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I. Special Difficulties. See Chapter VII (Declensions) For Discussion of The Origin
I. Special Difficulties. See Chapter VII (Declensions) For Discussion of The Origin
ADVERBS ()
I. Special Difficulties. See chapter VII (Declensions) for discussion of the oriin!
for"ation and histor# of ad$er%s& The "atter 'ill co"e up aain in chapter XIII
(Prepositions) 'here the so(called )i"proper* prepositions are treated&
B
ru"ann
+
has
no s#ntactical handlin of the su%,ect! thouh
D
el%r-c.
/
i$es an e0hausti$e presentation
of the "atter& But e$en Del%r-c. i$es less than a pae to the purel# s#ntactical phases
of the ad$er% (p& 123)! 'hereas
4
iner
3
treats the ad$er% onl# under s#nta0&
(a) 5AT6RE 78 THE ADVERB& The first difficult# is in decidin 'hat is an ad$er%&
As sho'n in chapter VII! the ad$er% not onl# has reat $ariet# in its oriin! %ut also
'ide e0pansion in its use& In si"ple truth a lare portion of the )parts of speech* are
ad$er%s& Bru"ann
2
pointedl# sa#s that it is not possi%le to dra' a sharp line %et'een
ad$er%! particle and preposition& The de$elop"ent of ad$er% into preposition!
con,unction! intensi$e particle and e$en inter,ection 'as illustrated in chapter VII 'ith
perhaps sufficient fulness& To this list "a# %e added the neati$e particles 'hich are
reall# ad$er%s& In particular in the Sans.rit is there difficult# in the treat"ent of
Brugmann
BRUGMANN, K., Elements of Comparative Grammar of the IndoGermani! "anguages
#translation $% &right, '()*+.
,,,, 9riechische 9ra""ati.& 3& Aufl& #')--+, the ed. .uoted. Vierte $er"ehrte Aufl& of A.
/hum$ #')'0+.
,,,, 9rundri: der $erl& 9r& d& indo& Sprachen& /& Aufl&! Bde& I, II #'()12')'0+.
,,,, ;ur<e $erleichende 9ra""ati. der indoer"anischen Sprachen #')-3+.
'
Grie!h. Gr., pp. 4*-24*1.
5el$r6!7
5E"BR8CK, B., A%lati$ =ocalis Instru"entalis #'(91+.
,,,, 9rundri: der $erl& 9ra""& d& indo& Sprachen& S#nta0& Bde& III2: #'()0, '()1, ')--+.
,,,, Introdu!tion to the ;tud% of "anguage #'((4+. Einleitun in das Sprachstudiu"& 2&
Aufl& (+>?2)& @& Aufl& #')'0+.
,,,, S#nta.tische 8orschunen& @ Bde& #'(1'2'(((+.
4
:ergl. ;%nt., I, pp. *0*2930.
&iner
&INER, G. B., De $er%oru" cu" praep& co"pos& in 5& T& 6su #'(032'(30+.
,,,, 9ra""& d& neut& Sprachidio"s (+A//)& B& Aufl& $on =-ne"ann #l(91+.
0
&./h., pp. 3942310.
3
Grie!h. Gr., p. 4*-. <n final in adv. see =raser, Cl. >uarterl%, ')-(, p. 49*.
preposition and con,unction as distinct fro" ad$er%! since the indeclina%le 'ords 'ere
less distinctl# di$ided&
@
But this $aueness applies to other "e"%ers of the Indo(
9er"anic roup&
1
In 9ree. and =atin no distinct line can %e dra'n %et'een ad$er%s and
prepositions&
B
(b) THE 5ARR74ER SE5SE 78 ADVERB& These 'ider and "ore speciali<ed for"s of
the ad$er% "ust %e dropped out of $ie' %efore 'e can do an#thin 'ith the "ere
ad$er% 'hich is not preposition! con,unction! particle nor inter,ection& There is a ood
deal that needs to %e said concernin the s#nta0 of the "ere ad$er%! for! in spite of its
%ein a fi0ed case(for"! it has a $aried and interestin usae in the 9ree. sentence& The
ad$er% has %een treated %# the ra""ars as a sort of printerCs de$il in the sentence& It
has %een i$en the %one that 'as left for the do! if it 'as left&
II. Adverbs with Verbs.
(a) C7DD75EST 6SE& This is indeed the et#"olo# of the 'ord and the "ost
freEuent use of the pure ad$er%& But one cannot sa# that this 'as the oriinal use! as the
na"e "iht suest& The truth is that the ad$er% has such a $aried oriin that
it is difficult to "a.e a eneral re"ar. on the su%,ect that 'ill %e true& 7nl# this "a# %e
said! that so"e ad$er%s %ean to %e used 'ith $er%s! so"e 'ith ad,ecti$es! so"e
a%solutel#! etc& At first the# 'ere not rearded as strictl# ad$er%s! %ut 'ere used
proressi$el# so (cf& ) until 'ith "ost the earlier non(ad$er%ial uses ceased&
(b) 5& T& 6SA9E& 4iner
+
suspects that the 5& T& 'riters did not understand the finer
shades of "eanin in the 9ree. ad$er%s! %ut this is true onl# fro" the point of $ie' of
the Attic literar# st#le and applies to the $ernacular in eneral& But he is 'holl#
riht in insistin on the necessit# of ad$er%s for precise definition in lanuae& The
ra""arians find offence
/
in the ad$er%s of the as in other portions of the
$oca%ular#& So"e of the )poetic* ad$er%s in 4inerCs list are at ho"e in the pap#ri as in
the 5& T&! li.e & A fe' e0a"ples 'ill suffice for the nor"al usae in the 5& T&
See the "a,estic roll of the ad$er%s in He%& +F+! d o Cf&
(Ph& /F/A)! and (He%& +3F+>)! (Ac&
+>F3>) as e0a"ples of co"parison&
(c) PREDICATIVE 6SES 4ITH y A5D & There is nothin out of the 'a# in
the ad$er% 'ith y in + Th& /F+?! u o e i i
u yO& Here the $er% is not a "ere copula& Indeed appears 'ith
the ad$er% also 'hen it has $er%al force& Thus Ou eOd (+ Th& /F+3) is not
eEui$alent to Ou eO & Cf& Ou c eO ( 10 (Eph& 2F/+)&
So also q y q (Dt& +F+A)! q 0 eOu (Dt&
+>F+?)! o i (+ Cor& BF/1)& Cf& + Cor& BFB& The ad$er% in all these instances is
different fro" the ad,ecti$e& Cf& (Ro& >F/?) for a si"ilar predicate
use of the ad$er%& Cf& also u and o Oo i (+ Cor& +2F/@)
and eOd in Dt& +2F33& In Ph& 2F@! o u yyu! the copula is to %e supplied
and here the ad$er% is not far fro" the ad,ecti$e idea& Cf& also o (=u& +2F3/)!
(D.& +/F32)! (Ph& /F1)&
*
&hitne%, ;ans. Gr., p. 3-0.
9
5el$r6!7, :ergl. ;%nt., I, p. *09.
1
Giles, Man., p. 03'.
'
&./h., p. 394.
4
I$., p. 390.
(d) 4ITH "& It has so"e idio"atic constructions 'ith the ad$er% that are difficult
fro" the Enlish point of $ie'& Thus d c (Dt& +2F3@)! and 'ith the
instru"ental case in D.& +F32& Cf& =u& BF/& In Enlish 'e prefer the predicate ad,ecti$e
'ith ha$e (He has it %ad)! 'hereas the 9ree. li.es the ad$er% 'ith c& So
c (D.& @F/3) and in Go& 2F@/ o c the co"parati$e ad$er%& 7ne "ust %e
'illin for the 9ree. to ha$e his standpoint& Cf& c in Ac& BF+ and o
e (D.& BF1)& d c (Ac& +@F31) needs no co""ent& It is a co""on enouh
9ree. idio"& Cf& c! P&Br&D& 2/ (B&C& +1A)&
(e) 4ITH PARTICIP=ES& . (Ac& /2F/1) %elons to the discussion of
participles& But one "a# note here q Oo (Go& +>F33) and u (Ac&
/3F+@)& Cf& also the use of q 'ith qO (Dt& +2F+@)! a "atter that concerns the
aorist tense& But note %oth 0 and q 'ith in + Go& 2F3&
(f) =77SE RE=ATI75 T7 THE VERB or an# other part of the sentence& So e (cf&
c) in Dt& +@F+1 and q e in Go& AF/@! for this accusati$e is reall# ad$er%ial& Cf&
also o o (Ph& 3F+)! (9al& /FB)&
III. Adverbs Used with Other Adverbs. There is! to %e sure! nothin unusual
a%out this either in 9ree. or an# other tonue& So (He%& +/F>)!
i (Ph& +F/3)! o (D.& BF31) are "erel# nor"al uses %arrin
the dou%le co"parati$e in the t'o e0a"ples 'hich! ho'e$er! ha$e their o'n
e0planation& The co"pound ad$er%s! 'hich are co""on in the 5& T& (as d!
D.& BF3BH cf& o in He%& +F+)! call for no "ore e0planation than other
co"pound 'ords& Cf& Oo (Ac& 2F+A)& The 9ree.! li.e the 9er"an! easil# "a.es
co"pound 'ords! and the tendenc# to lon co"pound 'ords ro's 'ith the histor# of
lanuae& See e in + Cor& BF3@& 8or co"pound ad$er%s see chapter VII! II!
(c)& 8or the co"parison of ad$er%s see ib.! II! (e)&
IV. Adverbs with Adjectives. A t#pical illustration is found in + Ti"& 3F+1!
oy y& So y in Re$& +1F+A& The instances are not $er#
nu"erous in the 5& T&! since indeed! especiall# in the 9ospels! the ad,ecti$e is not
e0cessi$el# a%undant& In Ac& /2F/@! o 0 c! the participle %ein %oth $er% and
ad,ecti$e! causes no difficult#& In Ac& /3F/?! u e OO
0! 'e ha$e the ad$er%ial use of as 'ell as e& Cf& e
'ith in + Cor& BF3@&
V. Adverbs with Substantives. Here indeed one "a# recall that the su%stanti$e as
'ell as the ad,ecti$e i$es a %asis for this idio" (cf& Gordan Ri$er)& N0 is a t#pical
e0a"ple in the 5& T& Thus 'e find ( 0 ( (Ro& 3F/1)! p 0 1
(9al& 2F/@)! q q 0 (+ Ti"& 2FA)! o 0 d (/ Ti"& 2F+?)& Here indeed the
ad$er% has $irtuall# the force of the ad,ecti$e! ,ust as the su%stanti$e in this descripti$e
sense a$e rise to the ad,ecti$e& The Enlish can use the sa"e idio" as )the no' ti"e!*
thouh this particular phrase is a'.'ard& The 9ree. has so "uch elasticit# in the "atter
%ecause of the article 'hich i$es it a reat ad$antae o$er the =atin&
+
Cf& also q c
(+ Ti"& @F@)! q c d 1 (9al& 2F/1)! q d (Ph&
3F+2)! o o o (/ Pet& 3F1)&
VI. Adverbs Treated as Substantives.
2
The $er# ad$er%s na"ed a%o$e "a# %e
here appealed to& It is especiall# true of 'ords of place and ti"e& Thus d d
(Go& AF/3)! o (/ Cor& +F+B)! e d (Col& 3F+ f&)! e 0 (Ac& @F3A)! 0 0
'
Riem. and Goel?er, ;%nt., p. 1)(.
4
Cf. K.G., I, p. **'.
(D.& +3F+>)! eo 0 0 (=u& +F2A) and often& Cf& i i (Dt& /1FB+)! e u (Col&
2F>)& So al'a#s in the 5& T& sa$e once as preposition 'ith eniti$e (Go& 2F@)& It
usuall# has the article (Dt& @F23)! %ut "a# %e used 'ithout it in the no"inati$e case (=u&
+?F/>)& A stri.in instance of the ad$er% treated as su%stanti$e appears in d
o (/ Cor& ++F/A)& 7ther e0a"ples of the ad$er% 'ith the article are d 0
0 (Ro& +F+3)! d (Go& AF/3)! e o (D.& +3F+1)! c( (+ Cor&
@F+/)! o c(O o cO (=u& ++F2?)! o cO (=u& +>F2)& In i
and i yyu (Eph& /F+B) the ad$er% is rather ad,ecti$al in idea& In p c(q
(Ac& /+F+) 'e ha$e to suppl#! of course! q! thouh the te0t of =u& BF++ reads (
c(q& Here the ad$er% is treated rather as an ad,ecti$e! %ut the point of distinction
%et'een the use as su%stanti$e and ad,ecti$e is not al'a#s clear& Cf& also q (Dt&
1F32)! q (Ac& +>F2?)& But it is not "erel# 'hen the ad$er% has the article
that it is treated as a su%stanti$e& Prepositions are used 'ith ad$er%s 'ithout an# article&
Then it is not al'a#s clear 'hether 'e ha$e t'o 'ords or one& Thus editors print c
i as 'ell as (/ Cor& +?F+1)! c 0 as 'ell as
0 (Eph& 3F/?)! c as 'ell as (/ Cor& ++F@)& Cf& c,
, (! and d in + Cor& +@F1& Thus eo (/ Cor& >F/)! e` dO
(D.& +@F3A)! e` d (Dt& /3F3>)! eo oO (Dt& /BF@@)! eo (Ac&
/AF/3)! d (Dt& /?F+)! d (Dt& ++F+/)! c (=u& //F32)! c c
(Dt& +AF/+ f&)! c c( (Ac& /+F@)! c (D.& +2F@2)! o (Dt& +BF+B)! d
(=u& /3F@)! etc& 8or this dou%lin of ad$er%s see o (+ Cor& +2F@) in the real" of
con,unctions&
D
oulton (Prol.! p& >>) finds in the pap#ri o! 7&P& 2A1 (iiIA&D&)! and
note eo (
D
eiss"ann! B. S.! p& //+)&
Moulton
M<U"/<N, @. A., A Grammar of N. /. Gree7. :ol. I, Brolegomena #')-9+. 0d ed. #')-(+.
,,,, Chara!teristi!s of N. /. Gree7 #/he ECpositor, ')-3+.
,,,, Einleitun in die Sprache des 5& T& #')''+.
,,,, Grammati!al Notes from the Bap%ri #/he ECpositor, ')-', pp. 41'24(4D ')-0, pp.
'-32'4', 340230). /he Classi!al RevieE, ')-', pp. 0'201, 303233'D ')-3, pp. '-92
''4, '*'2'**+.
,,,, Introdu!tion to N. /. Gree7 #'()*+. 4d ed. #')-3+.
,,,, "anguage of Christ #AastingsF <nevol. 5. B., ')-)+.
,,,, N. /. Gree7 in the "ight of Modern 5is!over% #Cam$r. Bi$l. Essa%s, ')-), pp. 39'2
*-*+.
,,,, /he ;!ien!e of "anguage #')-0+.
M<U"/<N, &. =., and GE5EN, A. ;., A Con!ordan!e to the Gree7 /estament #'()1+.
M<U"/<N and MI""IGAN, "eCi!al Notes from the Bap%ri #/he ECpos., ')-(,+.
,,,, /he :o!a$ular% of the N. /. Illustrated from the Bap%ri and other Non"iterar%
;our!es. Bart I #')'3+, II, III.
VII. The Pregnant Use f Adverbs. Gust as the prepositions and are used
each 'ith $er%s of rest and "otion (and 'ith locati$e or accusati$e)! so ad$er%s
sho' the sa"e a%sence of "inute unifor"it#& ! for instance! is a%sent fro" %oth the
=XX and the 5& T&! as is & Instead 'e find 0 y (Go& 3FA) and yu
y (Go& +3F33)! %ut oO c (Go& 3FA) and O (qO (Dt& +/F22)& So also
c i (Go& +AF3) li.e our )co"e here&* But on the other hand in Ac& //F@! d(
i ! the usual 'ord 'ould %e i& But i is reular in Ac& /+F3&
4iner
+
calls this an )a%use* of lanuae! 'hich is puttin it rather too stronl#! since it
is found in the %est 9ree.& It is larel# a "atter of usae! for 'ith u and O the
ideas of hic and huc had lon coalesced! 'hile c(O, cO, "ean %oth
J'ithoutC (Dt& /3F/B) and Jfro" 'ithoutC (D.& BF+A)! J'ithinC (Dt BF+@) and Jfro"
'ithinC (D.& BF/3)! J%elo'C (Dt& 2F1) and Jfro" %elo'C (Go& AF/3)& Cf& cO
i (Dt& +BF/?) and cOiO (=u& +1F/1)& In Dt& /@F/2! /1! y O
o! 'e ha$e iO "ered into O %# attraction& In i eo q 1
(He%& +3F/2) it is uncertain 'hat standpoint the 'riter ta.es& 4ith 'e ha$e not onl#
the nor"al idio" li.e i q (Ro& 2F+/) and i q l (Ph&
2F//)! %ut the prenant use 'here could ha$e occurred& Thus e e q
(Dt& /2F+B) 'ith 'hich co"pare o o eyo (D.& +3F+1! in Dt& /2F+A)& Cf& o
q o ( 0 in =u& ++F+3! thouh so"e DSS&
/
do not ha$e the second o& The
correlation of ad$er%s %elons to the chapter on Pronouns&
5eissmann
5EI;;MANN, A., Bi$le ;tudies #')-'+. /r. $% A. GrieveD !f. Bi%elstudien #'()*+ and 5eue
Bi%elstudien #'()1+.
,,,, Bi%lische 9rKcitKt etc& #/heol. Runds!hau, <7t. ')'4+.
,,,, Die Hellenisierun des se"itischen Donotheis"us #N. @ahr$. f. d. 7l. Alt., ')-0+.
,,,, Die neut& 8or"el Gin ChristoH #'()4+.
,,,, Die Sprache d& riech& Bi%el #/heol. Runds!hau, ')-9, No. ''9+.
,,,, Die 6reschichte des Christentu"s i" =ichte der Sprachforschun #Intern. &o!h., 0-.
<7t. ')-)+.
,,,, Hellenistisches 9riechisch #Aer?ogAau!7Fs Realen!%!., :II, '())+.
,,,, =icht $o" 7sten #')-(+.
,,,, "ight from the An!ient East #')'-+. /r. $% ;tra!han.
,,,, NeE "ight on the N. /. #')-1+. /r. $% ;tra!han.
,,,, Bap%ri #En!%!. Bi$l., III, ')-4+.
,,,, ;t. Baul in the "ight of ;o!ial and Religious Aistor% #')'4+.
'
&./h., p. 314.
4
Blass, Gr. of N. /. G7., p. 4*(.
VIII. Adverbs as !ar"s f St#le. Thus d is not found in Dar.! =u.e! Ga"es!
Gude nor He%re's! thouh fairl# often in Datthe'! Gohn and Paul& N0! on the other
hand! is freEuent throuhout the 5& T& as a 'hole&
A
%%ott
3
has an interestin discussion
of 0 in Gohn and =u.e& N is found onl# in Acts! Paul and He%re's! the "ost
literar# portions of the 5& T& Then aain Dar. has a%undant use of Ou! %ut not
O! 'hile Datthe' e"plo#s %oth& Gohn uses each onl# three ti"es& A%%ott
+
notes
that 'here$er Datthe' uses Ou it is found in the parallel part of Dar.& lO
pre$ails in =u.e (9ospel and Acts)& A%%ott insists on difference in idea in the t'o
'ords! O (Ji""ediatel#C)! Ou (Jstraiht'a#C)& So in Datthe' o is
e0ceedinl# co""on! 'hile in + Cor& c is rather freEuent! thouh the t'o 'ords
ha$e different ideas& Then aain yyu is "ore co""on in Gohn than all the S#noptists
toether&
/
The conte0t "ust often decide the e0act idea of an ad$er%! as 'ith O
(Go& 2F1)& Cf& u q ( (D.& 2F31)&
I$. The Adverb Distinguished fr% the Adjective.
(a) DI88ERE5T DEA5I59& The ad,ecti$e and the ad$er% often "ean radicall#
different thins& Thus in Go& AF/>! eq o! the ad,ecti$e o "eans that
Jhe did not lea$e "e alone&C As an ad$er%! if the position allo'ed it! it 'ould %e Jnot
onl# did he lea$e! %ut!C etc&! ,ust the opposite& In / Ti"& 2F++ o "eans that =u.e is
alone 'ith Paul& So in =u& /2F+A o "a# %e contrasted 'ith o
(=u& AF@?)& The point is speciall# clear 'ith d and d& Thus in Ac& 3F/1 'e
ha$e i d e! not i u& It is not J#ou as chief!C %ut Jthe thin
is done first for #ou&C So also Ro& /F> (1 d +)& But in + Go&
2F+> note qi eyd, o d qy q& J9od is the first one 'ho
lo$es&C Cf& also qO d o i (Go& /?F2) 'here Gohn is the first one to
co"e to the to"%& In Go& +F2+ the DSS& $ar# %et'een d and d (4& H&)& 7ne
can %ut 'onder here if after all d is not the correct te0t 'ith the i"plication that
Gohn also found his %rother Ga"es& The delicate i"plication "a# ha$e %een easil#
o$erloo.ed %# a scri%e& Cf& also the difference %et'een oOd (D.& BF3@) and
eO o oOo (Ac& +2F+?)& The Enlish has a si"ilar distinction in
)feel %ad* and )feel %adl#!* )loo. %ad* and )loo. %adl#&* 4e use )'ell* in %oth senses&
Cf& ci in + Cor& BF3B&
(b) DI88ERE5CE I5 9REE; A5D E59=ISH IDI7D& But the 9ree. uses the ad,ecti$e
often 'here the Enlish has the ad$er%& That is! the 9ree. prefers the personal
connection of the ad,ecti$e 'ith the su%,ect to the ad$er%ial connection 'ith the $er%&
So 'e ha$e q yq i (D.& 2F/A) and qy (Ac& +/F+?)&
In =u& /+F32 the sa"e construction is found 'ith q q & The ancient
9ree. idio" of the ad,ecti$e rather than the locati$e of ti"e appears in Ac& /AF+3!
A$$ott
ABB<//, E. A., Clue. A Guide through Gree7 to Ae$reE #')-3+.
,,,, @ohannine Grammar #')-9+.
,,,, @ohannine :o!a$ular% #')-*+.
0
@oh. Gr., pp. 44 ff.
'
I$., p. 4-.
4
I$., p. ').
i qO& So oO (=u& /2F//)& The sa"e use of the ad,ecti$e rather than
the ad$er% "eets us in + Cor& >F+B! ye cu 0 c d! ,ust as 'e
see it in the ancient 9ree.& Cf& the =atin nolens volens& See Ro& AF/?& In the 9ree.
has an ad,ecti$e that 'e ha$e to use a phrase for& Thus d (Go& +F/1)!
Jthere stands in the "idst of #ou&C Cf& a $er# different idea in q (Ac& /1F+3)!
J"iddle of the da#&C
$. Adverbial Phrases.
(a) I5CIPIE5T ADVERBS& So"e of these are practicall# ad$er%s! thouh the# retain
the case(inflection and "a# e$en ha$e the article& Thus q e (Go& AF/@)! o o
(Ph& 3F+)! (9al& /FB)! o d (Go& +/F+1)! o o (Go& 1F1/)! o
i (+ Cor& +2F/B)! o O` q (=u& +>F2B)! 0 0 (Eph& 1F+?)! etc&
These e0pressions are not technicall# ad$er%s! thouh ad$er%ial in force& Cf& also the
conate instru"ental li.e (Go& 3F/>)& So 7&P& ++1/! @ (i$&IA&D&)&
(b) PREP7SITI75A= PHRASES& These ad,uncts ha$e the su%stantial force of ad$er%s&
Indeed there is little practical difference in structure %et'een eo (/ Cor& >F/)
and (/ Cor& ++F@)! (Eph& 2F+?) and (D.& +@F3A)& Since the
uncial DSS& had no di$ision %et'een 'ords! 'e ha$e to depend on the ,ud"ent of the
"odern editor and on our o'n for the distinction %et'een an ad$er% li.e q
(=u& +F12) and an ad$er%ial phrase li.e e 0 (+ Cor& +/F+@)& Cf& also
(Ac& BF23)! (/ Cor& +?F+1)! Oo (Ac& 2F+A)& In Ro& BF+3 O`
is used 'ith an ad,ecti$e& 7ther e0a"ples are ` (Dt& +2F+3)! e o (D.&
2F+?)! e cu (Phil& +2)! ` o (He%& +?F+)! (D.& +2FB/)!
q (Col& 3F/3)! ( eq (Go& 1F12)! e` eq (/ Th& /F+3)! o (Ph& /F+1)!
eO (Dt& //F+1)! u (+ Cor& +@F3)! up (Ac& +BF3+)! `
eO (=u& //F@>)! O` q (D.& +2F2>)! (+ Th& @F/)! (Ac&
/1FB)! eo (Ro& ++F/@)! (+ Cor& +/F/B& Cf& ! ++F+A)! e
(He%& >F@)! eo (=u& +2F+A)! o (He%& BF/@)& 4ith 'e
ha$e Euite a list! li.e ee (Dt& +3F/@)! (Dt& +3F2>)! (D.& 1F2B)!
e (=u& 2F3?)! e (=u& +BF++)! o (=u& @F+>)! (D.&
+2F1?)! e (Ac& /BF/B)! (Ph& /F+@)& In D.& +2F3? ad$er% and phrase
occur toether! up p & This is not a co"plete list %# an# "eans! %ut it
'ill suffice to illustrate the point under discussion& A stri.in e0a"ple is found in +
Cor& +/F3+! O` q oo i ! 'here the ad$er%ial phrase has
practicall# the force of an ad,ecti$e 'ith oo& Clearl#! then! "an# of the ad$er%s re'
out of these prepositional phrases li.e (/ Cor& 2F+B)! c (/ Pet& /F3)!
etc& Cf& e$en d (D.& +/F32)&
(c) PARTICIP=ES& So"e participles co"e to %e used ad$er%iall#& This is not "erel#
true of ad$er%s "ade fro" participles! li.e (D.& ++F3/)! oy (+ Ti"&
3F+1)! o (/ Cor& ++F/3)! %ut it also applies to ( (Ro& BF/3)! o 0
c (Ac& /2F/@)! o (+ Cor& +1F1) and $er%als li.e eyd (+ Pet& @F/)&
Besides! the intensi$e use of the participle is ad$er%ial in effect li.e yd y
(He%& 1F+2)& Then aain a case li.e o (Dt& @F++) is in point& Cf& O in
Col& /F+A& See also O i (=u& +>F++) 'hich Blass (Gr. of N. T. Gk.! p& /@A)
co"pares 'ith Oi c (9en& 3AF@)& See chapter on Ver%al 5ouns&
(d) THE VERB 6SED ADVERBIA==L& This is! of course! not true technicall#! %ut onl#
in the result& The old 9ree. idio" 'ith O and O! 'here the participle
e0pressed the chief idea and the $er% 'as su%ordinate! occurs t'ice in the 5& T& So
cOo ( (He%& +3F/) and O y (Dt& +BF/@)& But it "ust
%e %orne in "ind that the 9ree. idio" is perfectl# consistent in this construction! as
Jthe# escaped notice in entertainin!C Jhe ot the start in sa#in&C Cf& O else'here in
5& T& It is not necessar# in Ac& +/F+1! u! to ta.e the $er% as an ad$er% in
sense& It is si"pl#! Jhe continued .noc.in&C The infiniti$e "a# li.e'ise present the
chief idea as in (D.& +2FA)! O (=u& /?F++ f&)! li.e
the He%&
& But in D.& +/F2 'e ha$e the reular 9ree. idio"
+
e& Cf& Ac& +/F3 O i& This idio" is e0ceedinl# co""on in
the =XX&
/
In =u& 1F2A! c O (Jhe du and 'ent deepC)! 'e ha$e an
idio" so"e'hat li.e our Enlish $ernacular )he 'ent and du!* )he has one and done
it!* etc& Cf& Ro& +?F/? e y! Dt& +AF3 e q q yO& But
I dou%t if O 'ith the infiniti$e is to %e ta.en in the 5& T& either ad$er%iall# or as the
"ere e0pleti$e for the future tense& In Go& BF+B Op i "eans Jis 'illin to do&C So
in Go& AF22! etc& The te0t is o%scure in Col& /F+A and there O "a# ha$e an ad$er%ial
force& Blass
+
concei$es that in Dt& 1F@! 0 ... uO! 'e "a# translate
Jladl# pra#&C But 'hat ad$antae has this o$er Jlo$e to pra#!C Jare fond of pra#inCM
'
&./h., p. 39(.
4
C. and ;., ;el. from the "II, p. )1.
'
Gr. of N. /. G7., p. 4*(. Cf. &./h., p. 391.