists of a 02 000004-TIm single-phase diode bridge rectifier with inductor, capacitor and resistance are used as a non-linear load. The system is simulated by two sets of load, consideration between inductance and resistance and the consideration between capacitance and resistance. Two sets of loads are tested 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.09 0.1 Time individually and compensated by active power filter and passive filter. The voltage and current wave are recorded for each types of load. A closed loop control system is experimentally developed compensation by active and passive and tested to verify the performance of the proposed Fig. 6.Voltage and current source after filter algorithm, using DC bus voltage detecting approach, PWM\ technique and the DC bus voltage control. The PWM\ shifting B- Experimental Results with Inductive Load technique is implemented and tested to improve the power Figure 7 shows the voltage and curr ent source without factor also the reduce the harmonic content in the current compensation by active and passive filter. After analyzing the source waveforms harmonic spectrum of curr ent source has a THD of
-----

23.070o.

1077

Vol

Table II represents the THD for simulation and experimental results before and after compensation, by only passive filter and the combination of active power filter and passive filter

respectively.

7.

(D
I I

4-

t.o
ct

1I

Comparison of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

compensation
Simulated

TABLE II
Before

Compensated by only passive filter

12.6%
11.26%

23.8%
23.07%

active power filter and passive filter

Compensated by
2.6%

Inductive load

Experimental
Simulated

6.8%

-I) Cli I

The PWM\ used for controlling the active power filter can be shifted by counting, compare and reset method. Figures 9 The compensated result by active power filter and passive filter is represented in Figure 8. After analyzing the and 10 show the PWM\ shifting pattern with respect to system waveforms harmonic spectrum of current source has a THD of voltage. 6.80o

;z- rQ ivy opl4 Q T iT Fig.7. Voltage and curreihiMrce without compensation (Scale: For voltage 150V/div., for current 1i5A/div.)
,,~

1 5 Vlolt 10 I

32.6%
38.99%

16%
27.33%

6.7%
7.78%

ii

Capacitive load

Experimental

Time

Fig.9. 900 leading PWM with reference to the system voltage Fig.8. Voltage and current source after compensation (Scale: For voltage 130V/ div., for current 1i5A/div.)
Time

For comparison, the harmonic contents of the source currents before and after compensation are given in Table I
Table I List of harmonics magnitude before and after compensation Before compensation After compensation 3rd harmonic 5th harmonic

15.8900 10.4600

3rd harmonic 5th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic 3rd harmonic 5th harmonic 7th harmonic 9th harmonic

3.6300 2.6400

Time

Fig. 10. 900 lagging PWM with reference to the system voltage

Inductive

7th harmonic

3.2700

3.2700

9th harmonic
3rd harmonic 5th harmonic

2.8500
37.9800 6.4700

2.8500
500 2.1300

The graphs and tables are presented above to explain the performance of a single-phase active power filter. Simulation and experimental results are compared in different tables. The simulation and the hardware results prove the validity of the proposed hybrid active power filter.
V. CONCLUSION The system was tested using inductive load. Experimental results show that for the inductive load, passive filter reduces the harmonic from 23.070o to 11.260o whereas active and

Capacitive

7th harmonic 9th harmonic

4.6800

4.9600

2.9100

1.6200

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passive filter reduces the harmonic to 6.7%. Individual harmonic component is less than 50 for each case. This analysis limits the individual harmonic limits up to the 40th harmonic. The phase displacement between the source voltage and current is adjusted almost unity power factor. This active power filter operates with fixed switching frequency at 19.2kHz. Harnonic compensation is done without calculating the harmonic current, which simplifies the circuit topology. This hybrid topology reduces the active power filter rating than that of a conventional one. Verification of simulation and experimental results show good filtering characteristics of the prototype hybrid active power filter and the effectiveness of the proposed detecting approach.
Hsu, C.Y.; Wu, H.Y.; " new single-phase active power filter with reduced energy-storage capacity" IEE Proceedings Electric Power Applications Volume 143, Issue 1, Jan. 1996, pp.5 - 30 [2] Geng Wang; Yongdong Li; Xiaojie You; "A novel control algorithm for cascade shunt active power filter" Power Electronics Specialists Conference, PESC 04. 2004 Volume 1, 20-25 June 2004 pp.771 - 775 [3] Sangsun Kim and P. Enjeti " A New Hybrid Active Power Filter (APF) Topology" Applied power electronics conference and Exposition, 2001, APEC 2001, Volume: 2, March 2001, pp. 835 - 841. [4] Adil M-Zamil and D. A. Torrey. "A Passive Series, Active Shunt Filter for High Power Applications" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, January 2001, 16(1), pp.101-109. [5] Zhaoan Wang, Qun Wang, Weizheng Yao and Jinjun Liu "A Series Active Power Filter Adopting Hybrid Control Approach" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, May 2001, Vol. 16, No. 3,pp. 301310. [6] Jou, H.-L.; Wu, J.-C.; Chang, Y.-J.; Feng, Y.-T.; "A Novel Active Power Filter for Harmonic Suppression" IEEE on Transactions Power Delivery, Volume 20, Issue 2, Part 2, April 2005, pp. 1507 - 1513 [7] Rivas, D.; Moran, L.; Dixon, J.; Espinoza, J.; "A simple control scheme for hybrid active power filter" IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 149, Issue 4, July 2002 pp. 485 - 490 [8] WeiMinWu; LiQing Tong; MingYue Li; Qian, Z.M.; ZhengYu Lu; Peng, F.Z.; "A new control strategy for series type active power filter" Power Electronics Specialists Conference. PESC 04. Volume 4, 2004, pp.3054 - 3059 [9] Bhavaraju, V.B.; Enjeti, P.N.; "Analysis and design of an active power filter for balancing unbalanced loads" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 8, Issue 4, Oct. 1993 pp. 640 - 647

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REFERENCES

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