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Indice
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Presentation Outline
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Technology options
CO23-15%
CO240%
CO2>95%
Post-combustion capture: separation CO2-N2 Pre-combustion capture: separation CO2-H2 Oxyfuel combustion (Denitrogenation): pre-separation O2-N2
Post-comb. (flue gas) p (bar) [CO2] (%) ~1 bar 3-15% Pre-comb. (shifted syngas) 10-80 20-40% Oxyfuel comb. (exhaust) ~1 bar 75-95%
Partial pressure of CO2 in the flue gases from existing power plants is very low
The challenge: huge scale of operation 500 MW USC Coal Fired Power Station
Coal feed : 164 x 103 kg/h Stack gas flow rate : 2.200 x103 kg/h ~ 54 x103 t/d CO2 flow rate : 370.000 kg/h ~ 8,9 x103 t/d Nr. of tank trucks with trailers* : 300/d, one in five minutes
Presentation Outline
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
0.35g CO2/kWh
Power & Heat CO210-14% 0.9 g CO2/kWh
Compatible with low partial pressure of CO2 in flue gases Suitable for retrofittings and capture-ready concepts Leading candidate for gas-fired power plants, if required
Learning by doing through easily scalable pilots processing slip streams Solvent technologies proven on a smaller scale at CPI* Learning by searching will lead to better solvents and process integration Applicable to other carbon-intensive industries: oil refining, cement
*chemical process industries
Chemical
Amines1 Ammonia Other2
Adsorber Beds
Alumina Zeolite, MOFs Activated carbon
Gas Separation
Polyphenylenoxide Polyimides
Physical
Selexol Rectisol Other
Regeneration Methods
Pressure Swing Temperature Swing Washing
Gas Absorption
Polypropylene
Presentation Outline
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Absorption schematics Uptake of CO2 into de bulk phase of a liquid solution w/o chemical reaction
ABSORBER
VENT GAS TO STACK LEAN SOLVENT
STRIPPING
CO2 TO COMPRESSOR SOLVENT
CO2 CAPTURE
RICH SOLVENT (+ CO2) FLUE GAS (CO2)
SOLVENT REGENERATION
MAKE-UP ENTALPHY
SPENT SOLVENT
Flue gas contacted with a reagentcontaining solvent CO2 transfers from the gas phase into the liquid phase CO2 selectively reacts with the reagent
The CO2-loaded rich solution is pumped to a regenerator vessel to be heated Gaseous CO2 is stripped (liberated) Lean solution is circulated back to the absorber
IEA GHG
Simplified flowsheet
Simplified flowsheet
Types of columns
*Image
GCCSI
GCCSI
IEA GHG
Davidson
2(R-NH2) + CO2
R-NH-COO- + R-NH3+
Carbamate
Two solvent molecules required for each CO2 molecule sorbed Fast rate, low capacity Example: Mono-ethanol amine, MEA
HOCH2CH2NH2
R3-NH + HCO3Bicarbonate
One solvent molecule required for each CO2 molecule sorbed Slow rate, promoters required, high capacity Example: MDEA (HOCH2CH2)2NCH2
Ammonium bicarbonate
A slurry consisting of a liquid in equilibrium with solid ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) is produced in an absorber The slurry releases CO2 at a relatively high pressure after being heated in a desorber
Solvents for Post Combustion Chilled ammonia advantages High CO2 purity Tolerant to oxygen and flue gas impurities Stable reagent, no degradation No emission of trace contaminants Low cost, globally available reagent
+ CO2 + H2O
OOC-R-NRH2+ HCO3-
Non-volatile Non toxic and biodegradable Resistant to degradation by O2, SOX and NOX Slower kinetics which gives greater tower height Kinetics improved through the use of promoters
Volatility
(atm x 103 at 40C)
Rochelle, 2007
Absorption technology: energy penalty Sankey diagram : Postcombustion USC pulverized coal PP
COOLING 53,0%
WITH CCS
10 20 30 40 EFFICIENCY, %
50
50 45
50 45 40
43.3
Efficiency, % Efficiency
Efficiency, % Efficiency
40
34.3
Amine unit (entalphy)
-5.0
35
35
34.1
-5.0
30
30
USC no Capture USC with Capture
25 20
No Capture
25 20
Subcritical
Ultrasupercritical
CCQ x, y, z =
EF CCS x, y, z EF noCCS x, y
Carbon capture quotient for air pollution substance 'x', given energy conversion technology 'y' and CO2 capture technology 'z Emission factor reported/estimated for air pollution substance 'x', energy conversion technology 'y' and CO2 capture technology 'z Emission factor for air pollution substance 'x' and energy conversion technology 'y' reported/estimated for the reference plant without CO2 capture
EEA, 2011
Capture Technology
Conversion technology
CCQSO2
CCQNOX
CCQPM
CCQNH3
1.25-30.30 17.50-45.25 -
EEA, 2011
Presentation Outline
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Adsorption schematics Uptake of CO2 onto the surface of a solid sorbent via physisorption or chemisorption in packed or fluidized beds
ADSORPTION
VENT GAS TO STACK LEAN SORBENT
DESORPTION
CO2 TO COMPRESSOR SORBENT SORBENT SORBENT REGENERATION REGENERATION MAKE-UP ENTALPHY
CO2 CAPTURE
SPENT SORBENT
GCCSI
GCCSI
Adsorbents characteristics
Solid (usually granular, beads, pellets) material Selective for one or more components in the gas phase High accesible porosity Large internal surface area (up to 1000-3000 m2/g)
Micropores dp< 20 nm
CO2 collision diameter 3.996 nm
Adsorbent attributes
Capacity: the amount of adsorbate taken up by the adsorbent per unit mass ( or volume) of the adsorbent Selectivity: is the ratio of the capacity of one component to that of another at a given fluid concentration Regenerability: Necessary to have the the adsorbent operating in sequential cycles Related to the strenght of adsorption forces Affects the fraction of the original capacity that is retained : working capacity Mass transfer kinetics: fast diffusion of adsorbate required Mechanically strong to withstand bulk handling and attrition
Rotary Wheel contactor Wheel : diameter 10m, depth 1m 1 minute regeneration time 8 wheels in parallel
Type X or Y Zeolite
Regeneration Options
PSA : pressure swing adsorption
Pressure is varied : high absorption, low desorption Rapid cycle easily achieved Short cycle times possible: seconds
Others
VSA , vacuum swing adsorption:pressure is varied from a vacuum to value above Patm ESA, electrical swing adsorption: a current is applied cyclically to a conducting adsorbent such as a carbon
Indice
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Membrane technology schematics Separation of CO2 from flue gas by selectively permeating it through the membrane material
High permeability
VENT GAS CO2
High selectivity
CO2 permeation requires CO2 partial pressure gradient across the membrane Option 1: pressurizing the flue gas on one side of the membrane Option 2: applying a vacuum on the other side of the membrane Option 3: both
GCCSI
Membrane Technology Gas-Liquid contactor Liquid solvent on one side of the membrane and the gas stream on the other side of the membrane
Membrane is not selective; only separates gas and liquid phases Diffusion through porous followed by chemical absorption in liquid Size of the pores: Large enough so that the CO2 can easily pass through the membrane Small enough so that the liquid will not wet the pores
Flue Gas Microporous Membrane Absorption Liquid
CO2
CO2
Indice
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Absorption
Commercial Usage in CPI* Operational Confidence Primary Source of Energy Penalty Development Trends High High Solvent regeneration (thermal) New chemistry, thermal integration
Adsorption
Moderate High, but complex Sorbent regeneration (thermal/vacuum) New chemistry, process configuration
Membrane
Low/Niche Low to moderate Compression on feed and/or vacuum on permeate New membrane, process configuration
Indice
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
Indice
Alternativas tecnolgicas para la captura de CO2 Fundamentos Absorcin Adsorcin Membranas Estado de desarrollo Principales retos Proyectos europeos de demostracin
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COMPOSTILLA Oxy-CFB 180 M
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Porto Tolle Post 100 M