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Section 1: Magnetic Field Due To Currents
Section 1: Magnetic Field Due To Currents
Section 1: Magnetic Field Due To Currents
Question: What can create magnetic field in space? I. Magnetic field due to magnets:
1. Conceptual model: B-field lines 2. Math model: B at any point P on the axis of a small magnet is B 1/x3
II. Currents: How doe we know that a current can create B field in space?
1. Observational experiment in the lab 2. Conceptual model: B-field lines 3. Math model for the magnetic field due to a current--Boit-Savart Law B at any point P due to a current wire E at any point due to a charged body
dq = point charge
r dq dE p = K e 2 r r
Biot-Savart Law
r dq E p = Ke 2 r r
Where Ke = 1/40 And 0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/Nm2 0 called permittivity of free space
4. Testing experiment of Biot-Savart law: A circular current loop a) Pictorial & physical representations shown at the right: Predict the magnetic field at an axial point P a distance z away from the center of a current loop (look at Section 28.5 on pp. 1076-1078 in the textbook)
P
r dB
Consider a current in a circular loop in the xy-plane. Calculate the magnetic field at an axial point p a distance z away from the loop.
If Biot-Savart holds, then v v 0 Ids r dB = 4 r 2 Magnitude: dB =
r ds
o Ids sin900 r 2 4 r
v = 1 , ds = ds , r = R 2 + z 2 , Where r
So
dB =
0 Ids 4 R 2 + z 2
v Consider the symmetry, only z-components of all the dB will be added, the horizontal v components will be cancelled out. So the net B due to the current loop must be in z direction Ids And cos B = dB z = dB cos = 0 2 4 R + z 2 R Where cos = cos( 90 ) = sin = 2 R + z2
B=
0 Ids R = 0 2 2 loop 4 4 R +z R2 + z2
IR
(R
+z
2 3
ds = 4
loop
IR
(R
+z
2 3
(2R)
As a result, if Boit-Savart holds, then at an axial point P a distance z away from the center of a current loop, the magnitude of the magnetic field is
B=
0 I R2
2( z 2 + R 2 )
3/ 2
Special point 1--at the center of the loop, z = 0, the magnitude of the magnetic field is I B= 0 2R
0
2R
slope = N
0
2R
c) Special point 2--at a point is very far away from the loop, z >> R, the magnitude of the magnetic field is
B Recall: B
0 I R2
2 z3
1 for a bar magnet x3 v B due to a circular current loop 4. Summary of conceptual and mathematical model for v 1) Conceptual model- B field lines are similar to a bar magnet
v B =N
0 I R2
2( z 2 + R 2)
3/ 2
v 3) Direction of B - Right-hand rule. v Curl your 4 fingers in current direction, then your thumb points to the B direction.
1. Pictorial representation ( 2. Physical Representation: 1) set up a x, y coordinate axes v 2) choose a length element ds 3. Math representation Biot-Savart law: v v v 0 Ids v 0 Ids r r dB = B= 2 2 4 r 4 r
1
I
P
r
a r
x
2
x
v 1) Direction of dB : out of page (for all current elements) v 2) Magnitude of dB : v Ids r dB = 0 sin 2 4 r
where:
= 1, r
v Ids = Ids ,
a a r= r sin
so,
B=
dB =
0 Ids sin 4 r 2
B=
0 I (cos 1 cos 2) 4a
Case 2: A thin straight wire with an infinite length (i.e., length of the wire L >> a):
>
B=
0 I 2a
v In summary, conceptual and mathematical models for B due to a thin straight current wire v 1) Conceptual model: B field lines form circles around the wire
2) Math model: The magnitude of magnetic field at a point P which is a distance a from the wire: I B = 0 (cos 1 cos 2) ( finite length) 4a
B=
v 3) Direction of B - Right-hand rule: Grasp the wire with the right hand, positioning the thumb along the direction of current. The four gingers wrap in the direction of the magnetic field.
Example 2: Find the force between long straight parallel wires with length L, separated by a distance a and carry currents I1 and I2 in same direction. (Assume L >> a)
1) Determine the force exerted on wire 1 due to the magnetic field by current I2
a
F1on 2
F2 on1
I2
directed downward
v I L F2 on1 = I 1 L 0 2 = 0 I 1 I 2 2 a 2a 2) Determine the force exerted on wire 2 due to the magnetic field generated by current I1 By Newton's 3rd law:
v L F1on 2 = 0 I1 I 2 , directed upward 2a
In summary, parallel wires carrying currents in the same direction attract each other.
Example 3: Find the force between long straight parallel wires with length L, separated by a distance a and carry currents I1 and I2 in the opposite direction. (Assume L >> a)
Conclusion: Parallel wires carrying currents in the opposite direction repel each other.
Electrostatics Electric Flux r v e = E dA = EdA cos v where dA is a vector to the surface r Special Case: E is uniform: B = EA cos r v where = angle between E and A
v v q E = E dA = in
Line integral
Ampere's Law v v B ds = 0 I
E ds = 0
v v
v where ds = a small length element on a closed path, pointing in the tangent direction.
B ds = ?
B=
0 I 2a 0 I
0
2a ds cos 0 = 2a ds = 2a (2a) =
v v B ds = 0 I
Ampere's Law
0 I
0 I
v v The line integral of B ds around any closed path, where I is the total continuous current passing through any surface bounded by the closed path.
Example 1: Magnetic field inside of a slinky (i.e., solenoid)
2) Ideal solenoid: the turns are closely spaced and the length is much greater than the radius of the turns.
3) For an ideal solenoid: v Magnitude of B inside: B = CIn = 0 In where, n = # of turns per unit length
v Magnitude of B outside : B 0
v For an ideal solenoid, the magnitude of B v outside is ZERO; B inside is uniform.(exp. evidence)
4
out Ids 1
in 3
If Ampere's ( 0 I ) holds v v B ds =
path1
v v v v v v v v B ds + B ds + B ds + B ds
2 3 4
BL = 0 nLI B = 0 nI where N = total turns, L= total length, n = # turns per unit length
Toroid: A device that consists of a conducting wire wrapped around a ring (i.e. torus) made of non conducting material N turns, a = radius of the torus.
B ds = B ds cos 0
B(2r ) = 0 nI
B=
0 nI 2r
1) when r>>a,
B=
0 nI 2r
2) If the turns are closely spaced, the magnetic field outside the torus, B = 0